MITSUBISHI HS-319EZ YEAR 1985.

The history of Mitsubishi Electric is the history of the development of modern Japan. The company was founded in 1921, when Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Co. (now Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.) spun off a factory in Kobe, Japan that made electric motors for ocean-going vessels into a new company called Mitsubishi Electric Corporation.

In that year, the new company entered the consumer sector by manufacturing and marketing an electric fan, which became a hit product. Over the next decade the company succeeded in landing major contracts, including one for the development of an electric railway substation.

In the 1930s Mitsubishi Electric started manufacturing, installing and maintaining elevators and escalators as well as producing electric power generation equipment. The company continued to grow and branch out at a brisk pace, and by 1960 had emerged as one of the most innovative diversified electrical equipment manufacturers in Japan. In the early 1960s the company also turned its attention to environmentally conscious manufacturing techniques -- many years before environmental concern became a serious issue.

Over the next two decades the company began extending its reach overseas while establishing itself as a pioneer in the development of computers, advanced air conditioning systems, automobile electronics, satellites powered by photovoltaic technology, and nuclear power generation.

From 1980 to the present day, the pace at which Mitsubishi Electric has introduced and refined breakthrough technologies and products for the benefit of society, industry and individuals has been nothing less than astonishing. These technologies include the world's first large-scale LED screen for sports arenas, the world's largest CRT television screen for the consumer market, the world's first spiral escalator, the world's fastest elevators, the antenna technology behind the world's first commercial in-flight Internet service, and much more.

Today Mitsubishi Electric is a global giant, with operations in 35 countries, more than 100,000 employees, and consolidated net sales of more than US$32 billion. (Figures are as per Annual Report 2007).

Mitsubishi
An ambitious young man named Yataro Iwasaki launched the first Mitsubishi company--a shipping firm--in 1870. Japan had just emerged from centuries of feudal isolation and was racing to catch up with the West. Yataro's business grew rapidly and diversified into a broad range of manufacturing and commerce. World War II brought an end to Mitsubishi as an integrated organization. But independent companies that trace their roots to the old Mitsubishi are active today in nearly every sector of industry.Yataro Iwasaki was from the city of Kochi on the island of Shikoku, which was the home of the powerful Tosa clan. He worked for the clan and distinguished himself in managing its Osaka trading operations. In 1870, he set up his own shipping company, Tsukumo Shokai, with three steamships chartered from the clan. That was the beginning of Mitsubishi

The name of the new company changed to Mitsukawa Shokai in 1872 and to Mitsubishi Shokai in 1874. Yataro chose a corporate emblem that combined the three oak leaves of the Tosa crest and the three stacked diamonds of his family crest. That emblem is the source of the name, Mitsubishi, which means "three diamonds."

Yataro made a public display of patriotism in 1874, providing ships to carry Japanese troops to Taiwan. That earned the gratitude of the government, which rewarded him with 30 vessels. Yataro changed his company's name to Mitsubishi Mail Steamship in 1875, when it inherited the employees and facilities of a mail service disbanded by the government.

Mitsubishi Mail Steamship inaugurated service to China and Russia and enjoyed a virtual monopoly on overseas routes. But the political winds shifted against Mitsubishi in the early 1880s, and the government sponsored the establishment of a competitor. The ensuing competition nearly bankrupted both companies.

Government intervention produced a temporary truce. But cutthroat competition resumed when Yataro died in 1885 and was succeeded by his brother Yanosuke. The feud ended with a government-arbitrated merger in 1885, which created Nippon Yusen--today's NYK Line.

While competition was escalating on the sea, Mitsubishi was diversifying ashore. The company purchased the Yoshioka copper mine in Akita and Takashima coal mine in Nagasaki. It leased the Nagasaki Shipbuilding Yard from the government in 1884 and later engineered Japan's first domestically produced steel steamship there.

Mitsubishi continued to grow and diversify under the autocratic leadership of Yanosuke Iwasaki. He bought up more mines to provide resources for Mitsubishi and Japan's growing industries. And he dropped "Steamship" from the company name. He also paid the equivalent of approximately US$1 million for 80 acres of swampy marsh next to the Imperial Palace in 1890. Ridiculed at the time, Yanosuke's investment today is worth many billions of dollars.

Yataro's son, Hisaya, assumed the presidency in 1893. The University of Pennsylvania graduate restructured Mitsubishi to support increasingly diverse business operations. He set up divisions for banking, real estate, marketing, and administration, as well as for the original mining and shipbuilding businesses.

Some of Hisaya's private investments are part of today's Mitsubishi companies. He purchased the Kobe Paper Mill, which is today's Mitsubishi Paper Mills. And he backed the founding of Kirin Brewery. His cousin Toshiya founded Asahi Glass, Japan's first successful manufacturer of plate glass.

Mitsubishi management modernized further when Yanosuke's son Koyata succeeded Hisaya as president in 1916. Koyata, a graduate of Cambridge University, incorporated the divisions as semiautonomous companies. He steered Mitsubishi to leadership in such sectors as machinery, electrical equipment, and chemicals. The companies that later became Mitsubishi Heavy Industries developed automobiles, aircraft, tanks, and buses. And Mitsubishi Electric became a leader in electrical machinery and in home appliances.

The Iwasaki family relinquished some of its control over Mitsubishi through a public offering of shares in the core holding company. By the end of World War II, outside investors held more than one-half of the equity.

Koyata Iwasaki encouraged his managers and employees to stand above the xenophobia that swept Japan during the war years. "We count many British and Americans among our business partners," he reminded Mitsubishi executives shortly after the outbreak of hostilities. "They are our friends who have undertaken projects together with us and who have shared interests with us. Should peace come again, they should again become good and faithful friends."

After the war, the allied occupation forces demanded that Japan's big industrial groups disband. Mitsubishi Headquarters disbanded on September 30, 1946, and many of the Mitsubishi companies split into smaller enterprises. The trading arm fragmented into 139 companies. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries became three regional companies. Most of the Mitsubishi companies abandoned the name and emblem under pressure from the occupation forces.

On the outbreak of the Korean War, the occupation policy shifted to an emphasis on industrial and economic reconstruction. Some of the Mitsubishi companies reconstituted themselves, and most began using the name and emblem again. But they retained their autonomy. The companies achieved far more individually and independently than they ever could have accomplished as a single organization. At the same time, they benefit from the shared sense of community that accrues from a common history and corporate culture.

MITSUBISHI HS-319EZ CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.

STERN (ZANUSSI) (DAEWOO) UV518 YEAR 1991.

REX Sèleco - Stern / Zanussi (WAS) is an electronics company based in Pordenone, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy. It is part of Super//Fluo, who bought the rights in August, 2006, along with Brionvega and Imperial. Sèleco was born as in 1965 as a spin-off from the home appliances maker Zanussi. In the first years of his life, Seleco produced almost black and white televisions with the Zanussi or Rex brand. The company was being sold in 1984, and was first acquired by Gian Mario Rossignolo. He first became president and then main stockholder. During the 1980s, the company launched worldwide marketing campaigns and began sponsoring some of the most famous Italian soccer team, such as Lazio A.S.. During the '90s, the company was mainly concentrated on the production of pay-tv decoders, but in 1993 suffered from a loss of competitivity. With the intent to reshape its position and to get gave new life to the company, Gian Mario Rossignolo bought Brionvega from the Brion family, the founder. This attempt get to nowhere, so the company was forced to declare failure in 1997. During the years, Sèleco has passed through ups and downs, at the end being overcome by the continuous changes in the electronics world. After the crack-down, the company and all its interests were bought by the Formenti family. That gave life to the Seleco-Formenti Group, owner of the rights for the brands Sèleco, Rex, Phonola, Imperial, Stern, Phoenix, Televideon, Kerion and Webrik. The Formenti family re-launched the company with the production of CRT-TVs. In 2000, the company suffered of a strong crisis, following the price dumping made by Turkish manufacturers. That seems to led to end of the Sèleco and Brionvega story, as the Sèleco-Formenti Group was forced to liquidation. In 2004, the rights for the radio branch were bought by Sim2 Multimedia, and all the television interests (for the brands Sèleco, Brionvega and Imperial) were acquired by Super//Fluo in August 2006.

THIS INDUSTRY IS TODAY DEAD !!!!

STERN (ZANUSSI) (DAEWOO) UV518 CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.

GRUNDIG VS530 YEAR 1989

Grundig AG is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its Beko Elektronik white goods and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009


Max Grundig (7 May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German “Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).


GRUNDIG Early years

Max Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16, Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In 1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By 1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.



GRUNDIG Success after World War II

Max Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945, Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence, Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a “toy” called “Heinzelmann”.

Following the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of audio tape recorders.



Grundig became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s portfolio also included the production and distribution of television sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000 people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins of the war.


GRUNDIG and the rules are changing

In the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market. Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979, Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips, and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later.



Max Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.


He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.

Early history

The history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment of a store named Fuerth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), which sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a factory and administration centre were under construction at Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Karlsruhe were set up.

Grundig in Belfast

A plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.

Philips takeover

In 1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993. Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to unsatisfactory performance.

Later history

At the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment division to Thomson. In 2004 Britain's Alba plc and the Turkish Koc's Beko jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of the business to Beko for US$50.3 million, although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.

...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Holding the Ring?

For more than thirty years after the Second World War, consumer
electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.
Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer
demand for successive generations of new or modified products,
such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of
course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then
colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West
European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.
Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent
of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC
states. The West German industry developed a strong export
orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West
German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger
share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart
from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-
the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and
the technology which later permitted the development of the video
cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.

The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics
industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,
which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-
Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West
German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories
of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s
most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-
ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German
Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production
facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,
there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized
consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and
Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the
automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-
sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there
was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the
West German consumer electronics industry.

GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION

During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German
consumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the end of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a guarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of the German industry. The market for colour television sets was increasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households in
West Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all households possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978 onwards, the West German market for colour television sets began
to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around
1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more
intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.

