tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21163260349243969102024-02-19T08:15:01.060-08:00Tele Video Rama Museum !™.How many times when watching somewhat at the Tv you said: "Please REPLAY that Scene...." You couldn't until you have had a machine called VideoRecorder........The TeleVideoRamaMuseum shows the Hi Tech behind Old Video Tape Recorders of all types VHS V2000 Beta VCR to show, one more time, what real technology engineering was instead of todays DRM gizmos Crap. Site under development, coming soon !FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.comBlogger292125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-52175450446741290742011-11-18T18:00:00.000-08:002015-03-13T09:08:01.871-07:00AIWA VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER HV-G55AGPS E YEAR 1990.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgal1hG3hpdo8f8L8EyN50FGTYtxhjUzF1VjZehLBY5CfbIwdbbRjEJT_dozOFWjEnV1gvdDrwhBCL5GzILIodylGiFfwEMSKB9MuPRX7bkeFFcKRkgZYZc7fZkH4kMtc81Qg9ABN6KnjE/s1600/IMGH_07753__VRM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgal1hG3hpdo8f8L8EyN50FGTYtxhjUzF1VjZehLBY5CfbIwdbbRjEJT_dozOFWjEnV1gvdDrwhBCL5GzILIodylGiFfwEMSKB9MuPRX7bkeFFcKRkgZYZc7fZkH4kMtc81Qg9ABN6KnjE/s1600/IMGH_07753__VRM.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKRAlsrzHeCZzwe9cp7KX_M-E5mAn8IvVO-wf_IHqS13aqvpLQSH2HXlMysoMrVok9VCv6hMe3Ni9fMQFfET0VEQJ_olsYjbR4wJ5Z0x6MBieipoDpoRcm1BIkgWT6qO7f2rwaeV8kNXA/s1600/IMGH_07754__VRM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKRAlsrzHeCZzwe9cp7KX_M-E5mAn8IvVO-wf_IHqS13aqvpLQSH2HXlMysoMrVok9VCv6hMe3Ni9fMQFfET0VEQJ_olsYjbR4wJ5Z0x6MBieipoDpoRcm1BIkgWT6qO7f2rwaeV8kNXA/s1600/IMGH_07754__VRM.JPG" height="237" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> <b>PAL and NTSC VHS video tapes Tape speed:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
PAL<br />
<br />
SP: 23,39 mm/sec<br />
LP: 11,7 mm/sec<br />
<br />
NTSC<br />
<br />
SP: 33.35 mm/sec (1 3/8 inches/s)<br />
LP: 16.67 mm/sec (11/16 inches/s)<br />
EP: 11