The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or
expanding output and profitability lay in their transition to the
manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,
that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,
the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so
that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the
overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product
segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in
conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while
the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured
according to one or the other of the two Japanese video
technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more
tightly in the grip of Japanese firms than any other segment of the
market. More than any other, this development accounted for the
growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in
the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production
declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the
domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of
exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs
as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants
were either shut down or—more frequently——taken over.

The relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which corresponded to the West German philosophy
of the ‘social market economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’ for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of market forces’.

The implementation of competition policy was the responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have a turnover
exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than
2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in
its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any
existing, position of market domination.“

Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms
whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel
Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the
Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such
permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or
‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on
export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”
However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer
electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no
demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic
policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This
situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the
Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West
German industry into an even deeper crisis.

The Politics of European Restructuring
The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the
other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the
early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized
labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European
Community as well as by its respective national Member States.
The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics
reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European
firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These
strategies contained two major elements:  measures of at least
temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms
breathing space to build up or modernize their production
capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese
and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish
production facilities in Europe and produce under the same
conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-
overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim
of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most
powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies
implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible
for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did
not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-
pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers
envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from
two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-
owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of
the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first
largely on the West German market, the firms could only
implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of
the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.

The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:

The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, was the first
firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972
and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as
late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with
which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the
market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics
firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and
had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the
European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much
greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer
VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR
market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German
imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between
1978 and 1981.2

The immediate background to the calls for protection against
imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms
was formed by massive cuts in prices for Japanese VCRs, as a
consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000
VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”
Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening
of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and
Grundig announced that they were considering taking a dumping
case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,
which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a
political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on
Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was
pursued at the national and European levels, both through the
national and European trade associations for consumer electronics
firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at
the national governments and the European Commission. However,
the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with
the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.

Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real
protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In
pressing their case on EEC member states and the European
Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the
Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the
entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats
which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western
Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and
technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which
the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry
generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic
components industry, over half of whose output, according to
Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”

These arguments found by all accounts a very receptive audience at the European Commission, where, by common consent of German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wields great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was also responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free  trade philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs depot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already staked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably
required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,
although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its
stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past
had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European
industry.”

With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the
protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the
imposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs
could have been expected to come from the West German
Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch
Governments, the West German Government had generally been
the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.
The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import
controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of
protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,
which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.
However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been
vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German
Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the
Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a
significant, modification of its past trade policy.

Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the
electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most
receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the
Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles
divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’s traditional policy in
favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The
Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it
had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the
Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its
feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member
States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled
the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West
German Government being held responsible for its implementation.
The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of
the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000
firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in
bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics
sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the
ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which
a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.
The Ministry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the
firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those
which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested
in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’

The success of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all
from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC
does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the
agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and
concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the
market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European
Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese
imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of
Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than
expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as
many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of
the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced
that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the
Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had
expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,
the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.

The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-overs
The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European
consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and
1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson
swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,
Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it
perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought
a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of
successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which
unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of
the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions
as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of
Japanese competition.

The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West
German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate
financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.
Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence
of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a
formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,
which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked
at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks
on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in
1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a
result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.

Grundig confessed publicly that if the firm carried on five more
years as it was doing, it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in
summer 1982, had become insolvent. Grundig intensified his search
for stronger partners, which he had apparently begun by talking
with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982, at the same time as Grundig
and Philips were pressing for curbs on Japanese VCR imports,
Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around Grundig, a
European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,
Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the
prospective participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic
about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s
search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that
Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.

Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not
indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.
The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in
securing special ministerial permission for their deal were exacer-
bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating
labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and
early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the
Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if
Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would
have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the
French Government, which could then have demanded increased
protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the
price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and
in other West German subsidiaries).

The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,
however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics
Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche
Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,

Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would
approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its
shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans
to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take
over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition
posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.

Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips
was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw
from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted
with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer
electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-
over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently
did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs
according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted
rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its
public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a
new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,
Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to
Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson
had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.

A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in
1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of
Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring
programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two
main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other
around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in
West Germany left under West German control. But a common
European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the
Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig had envisaged
in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given
Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much
more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in
Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,
especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty
Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring
within Europe is far from complete.

The recent experience of the European consumer electronics
industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments
of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the
various national industries and governments to the challenges
posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological
leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,
where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses
which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst
adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and
openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions
under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is
regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,
where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering
specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to
others.”

HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:

1930 gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), ein Radio-Fachgeschäft mit Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos, elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM

Ab 18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her. Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100 Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421. Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang 1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl von 39'256 [DRM].

Am 15.3.47 beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt. Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949 erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 % Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan. und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone erweitert.

Am 16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth) für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten. Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952 den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969 beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen. Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.

1978 gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187 Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000» finanziell.

Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.

Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.

1984 erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch 19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88 beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von

3,2 Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000 Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] - letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.

Philips hat das Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums der Stadt Fürth eV.

1998 verkaufte Philips das Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2 Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet. Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany".

GRUNDIG VS530 G-DECK CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.

GRUNDIG VS530 G-DECK Mechanism Magnetic tape recording and/or reproducing apparatus:
In a recording and / or reproducing apparatus (1) for a magnetic tape (54) containing the cassette (2) which an adjustable between a loading position and an operating position the cassette holding means (10) for transferring a set manually in the device box to an operating position on a device, adjustable between a thread-out position and a threading tape-threading device (69) for wrapping loops of the magnetic tape (54) to a scanner (70) for the same and at least one adjustable between at least two operating positions of tape operating means (58) for performing a tape operation in at least one of its operating positions, which the adjustment is made, both the cassette holding means (10) and the threading device (69) and the tape drive operating device (58) via a motor-driven differential gear (118) to give a high ease of use of the device results in a space-saving and easy assembly.

1. A magnetic tape recording and/or reproducing apparatus for recording signals on and/or reproducing signals from a magnetic tape wound on reels in a tape cassette, comprising:

tape transporting means comprising a capstan for transporting said magnetic tape at a constant speed in cooperation with a pinch roller;

a single motor for driving said tape transporting means to rotate said capstan;

cassette loading means for mounting said tape cassette at a predetermined position;

tape loading means reciprocatable between an inoperative position where said magnetic tape is within said tape cassette and an operative position where said magnetic tape is drawn out of said tape cassette and loaded in a specific tape path;

operating mode changing means for changing operating mode of said apparatus from one operating mode to another;

tape winding means comprising a pair of reel turntables engageable with said reels for rotating said reels;

reel turntable driving means for transmitting a rotational driving force of said motor to said tape winding means to rotate said reel turntables;

clutch means connected to said motor for transmitting intermittently the rotational driving force of said motor;

an actuator connected to said clutch for driving said clutch means; and

driving selecting means connectable between said clutch and said cassette loading means; said tape loading means and said operating mode changing means for transmitting the rotational driving force of said motor from said clutch means selectively to said cassette loading means or to said tape loading means and said operating mode changing means,

whereby said cassette loading means, said tape loading means, said operating mode changing means, said tape transporting means, and said tape winding means are driven by said single motor.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said driving selecting means is simultaneously connected to said operating mode changing means, and said tape loading means.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising brake controlling means having a brake for applying a brake effect to said reel turntables and to which said actuating means is connected for operating said brake controlling means and said operating mode changing means simultaneously to, when said tape loading means is in said inoperative position, cause said actuator to actuate said brakes, and for, when said operating mode changing means is actuated to change said tape loading means to the operative position, not to apply said brake effect to said reel turntables regardless of the condition of said actuator.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said operating mode changing means comprises a cam driven by said motor for changing the operating mode of said apparatus and an operation member driven by said cam to move to plural positions corresponding to plural operating modes of said apparatus.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said reel turntable driving means comprises intermittently rotating means which transmits said rotational driving force of said motor intermittently to said reel turntables.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said reel turntable driving means comprises torque controlling means by which a driving torque for said reel turntables from said motor is controlled to be larger when said tape loading means is in said inoperative position than when in said operative position.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a rotatable disc having a tape loading cam for driving said tape loading means.
8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said torque controlling means is driven by said rotatable disc having said tape loading cam.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said motor is a brushless motor.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said motor has a spindle which constitutes said capstan.
11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said operating mode changing means comprises a pinch roller press-contact means for pressing said pinch roller to said capstan with said magnetic tape therebetween, said pinch roller press-contact means comprising a driving member which reciprocates said pinch roller between a first position where said pinch roller does not hinder said tape loading means from drawing out said magnetic tape and a second position inside a tape loop of said magnetic tape drawn out of said tape loading means and drives said pinch roller to a third position where said pinch roller is brought into press-contact with said capstan with said magnetic tape therebetween.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said driving selecting means comprises: a differential gear mechanism including a first rotatable disc connected to said cassette loading means and a second rotatable disc connected to both said tape loading means and said operating mode changing means; and a locking means for selectively locking one of said first and second rotatable discs.
Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a magnetic tape recording and/or reproducing (MTRR) apparatus of the automatic tape-loading and -unloading type such as a video cassette recorder and an audio tape recorder, wherein a magnetic tape is drawn out of a tape cassette and wound at a predetermined angle around a guide drum positioned outside the tape cassette and carrying a magnetic head for recording and/or reproducing signals on/from the magnetic tape.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Recently a construction which can decrease the number of motors for driving the MTRR apparatus has been proposed for answering the increasing demand for low cost, light weight, and low power consumption MTRR apparatuses. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 56-114154 discloses a construction which drives with one motor both operating mode changing means for changing conditions of the MTRR apparatus and tape loading means for drawing a magnetic tape out of a tape cassette and winding it at a predetermined angle around a guide drum carrying a rotary magnetic head. Although this construction makes it possible to drive with one motor both the tape loading means and the operating mode changing means for operations such as, a pinch roller press-contact operation (a pinch roller is brought into press-contact with a capstan with the magnetic tape therebetween) and a brake operation (for braking the rotation of reel turntable engageable with tape reels), other motors are required for transporting the magnetic tape at a constant speed and for driving cassette loading means which reciprocates the tape cassette between an inserting position and a predetermined mounting position.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of this invention is to provide a MTRR apparatus which performs with one motor the cassette loading operation, the tape loading operation, the operating mode changing operation and the magnetic tape transporting operation.

This object is accomplished by a MTRR apparatus which uses a tape cassette having therein tape reels on which a magnetic tape is wound and comprises: a capstan for transporting said magnetic tape at a constant speed in cooperation with a pinch roller; a motor for rotatably driving said capstan; cassette loading means for loading said tape cassette at a predetermined position; tape loading means reciprocating between an inoperative position where said magnetic tape is within said tape cassette and an operative position where said magnetic tape is drawn out of said tape cassette to be loaded in a specific tape path; operating mode changing the means driven by said motor for changing operating mode of said apparatus from one operating mode to another; a pair of reel turntables engageable with said tape reels for rotating said tape reels; reel turntable driving means for transmitting the driving force of said motor to said reel turntables; and clutch means for intermittently transmitting the driving force of said motor to said cassette loading means, said tape loading means and said operating mode changing means, whereby the cassette loading operation, the tape loading operation, the operating mode changing operation and the magnetic tape transporting operation are performed by said motor.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a MTRR apparatus according to this invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of the embodiment, in which the position of a tape cassette is indicated by dot-dash lines, in a stopping mode, a fast-forward-winding mode, or a recording/reproducing mode.

FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of a mechanism of a reel turntable driving means.

FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view of a mechanism including a driving selecting means, a tape loading means, and a controlling torque means.

FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are diagrams showing relationships between the amount of cam lift and degree of cam rotation.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic sectional views of a mechanism including a clutch selecting means, the driving means and an operating mode changing means.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a mechanism of the clutch means.

FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view of a mechanism including the operating mode changing means, a controlling brake means and a intermittently operable rotating means.

FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view of a mechanism including the driving selecting means and the tape loading means.

FIG. 10 is a schematic sectional view of a mechanism of a pinch roller press-contact means.

FIG. 11 is a side view of a mechanism including a motor and a driving member for the pinch roller press-contact means.

FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic top views of a mechanism of the driving selecting means.

FIG. 13 is a side view of a mechanism of a cassette loading means.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of the apparatus in the stopping mode.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of the apparatus in the fast-forward-winding mode.

FIG. 16 is a schematic plan view of the apparatus in the fast-forward-winding mode.

FIG. 17 is a schematic plan view of the apparatus in the state where a first rotatable disc and a second rotatable disc rotate to a rotary angle of 170°.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of the apparatus in the state just before the recording/reproducing mode.

FIG. 19 is a schematic plan view of the apparatus in the state just before the recording/reproducing mode.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of the apparatus in the recording/reproducing mode.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIGS. 1, 14, 15, 18 and 20 are block diagrams of an embodiment of the invention, in which lines connecting respective means and components show channels for transmitting the rotational driving force of a motor 501, operation of an actuator 500 or operations of respective means to respective means, thick lines showing the state of the rotational driving force being transmited and/or the operations, thin lines showing the states of being inactivated, and arrows showing the directions of the respective transmissions.

As explanation will be given of the basic construction of the embodiment of the invention using FIG. 1. The rotational driving force of the motor 501 which drives a capstan 502 is transmitted intermittently to a driving selecting means 504 by a clutch means 503. The driving selecting means 504 selectively drives either a cassette loading means 505, or an operating mode changing means 506 and a tape loading means 508. The operating mode changing means 506 working with the tape loading means 508 comprises a pinch roller press-contact means 507 and controls both an intermittently rotating means 512 and a brake controlling means 514 having a brake 515. A reel turntable driving means 509 transmitting the rotational driving force of the motor 501 to a reel turntable 513 has a torque controlling means 510 controlled by the tape loading means 508, a torque limiting means 511 and the intermittently rotating means 512. The torque controlling means 510 transmits the rotational driving force of the motor 501 to the intermittently rotating means directly or indirectly through the torque limiting means 511 under the control of the tape loading means 508. The reel turntable 513 is intermittently supplied with the rotational driving force of the motor 501 by the intermittently rotating means 512 and is selectively braked by the brake controlling means 514. The actuator 500 drives and/or controls the clutch means 503, the intermittently rotating means 512 and the brake controlling means 514.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the embodiment of the invention, in which a supply reel turntable 4 and a take-up reel turntable 5 are fitted freely-rotatably onto shafts 2 and 3 mounted on a chassis 1 and engage with a supply reel hub 7 and a take-up reel hub 8 respectively within a tape cassette 6 mounted at a predetermined position (shown in dot-dash lines) of the apparatus, thereby rotating integrally with the reel hubs 7 and 8. Within the tape cassette 6 which is provided at its front with three recesses 10, 11 and 12, the magnetic tape 9 drawn out of the supply reel hub 7 passes by the front surface of the tape cassette 6 and reaches the tape-up reel hub 8. Tape guide posts 13, 14 secured on supports 13b and 14b respectively, and a tape guide post 15 for drawing the magnetic tape 9 out of the tape cassette 6 and guiding the magnetic tape 9, are within the respective recesses 10, 11 and 12 and behind the magnetic tape 9.

FIGS. 2, 16, 17 and

19 are plan views of the embodiment of the invention, in which a guide drum 16 having rotary magnetic heads (not shown), a fixed post 17 guiding the magnetic tape 9, a full track erase head 19 erasing all signals recorded on the magnetic tape 9, an audio erase head 20 erasing audio signals recorded on the magnetic tape 9, an audio & control head 21 recording and/or reproducing audio signals and control signals for controlling a tape speed and phase on/from the magnetic tape 9, a capstan 23 transporting the magnetic tape 9 at a constant speed in cooperation with a pinch roller 22, and a motor 24 driving the capstan 23 are disposed on the chassis 1. The motor 24 is a brushless motor with less torque variation and its spindle serves for the capstan 23.

An explanation will be given of the reel turntable driving means. Referring to FIG. 2, a pulley 28 having toothed portions 26 and 27 is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 25 mounted on the chassis 1, and is rotatably driven by the motor 24 through a belt 29 stretched around the pulley 28 and a pulley 24a press-fitted onto the capstan 23. Also a support plate 30 for changing the reduction ratio between the motor 24 and both of the reel turntables 4 and 5 is supported rotatably on the shaft 25 as shown in FIG. 3. A gear 32 used in the recording/reproducing mode is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 31 mounted at one end of the support plate 30 and adapted to always engage with the toothed portion 26 integral with the pulley 28, while a gear 34 used in the fast-forward-winding mode is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 33 mounted at the other end of the support plate 30 and adapted to always engage with the toothed portion 27 integral with the pulley 28. A flexible member 35 having at one end a first cam follower 36 is fixed upon the support plate 30 as shown in FIG. 4. Thus the torque controlling means 510, which controls the driving torque of the both reel turntables 4 and 5, comprises the pulley 28, support plate 30, gear 32 and gear 34.

In FIG. 4, the first rotatable disc 37 which drives the tape loading means 508, is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 38 mounted on the chassis 1, and has at one side a positive cam of grooved cam 37a engageable with the first cam follower 36 for driving the torque controlling means 510, and at the other side a positive cam of grooved cam 37b for driving the tape loading means 508. The grooved cam 37a and 37b extend at an angle of 360° or more as shown in FIG. 5B, and the amount of the cam lift varies between a specific range of degrees of cam rotation. In FIG. 5B, the symbol "a" shows the curve of the cam lift for the grooved cam 37a, and the symbol "b" shows the curve of the cam lift for the grooved cam 37b. The first cam follower 36 is adapted to move only in a range of rotary angle 70° to 120° of the first rotatable disc 37, in which the first rotatable disc 37 rotates clockwise to move the first cam follower 36 rightwardly in FIG. 2, so that the support plate 30 is swung clockwise around the shaft 25. A torque limiting member 40 is supported rotatably on a shaft 39 mounted on the chassis 1 as shown in FIG. 3 and is adapted to keep the driving torque of the motor 24 transmitted to the both reel turntables 4 and 5 constant. The torque limiting member 40 comprises an upside gear 41 of the same diameter as the lower part gear 44, fitted rotatably on the shaft 39, the lower part gear 44 being supported rotatably on a boss 43 provided at the upside gear 41, a friction member 42, such as felt material, adhering to the lower surface of the upside gear 41, a compression spring 46 pressing the friction member 42 against an upside gear surface 45, a spring shoe 47, and a thrust plate 48 and a stopper plate 49. A turnable arm 50 is also supported rotatably on the shaft 39, and a turnable idler gear 52 always engageable with the lower part gear 44 is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 51 mounted at one end of the turnable arm 50. A friction member 53, made of such as a felt material, adheres to the turnable arm 50 and is disposed between the turnable arm 50 and an upper surface 57 of the turnable idler gear 52. A spring shoe 55 and a stopper plate 56 are supported on the shaft 51 and a compression spring 54 is disposed between the rear surface of the turnable idler gear 52 and the spring shoe 55 for pressing the friction member 53 against the upper surface 57 of the turnable idler gear 52 as shown in FIG. 3. When the lower part gear 44 rotates, the turnable arm 50 is turned by the friction between the upper surface 57 of the turnable idler gear 52 and the friction member 53 corresponding to the rotational direction of the lower part gear 44, and allows the turnable idler gear 52 to engage with an idler gear 59 always engageable with a reel gear 58 integral with the take-up reel turntable 5 or an idler gear 61 always engageable with a reel gear 60 integral with the supply reel turntable 4, thereby selectively transmitting the rotation of the motor 24 to the take-up reel turntable 5 or the supply reel turntable 4.

In accordance with the rotation of the first rotatable disc 37 from 0° to 70°, the gear 34 engageable with the toothed portion 27 integral with the pulley 28 engages with the lower part gear 44 so that the driving torque of the motor 24 is directly transmitted to the both reel turntables 4 and 5 but not through the friction member 42 of the torque limiting member 40. As stated above, in accordance with the rotation of the first rotatable disc 37 from 70° to 120°, the support plate 30 turns clockwise around the shaft 25 to disengage the gear 34 from the lower part gear 44, and then allows the gear 32 which engages with the toothed portion 26 integral with the pulley 28 to engage with the upside gear 41, so that after rotation of more than 120°, the gear 32 engages with the upside gear 41. Furthermore the reduction ratio of the gear train consisting of the toothed portion 26, the gear 32 and the upside gear 41 is larger than that of the gear train consisting of the toothed portion 27, the gear 34 and the lower part gear 44. Hence, the torque controlling means 510 is driven and controlled by the first rotatable disc 37 which drives the tape loading means 508 to be discussed below.

The reduction ratio from the upside gear 41 to the reel gear 60 integral with the supply reel turntable 4 is larger than that from the upside gear 41 to the reel gear 58 integral with the take-up reel turntable 5, so as to make the winding torque of the supply reel turntable 4 in the reviewing mode larger than that of the take-up reel turntable 5 in the recording and/or reproducing mode.

Next, an explanation will be given of the actuator 500 and the clutch means 503.

The rotational driving force of the motor 24 (501 in FIG. 1) is transmitted to the first rotatable disc 37, the second rotatable disc 66 and the third rotatable disc 67 respectively through a first idler gear 62 engageable with the toothed portion 27 integral with the pulley 28, a second idler gear 63 engageable with the first idler gear 62, and the clutch gear 65 engageable with both the second idler gear 63 and a first toothed portion 64a integral with a driving gear 64. The clutch gear 65 is always engageable with the second idler gear 63 and is supported rotatably on a shaft 68 mounted on the chassis 1, is allowed to move upwardly and downwardly along the shaft 68, is always biased downwardly by a compression spring 65a, and is disposed on a first clutch plate 69 fitted rotatably onto a shaft 70 mounted on the chassis 1 as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. The first clutch plate 69 has an upper face 69a and a lower face 69b which are different in height as shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B and 7. A slot 72 provided in a second clutch plate 71 which is fitted rotatably onto the shaft 70 and disposed on the first clutch plate 69, engages with a projection 73 provided on the first clutch plate 69, and a torsion spring 75 is disposed between the projection 73 and a projection 74 provided on the second clutch plate 71 as shown in FIG. 7, so that the second clutch plate 71 is always biased counterclockwise, as shown in FIG. 2, to cause the first clutch plate 69 and the second clutch plate 71 to turn integrally with each other around the shaft 70. A slot 78 provided at one end of a turnable lever 77 supported turnably on a shaft 76 mounted on the chassis 1 engages with a pin 79 provided at one end of the second clutch plate 71, and a slot 80 provided at the other end of the turnable lever 77 engages with a connecting pin 83 provided on a plunger 82 being supported freely-slidably on a solenoid 81 disposed on the chassis 1 as shown in FIGS. 2 and 8. When the solenoid 81 is energized, the plunger 82 is retracted in the direction of the arrow A in FIG. 2 and the turnable lever 77 is turned counter-clockwise around the shaft 76, instantaneously the second clutch plate 71 and the first clutch plate 69 are turned clockwise integrally with each other around the shaft 70 through the torsion spring 75. Hence, the clutch gear 65 runs onto the upper face 69a from the lower face 69b of the first clutch plate 69 and is changed from the condition as shown in FIG. 6A to that as shown in FIG. 6B, so that the clutch gear 65 engages with the first toothed portion 64a integral with the driving gear 64. As stated above, the clutch means 503 is driven and controlled by the actuator 500 comprising the plunger 82 and the solenoid 81.

In the embodiment of the present invention, the actuator 500 comprises the plunger 82 and the solenoid 81, but it may comprise a motor for obtaining the same effect in this invention.

When the clutch gear 65 does not engage with the first toothed portion 64a due to the abutting of the surfaces of teeth of the clutch gear 65 against that of the first toothed portion 64a regardless of the clutch gear 65 being moved upwardly in FIG. 6 along the shaft 68 by the first clutch plate 69, the first clutch plate 69 stops turning while the second clutch plate 71 turns clockwise around the shaft 70 against the biasing force of the torsion spring 75. And when the clutch gear 65 engages with the first toothed portion 64a, the first clutch plate 6 starts to turn clockwise again around the shaft 70, and the clutch gear 65 runs completely onto the upper face 69a of the first clutch plate 69. Thus even when the surface of the teeth of the clutch gear 65 abut against that of the first toothed portion 64a, the plunger 82 and the turnable lever 77 do not stop turning and the clutch gear 65 is not subjected to an axial excessive force by the plunger 82.

The driving selecting means 504 which drives selectively either the cassette loading means 505 or the operating mode changing means 506 comprises a differential gear mechanism 200 as shown in FIG. 6. An explanation will be given on the differential gear mechanism 200.

The driving gear 64 having the first toothed portion 64a selectively engageable with the clutch gear 65 and a sun gear 64b are fitted freely rotatably onto a shaft 84 mounted on the chassis 1. A plurality of shafts 86 are provided on a retainer gear 85 which is fitted rotatably onto a boss 64c provided on the driving gear 64, and support rotatably the planetary gears 87 on the shafts 86, the planetary gears 87 engaging with the sun gear 64b. And a transmission gear 88 having at the inner periphery an internal toothed portion 88a and at the outer periphery an external toothed portion 88b is fitted rotatably onto the shaft 84, the internal toothed portion 88a engaging with the planetary gears 87. Hence, when the transmission gear 88 is restrained from rotating, the planetary gears 87 are revolved on their axes round the shaft 84 by the rotation of the driving gear 64, the retainer gear 85 being decelerated and rotating around the shaft 84 in the same direction as that of the driving gear 64. When the retainer gear 85 is restrained from rotating, the planetary gears 87 are revolved on their axes by the rotation of the driving gear 64, the transmission gear 88 being decelerated and rotating around the shaft 84 in the reverse direction to that of the driving gear 64.

The following explanation will be given of the tape loading means 508. The first rotatable disc 37 for driving the tape loading means 508 engages with the retainer gear 85. A second cam follower 91 fixed at one end of an arm 90 supported rotatably on a shaft 89 mounted on the chassis 1 engages with the grooved cam 37b at the rear surface of the first rotatable disc 37 as shown in FIGS. 2 and 9. A sector gear 92 formed on the other end of the arm 90 engages with a first loading gear 94 fitted rotatably onto a shaft 93 mounted on the chassis 1. A second loading gear 95 integral with the first loading gear 94 and rotatable around the shaft 93 engages with a third loading gear 97 fitted onto a shaft 96 mounted on the chassis 1. Thus the loading gear train comprising 94, 95 and 97 rotates in synchronism with the sector gear 92. In FIG. 9, a first arm 98 for rightward loading is fitted rotatably onto the shaft 93. A tension spring 99a is stretched between a spring seat 98a provided at the first arm 98 for rightward loading and a pin 95a mounted on the second loading gear 95, so that the pin 95a abuts against a stopper 98b provided on the first arm 98 to allow the first arm 98 and the second loading gear 95 to rotate integrally with each other. A second arm 101 for rightward loading is connected rotatably at one end to the end of the first arm 98 through a pin 100 and has a bore 102 at the other end, the bore 102 being engageable with a pin 14a mounted on the support 14b. Reference numeral 103 designates a first arm for leftward loading, which has the same construction with respect to the third loading gear 97 as between the first arm 98 for rightward loading and the second loading gear 95, thus being integral with the third loading gear 97 through a tension spring 99b (not shown). The arm 103 also connects at one end rotatably with a second arm 105 for leftward loading though a pin 104, and has a bore 106 at the other end of the second arm 105, the bore 106 being engageable with a pin 13a mounted on the support 13b.

When the first rotatable disc 37 starts to rotate clockwise from the position in FIG. 2, the second cam follower 91 is not moved during the clockwise rotation of the first rotatable disc 37 from 0° to 150° as shown in the curve "b" in FIG. 5B, but after more than 150°, the sector gear 92 begins to rotate clockwise around the shaft 89 because the second cam follower 91 is moved leftwardly in FIG. 2. Hence, the first loading gear 94 engageable with the sector gear 92, the second loading gear 95 and the first arm 98 for rightward loading rotate counter-clockwise, and the third loading gear 97 and the first arm 103 for leftward loading rotate clockwise, resulting in that the supports 14b and 13b start movement along guide grooves 108 and 109 provided in the sub-chassis 107 which is spaced from the chassis 1 by a predetermined interval and disposed on the chassis 1. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates to an angle of 280°, the first arm 98 for rightward loading and the first arm 103 for leftward loading move the supports 14b and 13b to the positions where the tape guide posts 14 and 13 thereof abut against the positioning members 110 and 111 respectively fixed on the sub-chassis 107. Upon more than 280° of the first rotatable disc 37 rotation, because the tape guide posts 14 and 13 abut against the positioning members 110 and 111 respectively, the first arm 98 for rightward loading and the first arm 103 for leftward loading cannot turn further. As a result, the second loading gear 95 and the third loading gear 97 continue to rotate counter-clockwise and clockwise against the tension springs 99a and 99b respectively. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates beyond an angle of 300°, the sector gear 92, the second loading gear 95, and the third loading gear 97 do not rotate because the second cam follower 91 is not moved as shown in the curve "b" in FIG. 5B.

Next an explanation will be given of the operating mode changing means 506 which drives the pinch roller press-contact means 507, the brake controlling means 514 and the intermittently rotating means 512.

In FIG. 6, the second rotatable disc 6b engageable with the retainer gear 85 is fitted freely-rotatably onto a shaft 112 mounted on the chassis 1 and has at one side a positive cam groove 113 extending through an angle of 360° or more as shown in FIG. 5A for changing the operation mode of the apparatus. A cam follower 116 fixed at one end of a turnable arm 115 which is supported rotatably onto a shaft 114 mounted on the chassis 1 as shown FIG. 2, engages with the cam grooved 113. The cam groove 113 is adapted to move the cam follower 116 only in a range where the lifting amount changes as shown in FIG. 5A. The second rotatable disc 66 has the same diameter and the same number of teeth as the first rotatable disc 37. A pin 117 fixed at the other end of the turnable arm 115 engages with a slot 119 provided at one end of a main rod 118 which moves to a plurality of positions in synchronism with the movement of the cam follower 116. Guide slots 122 and 123 which are cut in the main rod 118 are fitted onto the guide shafts 120 and 121 respectively mounted on the chassis 1, and the main rod 118 is mounted movably for reciprocation along the guide slots 122 and 123. Hence, when the turnable arm 115 is turned around the shaft 114 by the cam follower, the main rod 118 is driven in the left or right direction in FIG. 2 under the guidance of guide shafts 120 and 121 and guide slots 122 and 123. Thus the operating mode changing means 506 comprises the cam groove 113 and the main rod 118.

A pin 77a fixed at another end of the turnable lever 77 engages with a slot 130b provided at one end of a sub-rod 130. Guide slots 196 and 197 which are cut in the sub-rod 130 are fitted onto the guide shafts 194 and 195 respectively mounted on the chassis 1, and the sub-rod 130 is mounted movably for reciprocation along the guide slots 196 and 197. A tension spring 199 is stretched between a bore 130c provided at the other end of the sub-rod 130 and a shaft 198 mounted on the chassis 1, so that the sub-rod 130 is always biased leftwardly in FIG. 2 by the tension spring 199. Hence, when the plunger 82 is retracted in the direction of the arrow A in FIG. 2 by the solenoid 81 being energized, the turnable lever 77 is turned counter-clockwise around the shaft 76 and the sub-rod 130 is moved rightwardly in FIG. 2. When the solenoid 81 is de-energized, the sub-rod 130 is moved leftwardly in FIG. 2 by the tension force of the tension spring 199 and the turnable lever 77 is turned clockwise around the shaft 76, the plunger 82 being moved in the reverse direction to the arrow A in FIG. 2. Thus the operation of the plunger 82 is transmitted to the intermittently rotating means 512 and the controlling brake means 514 to be discussed below by the turnable lever 77 and the sub-rod 130.

Next an explanation will be given of the brake controlling means 514.

A brake 184 at the take-up reel side and that 185 at the supply reel side are fitted rotatably onto the shafts 182 and 183 respectively as shown in FIGS. 2 and 8. A pin 184a fixed at one end of the brake 184 engages with a slot 187a provided at one end of a brake lever 187 which is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 186 mounted on the chassis 1, whereby the brake 184 at the take-up reel side is adapted to be actuated by the brake lever 187. A tension spring 189 is stretched between a pin 187b fixed at the other end of the brake lever 187 and a pin 188 fixed on the sub-rod 130, whereby the brake lever 187 is biased counter-clockwise by the tension spring 189 so that the brake 184 is biased clockwise as shown in FIG. 2. A tension spring 191 is stretched between a pin 185a fixed at one end of the brake 185 at the supply reel side and a pin 190 fixed on the sub-rod 130, whereby the brake 185 is biased counter-clockwise by the tension spring 191. The brakes 184 and 185, having brake shoes 184b and 185b which abut against the reel turntables 5 and 4 respectively, are made of flexible material thereby being adapted to adjust the braking effect when the brake shoes 184b and 185b tend to bite the reel turntables 5 and 4 respectively. Reference numerals 192 and 193 designate kick pins mounted on the brake lever 187 and the supply reel side brake 185 respectively. The brakes 184 and 185 are moved away from the both reel turntables 5 and 4 to release the braking effect, the kick pins 192 and 193 being pushed leftwardly in FIG. 2 by the main rod 118, or the pins 187b and 185a being pushed leftwardly by the sub-rod 130.

The intermittently rotating means 512 which transmits the rotational driving force of the motor 24 intermittently to both reel turntables 4 and 5 selectively, comprises a righthand stopper arm 126 and a lefthand stopper arm 127 fitted rotatably onto shafts 124 and 125 respectively mounted on the chassis 1. A tension spring 133 is stretched between a pin 128 mounted on the righthand stopper arm 126 and a pin 131 mounted on the sub-rod 130, the pin 128 abutting against a notch edge surface 130a provided on the sub-rod 130 to restrain the stopper arm 126 from turning counter-clockwise around the shaft 124. A tension spring 134 is stretched likewise between a pin 129 mounted on the lefthand stopper arm 127 and a pin 132 mounted on the sub-rod 130, the pin 129 abutting against a notch edge surface 118a provided on the main rod 118 and/or a notch edge surface 130d provided on the sub-rod 130 to restrain the stopper arm 127 from turning clockwise around the shaft 125.

When the conditions are changed from energizing the solenoid 81 as shown in FIG. 2 to de-energizing the solenoid 81 as shown in FIG. 16 at a rotary angle of 20° of the second rotatable disc 66 which drives the operating mode changing means 506, the sub-rod 130 is moved leftwardly in FIG. 2 by the tension force of the tension spring 199, and the pins 187b and 185a are pushed leftwardly in FIG. 2 by the notch edge surfaces 130e and 130f respectively which are cut in the sub-rod 130, so that the brakes 184 and 185 are moved away from the both reel turntables 5 and 4 to release the braking effect. At this time, the pins 128 and 129 are pushed leftwardly by the notch edge surfaces 130a and 130d respectively, and the both stopper arms 126 and 127 are turned clockwise and counter-clockwise around the shafts 124 and 125 respectively, so that the turnable idler gear 52 is able to engage rotatably either with the idler gear 59 or 61. When the conditions are changed from de-energizing the solenoid 81 as shown in FIG. 16 to energizing, the plunger 82 is retracted in the direction of the arrow A in FIG. 2 instantaneously and the action of the plunger 82 instantaneously returns the sub-rod 130 to the condition of FIG. 2. Simultaneously the pins 187b and 185a disengage from the notch edge surfaces 130e and 130f respectively, thereby instantaneously applying the braking effect to the both reel turntables 5 and 4 by the tension springs 189 and 191 respectively. At this time, the turnable idler gear 52 is disengaged either from the idler gear 59 or 61 by the two stopper arms 126 and 127. Hence, the action of the plunger 82 by operating the solenoid 81 drives and controls both the intermittently rotating means 512 and the controlling brake means 514.

When the solenoid 81 is energized and the two stopper arms 126 and 127 are positioned as shown in FIG. 2, the turnable idler gear 52 does not engage rotatably either with the idler gear 59 or 61 regardless of the turnable arm 50 being driven by the motor 24 which transmits its rotation to the turnable arm 50, and the turnable arm 50 turning clockwise or counter-clockwise around the shaft 39, since the shaft 51 mounted on the turnable arm 50 abuts against the edge surface 126a of the righthand stopper arm 126 or the edge of 127a of the lefthand stopper arm 127a. Hence, the two reel turntables 5 and 4 do not rotate. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates clockwise to an angle of 110° as shown in FIG. 4A when the solenoid 81 is energized, the cam follower 116 is not moved and the main rod 118 is not moved either, whereby the both stopper arms 126 and 127 restrain the turnable arm 50 from turning as stated above. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates clockwise more than an angle of 110° as shown in FIG. 4A in the condition of the solenoid 81 energized, the cam follower 116 is started to move rightwardly in FIG. 2, and the turnable arm 115 is also started to turn clockwise around the shaft 114, whereby the main rod 118 which engages with the turnable arm 115 is started to move straight leftwardly in FIG. 2. At this time, the kick pins 192 and 193 are pushed leftwardly by the notch edge surfaces 118d and 118f respectively, thereby turning clockwise around the shafts 186 and 183 against the biasing force of the tension springs 189 and 191. Hence, the brake lever 187 turns clockwise around the shafts 186, and the brake 184 at the take-up reel side which engages with the brake lever 187 turns counter-clockwise around the shaft 182, the brake 185 at the supply reel side turning clockwise around the shaft 183. Furthermore, the kick pins 192 and 193 continue to turn clockwise until the kick pins 192 and 193 run into the edge surfaces 118e and 118g respectively which moves the brakes 184 and 185 away from the reel turntables 5 and 4 and where the brake effect is released. After the kick pins 192 and 193 have run onto the edge surfaces 118e and 118g, the pins 187b and 185f move away from the notch edge surfaces 130e and 130f of the sub-rod 130 respectively, and the pins 187b and 185a do not abut against the sub-rod 130 regardless of the rightward or leftward movement of the sub-rod 130, so that the pins 187b and 185a disengage from the sub-rod 130. Thus the movement of the plunger 82 is transmitted to neither the brakes 184 and 185 nor the intermittently rotating means 512. This condition is kept until a rotary angle of the second rotatable disc 66 becomes 440°. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates clockwise to an angle of 150°, the pin 129 which abuts against the notch edge surface 118a of the main rod 118 is pushed leftwardly in FIG. 2 by the notch edge surface 118a, thereby turning counter-clockwise around the shaft 125 against the biasing force of the tension spring 134. Furthermore, the pin 129 continues to turn counter-clockwise until the pin 129 runs onto the notch edge surface 118b where the turnable idler gear 52 is engageable with the idler gear 61. After the pin 129 which has run into the notch edge surface 118b, the pin 129 moves slidably onto the notch edge surface 118b, and the lefthand stopper arm 127 does not further turn in spite of the leftward movement of the main rod 118, so that the biasing force of the tension spring 134 does not increase with the movement of the main rod 118. If the turnable arm 50 turns clockwise at that time, the turnable idler gear 52 engages with the idler gear 61 as stated above, and the take-up reel turntable 5 is also capable, of rotating. This condition is kept until the rotary angle of the second rotatable disc 66 becomes 298°. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates from an angle of 298° to 323°, the cam follower 116 is further moved rightwardly in FIG. 2, and the turnable arm 115 is also turned clockwise around the shaft 114, whereby the main rod 118 is moved straight leftwardly. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates to an angle of 313°, the pin 126b mounted on the righthand stopper arm 126 abuts against the notch edge surface 118c provided on the main rod 118 thereby being pushed by the notch edge surface 118c with the leftward movement of the main rod 118. Hence the pin 126b turns clockwise around the shaft 124 against the biasing force of the tension spring 133 and continues to turn until the turnable idler gear 52 is engageable with the idler gear 59. In other words the rotatable disc 66 rotates to an angle of 323°. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates more than an angle of 323°, the turnable idler gear 52 is engageable with the idler gear 59. If the turnable arm 50 turns counter-clockwise at that time, the turnable idler gear 52 engages with the idler gear 59, and the take-up reel turntable 5 is capable of rotating and winding the magnetic tape 9 onto the take-up reel hub 8. Thus the operating mode changing means 506 which comprises the grooved cam 113 and the main rod 118, drives and controls both the intermittently rotating means 512 and the brakes 184 and 185.

Next an explanation will be given of the pinch roller press-contact means 507 in FIGS. 10 and 11.

A gear 135 in engagement with the second rotatable disc 66 driving the operating mode changing means 506 is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 136 mounted on the chassis 1 and engages with a toothed portion 139 integral with a driving member 138 which is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 137 mounted on the chassis 1. The driving member 138 is provided with a first peripheral cam 140, a cylindrical cam 141 and a second peripheral cam 142. The first peripheral cam 140 abuts against a first edge surface 144a of a relay lever 144 which is fitted rotatably onto a shaft 143 mounted on the chassis 1, so that the first peripheral cam 140 pushes the first edge surface 144a. The cylindrical cam 141 abuts against a projection 145a of a guide member 145 which is fitted onto the shaft 137, guided by the shaft 137 and capable of moving perpendicularly to the chassis 1, thereby moving the guide member 145 up and down. The second peripheral cam 142 abuts against a projection 146a of a pressure lever 146 which presses the pinch roller 22 to be in contact with the capstan 23 after the pinch roller 22 has moved to a predetermined position, so that the second peripheral cam 142 pushes the projection 146a. The outer periphery 148 a of a pinch roller arm 148 which is fitted rotatably onto the shaft 143 is fitted both into the interior 146b of the pressure lever 146 and into a bore 145b provided at one end of the guide member 145, and the pinch roller arm 148 is supported by an upper surface 146c of the pressure lever 146, the pressure lever 146 being supported by the upper surface 145c of the guide member 145. Hence the pressure lever 146 and the pinch roller arm 148 move integrally with the guide member 145 upwardly or downwardly in FIGS. 10 and 11 guided by the shaft 143, when the guide member 145 moves upwardly or downwardly guided by the shaft 137. A tension spring 151, as shown in FIG. 2, is stretched between a hook 149 provided on the pressure lever 146 and a hook 150 provided on the pinch roller arm 148, so that the edge surface 148 of the pitch roller arm 148 abuts against a stopper 146d provided on the pressure lever 146 to cause the pressure lever 146 and the pinch roller arm 148 to rotate integrally with each other. The projection 146a on the pressure lever 146 is always pushed by a biasing spring (not shown) at the outer periphery of the driving member 138, and to the second peripheral cam 142 after the guide member 145 has moved down to the lowest position, the pressure lever 146 turning around the shaft 143 by the action of the second peripheral cam 142. The pinch roller 22 is fitted freely-rotatably onto a shaft 152 mounted at one end of the pinch roller arm 148 rotating integrally with the pressure lever 146. On the other hand, the tape guide post 15 for drawing the magnetic tape 9 out of the tape cassette 6 is fixed at one end of a guide post arm 154 fitted rotatably onto a shaft 153 mounted on the chassis 1, a pin 155 being fixed at the other end of the guide post arm 154 so as to abut against a second edge surface 144b of the relay lever 144. The pin 155 is pushed by the second edge surface 144b of the relay lever 144, so that the guide post arm 154 turns around the shaft 153. The cylindrical cam 141, the first peripheral cam 140 and the second peripheral cam 142, as shown in FIG. 5C, are adapted to vary the amounts of cam lift between a specific range of degrees of cam rotation and symbols "a", "b" and "c" show the curves of cam lift for the cylindrical cam 141, the first peripheral cam 140 and the second peripheral cam 142 respectively. The horizontal axis in FIG. 5C shows the rotary angle of the driving member 138 and the broken lines in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C show correspondence to a rotary angle of the second rotatable disc 66 which drives the driving member 138 increasingly in speed. For instance, when the second rotatable disc 66 rotates to an angle of 150°, the second rotatable disc 66 drives the driving member 138 rotatably to an angle of 244°.

The clockwise rotation of the second rotatable disc 66 is transmitted to the driving member 138 through the gear 135, so that the driving member 138 rotates clockwise. When the driving member 138 rotates to an angle of 277°, the first edge surface 144a of the relay lever 144 is pushed by the first peripheral cam 140 and the relay lever 144 rotates counter-clockwise around the shaft 143, at which time the second edge surface 144b of the relay lever 144 pushes the pin 155 and the guide post arm 154 rotates clockwise around the shaft 153. The tape guide post 15 fixed on the guide post arm 154 draws out the magnetic tape 9 to a predetermined position as shown in FIG. 17, so that the magnetic tape 9 forms a tape path as shown in dot-dash lines in FIG. 17, and the tape guide post 15 is locked by locking means (not shown). When the driving member 138 continues its rotation to an angle of 527° as shown in FIG. 5C, the guide member 145 abutting against the cylindrical cam 141, the pressure lever 146 and the pinch roller arm 148 move down integrally with each other perpendicularly to the tape path of the magnetic tape 9 along the shaft 143 guided by the cylindrical cam 141, and the pinch roller 22 also moves down perpendicularly to the tape path of the magnetic tape 9 as shown in FIG. 11

from the position where the tape guide post 15 is not hindered from drawing out the magnetic tape 9 as shown in FIG. 10, so as to be positioned inside of the loop of the tape path formed by the tape guide post 15 drawing out the magnetic tape 9 as shown in dot-dash lines in FIG. 17.

Furthermore when the driving member 138 continues its rotation and the projection 146a of the pressure lever 146 is pushed by the second peripheral cam 142, the pressure lever 146 and the pinch roller arm 148 turn clockwise integrally around the shaft 143, so that the pinch roller 22 abuts against the capstan 23 by the time when the rotary angle of the driving member 138 becomes 587°, whereby the pinch roller arm 148 is restrained from turning. After that, only the pressure lever 146 turns continuously and the hook 149 of the pressure lever 146 moves away from the hook 150 of the pinch roller arm 148 against the biasing force of the tension spring 151. When the driving member rotates to an angle of 587°, the pinch roller 22 is brought into press-contact with the capstan 23 at the predetermined strength. Even when the driving member 138 turns further over an angle of 587°, the amount of cam lift of the second peripheral cam 142 remains unchanged as shown in the curve "c" in FIG. 5C and the pinch roller 22 remains in press-contact with the capstan 23. Hence the magnetic tape 9 is transported at a constant speed by cooperation of the pinch roller 22 with the capstan 23 which is driven rotatably directly by the brushless motor 24 rotating.

Next an explanation will be given of the driving selecting means 504.

In FIGS. 12A, 12B and 6A, the second rotatable disc 66 which drives the operating mode changing means 506 and the tape loading means 508, and the third rotatable disc 67 which drives the cassette loading means 505 are both fitted rotatably onto the shaft 112 and in engagement with the retainer gear 85 and the transmission gear 88 respectively. On the outer peripheries of cylinders 66a and 67a of the second and third rotatable discs 66 and 67, notched grooves 160 and 161 are provided respectively, into which projection stoppers 158 and 159 are fit, the stoppers being provided at both ends of a detent arm 157 fitted rotatably onto a shaft 156 mounted on the chassis 1. When the projection stopper 158 of the detent arm 157 enters into the notched groove 160 of the second rotatable disc 66, the projection stopper 159 abuts against the outer periphery of cylinder 67a of the third rotatable disc 67. When the projection stopper 159 enters into the notched groove 161 of the third rotatable disc 67, the projection stopper 158 abuts against the outer periphery of cylinder 66a of the second rotatable disc 66. FIG. 12A shows the condition when the tape cassette 6 is not mounted on the apparatus, and FIG. 12B shows the condition when the tape cassette 6 in. When the tape cassette 6 is inserted into the apparatus when it is in the state shown in FIG. 12A, the motor 24 rotates counter-clockwise to transmit its rotation to the driving gear 64. With the driving gear 64 starting its counter-clockwise rotation, the projection stopper 158 of the detent arm 157 enters into the notched groove 160 so as to restrain the second rotatable disc 66 from rotating. As a result, the retainer gear 85 engageable with the second rotatable disc 66 is also restrained from rotating, and the rotation of the driving gear 64 is transmitted through planetary gears 87 to the transmission gear 88 which only starts to rotate clockwise. And the third gear 67 engageable with the transmission gear 88 rotates counter-clockwise to drive the cassette loading means 505 to be discussed below. When the mounting of the tape cassette 6 is completed, the tape cassette 6 is locked by the tape cassette locking means (not shown), whereby the rotation of the third rotatable disc 67 is stopped. At this time, the phase of the third rotatable disc 67 is set up so that the notched groove 161 of the third rotatable disc 67 is positioned opposite to the projection stopper 159 of the detent arm 157 as shown in FIG. 12B. When the third rotatable gear 67 is stopped and the transmission gear 88 is restrained from rotating, the retainer gear 85 starts to rotate counter-clockwise by the rotation of the driving gear 64, and the second rotatable disc 66 which engages with the retainer gear 85 starts to rotate clockwise. The projection stopper 158 moves out of the notched groove 160 by the moment of the clockwise force around the shaft 156 generated by the rotatable driving force of the second rotatable disc 66 through the notched groove 160, so that the detent arm 157 starts turning clockwise around the shaft 156. At this time the projection stopper 159 enters into the notched groove 161 opposite to the projection stopper 159, whereby the third rotatable disc 67 is locked. Furthermore, when the driving gear 64 continues its counter-clockwise rotation, the second rotatable disc 66 rotates continuously, and the third rotatable disc 67 which drives the cassette loading means 505 remains locked by the projection stopper 159. In this way, changes are made from the cassette loading means 505 to the operating mode changing means 506 or to the tape loading means 508.

When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates through an angle of 360°, the cam follower 116 in engagement with the cam groove 113 of the second rotatable disc 66 moves rightwardly in FIG. 19 and a detent portion 115a provided at the end of the turnable arm 115 turns clockwise around the shaft 114. Since the detent arm 157 is restrained from turning by the detent portion 115a abutting against a stopper pin 162 fixed on the detent arm 157 as shown in FIG. 19, it is impossible for the projection stopper 158 to enter the notched groove 160 even when they are opposite to each other and the projection stopper 159 moves out of the notched groove 161.

The driving gear 64 rotates clockwise when the motor 24 reversely rotates clockwise so that the rotational driving force of the motor 24 is used for changing from the operating mode changing means 506 or the tape loading means 508 to the cassette loading means 505. The second rotatable disc 66 rotating counter-clockwise and the cam follower 116 moving leftwardly, a projection stopper 115b provided on the left side of the turnable arm 115 abuts against a pin 66b fixed on the second rotatable disc 66 to stop the rotation of the second rotatable disc 66 as shown in FIG. 2, at which time the projection stopper 158 and the notched groove 160 are positioned opposite to each other. When the retainer gear 85 in engagement with the second rotatable disc 66 stops, the transmission gear 88 starts to rotate counter-clockwise, and the third rotatable disc 67 starts to rotate clockwise. Hence the projection stopper 159 moves out of the notched groove 161 by the moment of the counter-clockwise force around the shaft 156 generated by the rotational driving force of the third rotatable disc 67 through the notched groove 161, whereby the detent arm 157 starts to turn counter-clockwise, at which time the projection stopper 158 opposite to the notched groove 160 enters into the notched groove 160 to lock the second rotatable disc 66. Furthermore, when the driving gear 64 continues to rotate clockwise, the second rotatable disc 66 is kept in the locked condition by the projection stopper 158 and only the third rotatable disc 67 rotates continuously, so that only the cassette loading means 505 is driven.

Next an explanation will be given of the cassette loading means 505 in FIG. 13 which shows a side view of this mechanism.

Bosses 164 and 165 provided respectively on the right and left sides of a cassette holder 163 move slidably along guide grooves 168 and 169 provided respectively in a righthand side plate 166 and a lefthand side plate 167 which are disposed upright on either side of the chassis, so that the cassette holder 163 holding the tape cassette 6 moves to mount the tape cassette 6 at a predetermined position of the apparatus. Righthand and lefthand wiper arms 170 and 171 in engagement with the bosses 164 and 165 respectively turn around shafts 172 and 173 respectively mounted on both side plates 166 and 167, a toothed portion 174 being provided on the outer periphery of the righthand wiper arm 170. The toothed portion 174 engages and rotates with a gear train consisting of gears 175 and 176 and a worm gear 177. A gear 178 fitted rotatably onto the same shaft as the worm gear 177 and rotating integrally with the worm gear 177 is geared through a gear 179 to the third rotatable disc 67 which also engages with the transmission gear 88 as shown in FIGS. 2 and 6A. When the transmission gear 88 rotates clockwise and the third gear 67 rotates counter-clockwise, both wiper arms 170 and 171 are consequently driven rotatably clockwise around shafts 172 and 173 respectively in FIG. 13. Also, the bosses 164 and 165 in engagement with the wiper arms 170 and 171 move slidably along the guide grooves 168 and 169 respectively, so that the tape cassette 6 and the cassette holder 163 move from the position "A" shown in dot-dash lines to the position of "B" shown in solid lines in FIG. 13. When the third rotatable disc 67 rotates clockwise, and the tape cassette 6 and the cassette holder 163 move from the position of "B" to that of "A" in FIG. 13. When the third rotatable disc 67 changes its rotary direction, the tape cassette 6 and the cassette holder 163 move in reciprocation between the position "A" and position "B". The front cover 180 provided in front of the tape cassette 6 is always biased to be closed by a spring and a locking member (not shown) inside of the tape cassette 6. When the tape cassette 6 is inserted into and held by the cassette holder 163, the front cover 180 is released from its locked condition by a releasing member (not shown) inside of the cassette holder 163 and abuts an opener 181 fixed on the chassis 1 as the cassette holder moves down perpendicularly to open the front cover 180. When the tape cassette 6 is in the position "B" in FIG. 13 which shows the condition in which it has been mounted, the front cover 180 opens high enough for tape guide posts 13 and 14 and the tape guide post 15 to draw out the magnetic tape 9. When the tape cassette 6 has been mounted at the predetermined position, the tape cassette 6 and the cassette holder 163 are locked by the tape cassette locking means (not shown) using, for instance, a self-locking of the worm gear 177.

Next an explanation will be given of the operations.

When the tape cassette 6 is inserted to the cassette holder 163 in FIGS. 2 and 13, the motor 24 rotates counter-clockwise with the solenoid 81 energized and the plunger 82 is retracted in the direction of the arrow A in FIG. 2, so that the turnable lever 77 turns counter-clockwise around the shaft 76 and the sub-rod 130 moves rightwardly in FIG. 2 against the tension force of the tension spring 199. With the movement of the sub-rod 130, the pins 187b and 185a move away from the notched edge surfaces 130e and 130f respectively, so that the brakes 184 and 185 are driven by the tension force of the tension springs 189 and 191 and the brake effect is applied to both reel turntables 5 and 4. The turnable idler gear 52 is also restrained from engaging rotatably with the idler gears 59 and 61. Simultaneously with the turnable arm 77 rotating counter-clockwise around the shaft 76, the first and second clutch plates 69 and 71 turn clockwise integrally with each other around the shaft 70, whereby the clutch gear 65 runs onto the upper surface 69a of the first clutch plate 69 and is changed from the condition as shown in FIG. 6A to that as shown in FIG. 6B. When the clutch gear 65 engages with the driving gear 64 as shown in FIG. 6B, the rotation of the motor 24 is transmitted to the clutch gear 65 and the driving gear 64 in engagement with the clutch gear 65 through the belt 29, the pulley 28, the first idler gear 62 and the second idler gear 63. At this time, when the projection stopper 158 enters into the notched groove 160 and the second rotatable disc 66 is restrained from rotating, the rotation of the driving gear 64 is transmitted only to the transmission gear 88, and the third rotatable disc 67 engageable with the transmission gear 88 rotates counter-clockwise in FIG. 2. As stated above, the rotation of the third rotatable disc 67 is transmitted to the toothed portion 174 integral with the righthand wiper arm 170 through the gears 179 and 178, the worm gear 177 and the gears 176 and 175, whereby the righthand wiper arm 170 rotates clockwise in FIG. 13 and both the tape cassette 6 and the cassette holder 163 are mounted at the predetermined position. Then the third rotatable disc is stopped from its rotation by the tape cassette 6 and the cassette holder 163 being locked by the tape cassette locking means (not shown). In other words, the rotational driving force of the motor 24 is transmitted to the cassette loading means 505 through the clutch means 503 and the driving selection means 504, and the plunger 82 drives the intermittently rotating means 512 and the controlling brake means 514.

Further, when the motor 24 continues its rotation, the projection stopper 158 moves out of the notching groove 160 and the projection stopper 159 enters into the notched groove 161, so that the third rotatable disc 67 is locked and both the first rotatable disc 37 and the second rotatable disc 66 engageable with the retainer gear 85 start to rotate clockwise respectively. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates to an engle of 20°, the motor 24 stops its rotation and the apparatus is put into the stopping mode.

When a fast-forward-winding button (not shown) is pushed with the apparatus in the stopping mode as stated above, the motor 24 starts to rotate counter-clockwise simultaneously and the solenoid 81 is de-energized. With the solenoid 81 de-energized, the sub-rod 130 is moved leftwardly as shown in FIG. 16 by the tension force of the tension spring 199, and the pins 187b and 185a are respectively pushed leftwardly in FIG. 16 by the notch edge surfaces 130e and 130f, so that the brakes 184 and 185 are moved away from the reel turntables 5 and 4 respectively, and the braking effect is released to allow both reel turntables to rotate.

When the pins 128 and 129 are also pushed leftwardly by the notch edge surfaces 130a and 130d of the sub-rod 130 respectively, the righthand stopper arm 126 turns clockwise around the shaft 124 and the lefthand stopper arm 127 turns counter-clockwise around the shaft 125, so that the turnable idler gear 52 is capable of rotatably engaging with the idler gear 59 at the take-up reel side. The turnable lever 77 turns clockwise around the shaft 76, and the clutch plates turn counter-clockwise integrally with each other around the shaft 70, so that the clutch gear 65 which is always biased downwardly in FIG. 6 by the compression spring 65a moves onto the lower face 69b from the upper face 69a of the first clutch plate 69 thereby being changed from the condition as shown in FIG. 6B to that as shown in FIG. 6A. As a result, the clutch gear 65 disengages from the driving gear 64 so that the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 are not driven. The rotation of the motor 24 is transmitted to the gear 34 through the belt 29 and the toothed portion 27 of the pulley 28 to cause the gear 34 to rotate clockwise and the lower part gear 44 to rotate counter-clockwise in FIG. 16. With the rotation of the lower part gear 44, the turnable arm 50 turns counter-clockwise to make the turnable idler gear 52 engageable with the idler gear 59 at the take-up reel side. Thus the counter-clockwise rotation of the motor 24 is transmitted to the take-up reel turntable 5, which rotates clockwise, and the magnetic tape 9 is wound on the take-up reel hub 8, so that the apparatus is in the fast-forward-winding mode. In this case the rotational driving force of the motor 24 is transmitted to the take-up reel turntable directly, not through the friction member 42 of the limiting torque member 40. In other words, the rotational driving force of the motor 24 is transmitted to both reel turntables 4 and 5 through the torque controlling means 510 and the intermittently rotating means 512 which are included in the reel turntable driving means 509, and the plunger 82 drives and controls, the clutch means 503, the intermittently rotating means 512 and the brake controlling means 514 as shown in FIG. 15 which is the block diagram of the apparatus in the fast-forward-winding mode.

Next, the motor stops its rotation and the solenoid 81 is energized, either when a stopping button is pushed in the fast-forward-winding mode or when a transparent tape (not shown) attached to the end of the magnetic tape 9 is optically detected to generate a termination detecting signal. As stated above, the sub-rod 130 is moved leftwardly in FIG. 16 instantaneously when the solenoid 81 is energized, and the notch edge surface 130a of the sub-rod 130 pushes the pin 128 to turn the righthand stopper arm 126 counter-clockwise. The edge surface 126a of the righthand stopper arm 126 urges the shaft 51 to turn the turnable arm 50 counter-clockwise in FIG. 16, so that the turnable idler gear 52 disengages from the idler gear 59 and the take-up reel turntable 5 stops its rotation. The brakes 184 and 185 are driven simultaneously by the tension force of the tension springs 189 and 191 respectively, and the brake effect is applied to the both reel turntables 5 and 4 instantaneously. The clutch gear 65 runs onto the upper face 69a from the lower face 69b of the first clutch plate 69 of which condition is changed from that in FIG. 6A to that in FIG. 6B, thereby allowing the clutch gear 65 to engage with the driving gear 64 again as shown in FIG. 6B. Hence the apparatus is placed in the stopping mode as shown in FIG. 14.

The explanation of the operation in the rewinding mode is omitted, because it is almost the same as that in the fast-forward-winding mode described above, except that the rotational direction of the motor 24 is the opposite and that the supply reel turntable 4 is rotatably driven.

Next, when a recording and/or reproducing button (not shown) is pushed when the apparatus is in a stopping mode, the motor 24 rotates counter-clockwise with the solenoid 81 still energized. The rotation of the motor 24 is transmitted through the clutch gear 65 in engagement with the driving gear 64 and the retainer gear 85 to the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66, both of which rotate clockwise in FIG. 17. The rotary angle of the second rotatable disc 66 is the same as that of the first rotatable disc 37 as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, because the second rotatable disc 66 has the same diameter and number of teeth as the first rotatable disc 37. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates through an angle of 110°, the cam follower 116 is moved rightwardly in FIG. 17 by the cam grove 113 so that the main rod 118 is moved straight leftwardly in FIG. 17. And the kick pins 192 and 193 are pushed leftwardly by the notch edge surfaces 118d and 118f respectively, so that the brakes 184 and 185 move away from the reel turntables 5 and 4 to allow the braking effect to be released. The condition of the braking effect being released is held until the rotary angle of the second rotatable disc 66 becomes 440°. During this time, that condition is still kept, even if the plunger 82 and the sub-rod 130 are moved by energizing or de-energizing the solenoid 81. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates to an angle of 120° with the rotation of the second rotatable disc 66, the first cam follower 36 is moved rightwardly in FIG. 17 by the cam groove 37a and the support plate 30 is turned clockwise around the shaft 25, whereby the gear 34 disengages from the lower part gear 44 and the gear 32 engages with the upper gear 41. The rotation of the upper gcar 41 is transmitted to the lower part gear 44 and the turnable idler gear 52 through the friction member 42 of the torque limiting member 40. Although the turnable arm 50 turns clockwise at this time, the take-up reel turntable 5 never rotates because the turnable idler gear 52 is restrained from engaging with the idler gear 59 at the take-up reel side by the righthand stopper arm 126. When the second rotatable disc 66 continues to rotate to an angle of 150°, the cam follower 116 is moved rightwardly in FIG. 17 by the cam groove 113 and the turnable arm 115 is turned clockwise around the shaft 114, whereby the main rod 118 in engagement with the turnable arm 115 is moved leftwardly and the lefthand stopper arm 127 turns counter-clockwise around the shaft 125, so that the turnable idler gear 52 is capable of engaging with the idler gear 61 at the supply reel side. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates to an angle of 150°, the sector gear 92 starts to rotate clockwise in FIG. 17 as stated above, whereby the tape loading means 508 is driven so that the tape guide posts 13 and 14 begin to draw the magnetic tape 9 out of the tape cassette 6. When the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 rotate to an angle of 170°, the driving member 138 rotates to an angle of 277° as shown in FIG. 5C, whereby the tape guide post 15 draws the magnetic tape 9, as shown in FIG. 14, out of the tape cassette 6 to the predetermined position, so that the tape guide post 15 is locked by the locking means (not shown). When the driving member 138 rotates to an angle of 277°, the pressure lever 146, the pinch roller arm 148 and the pinch roller 22 start to move down perpendicularly to the chassis 1, inside of the loop of the tape path formed by the tape guide post 15 drawing out the magnetic tape 9 as shown in dot-dash lines in FIG. 17. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates to an angle of 280°, the tape guide posts 13 and 14 abut against the positioning members 110 and 111 respectively. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates further to an angle of 300°, the tape guide posts 13 and 14 are brought into press-contact with the positioning member 110 and 111 with a predetermined strength. On the other hand, when the second rotatable gear 66 rotates from an angle of 298° to 323°, the cam follower 116 is moved further rightwardly, and the main rod 118 is moved leftwardly in FIG. 19, whereby the righthand stopper arm 126 turns, clockwise and the turnable idler gear 52 restrained from the engagement with the idler gear 59 at the take-up reel side is released, so that the turnable idler gear 52 engages with the idler gear 59 and the magnetic tape 9 is wound onto the take-up reel hub 8 without slacking by the take-up reel turntable 5 rotating clockwise. When the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 rotate to an angle of 323°, the driving member 138 rotates to an angle of 527° and the pinch roller 22 is positioned inside of the loop of the tape path of the magnetic tape 9 as shown in FIG. 11. Furthermore, when the driving member 138 rotates to an angle of 587°, the pinch roller 22 is brought into press-contact with the capstan 23 with a predetermined strength, and the magnetic tape 9 is transported at a constant speed by cooperation of the pinch roller with the capstan 23 which is rotatably and directly driven counter-clockwise by the brushless motor 24. In brief, as shown in FIG. 18, the rotational driving force of the motor 24 drives the operating mode changing means 506 and the tape loading means 508, and the plunger 82 drives only the clutch means 503.

When the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 rotate to an angle of 370° and the driving member 138 rotates at the same time to an angle of 604°, the clutch gear 65 disengages from the driving gear 64 when the solenoid 81 is de-energized, whereby the first rotatable disc 37, the second rotatable disc 66 and the driving member 138 stop their rotation and the rotation of the motor 24 is transmitted only to the capstan 23 and the take-up reel turntable 5. Hence the apparatus is placed in the recording and/or reproducing mode. In this way the magnetic tape 9 is loaded around the guide drum 16 and on the full track erase head 19, the audio erase head 20 and the audio & control head 21, and is wound on the take-up reel hub 8 without being slackened, so that the signals are recorded and/or reproduced on/from the magnetic tape 9. In brief, the rotational driving force of the motor 24 is transmitted to the reel turntable 513 through the torque limiting means 510 as shown in FIG. 20.

Next, when the stopping button is pushed in the recording and/or reproducing mode, the clutch gear 65 engages with the driving gear 64 and the solenoid 81 is energized as shown in FIG. 19 and the motor 24 rotates in the reverse direction, from counter-clockwise to clockwise, so as to rotate the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 counter-clockwise. With the counter-clockwise rotation of the second rotatable disc 66, the cam follower 116 is moved leftwardly and the main rod 118 is moved rightwardly in FIG. 19. When the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 rotate reversely to an angle of 150° and the driving member 138 rotates reversely to an angle of 244°, the tape guide posts 13, 14 and 15 and the pinch roller 22 return respectively to the positions shown in FIG. 16. The turnable arm 50 turns clockwise with the motor 24 rotating reversely clockwise and the turnable idler gear 52 engages with the idler gear 61 at the supply reel side, so that the supply reel turntable 4 rotates counter-clockwise and winds the discharged magnetic tape 9 onto the supply reel hub 7 without slackening the magnetic tape 9. When the second rotatable disc 66 rotates reversely over an angle of 150°, lefthand stopper arm 127 turns clockwise in FIG. 17 around the shaft 125 thereby disengaging the turnable idler gear 52 from the idler gear 61 at the supply reel side, so that the supply reel turntable 4 stops its rotation and the magnetic tape 9 completes being wound onto the supply reel hub 7. The brakes 184 and 185 abut against the reel turntables 5 and 4 respectively when the second rotatable disc 66 continues its reverse rotation to an angle of 110°, thereby applying the brake effect to the both reel turntables 5 and 4. When the first rotatable disc 37 rotates reversely to an angle of 120°, the support plate 30 turns counter-clockwise around the shaft 25, thereby disengaging the gear 32 from the upper gear 41 to allow the gear 34 to engage with the lower part gear 44. When the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 thereafter continue their reverse rotations to an angle of 20°, a switch (not shown) works to stop the motor 24 and the apparatus is placed in the stopping mode.

Furthermore, when an ejecting tape cassette button (not shown) is pushed, the projection stopper 159 moves out of the notched groove 161 of the third rotatable disc 67 and the projection stopper 158 enters into the notched groove 160 of the second rotatable disc 66, whereby the first and second rotatable discs 37 and 66 stop their rotations and the third rotatable disc 67 rotates clockwise in FIG. 2 so that the tape cassette 6 and the cassette holder 163 move from the position "B" to position "A" shown in FIG. 13 to eject the tape cassette 6 from the apparatus.

As seen from the above explanation, the present invention makes it possible to accomplish with only one motor the tape cassette loading operation, the tape loading operation, the operating mode changing operation and the magnetic tape transporting operation. For the above reason, the number of motors utilized in the apparatus is remarkably reduced thereby reducing the cost of the apparatus. Also, the apparatus has a low power consumption and light weight due to the use of only one motor.

The actuator comprises a plunger, so that its operation is quick in changing from the fast-forward-winding mode or rewinding mode to the stopping mode and so that it is possible to apply the brake effect instantaneously. Hence the braking action is so quick and ensured by detecting the end of the magnetic tape that the trouble of applying, exessive tension to the magnetic tape when its end is reached is eliminated.

Since the motor is a brushless motor with less torque variation and its spindle serves for the capstan, it minimizes the variation in the speed of the tape and also minimizes wow and flutter in the tape transport.

It must be also noticed that a thin (low profile) MTRR apparatus can be achieved by freely disposing the motor which drives the capstan directly at a position where it does not overlap the tape cassette.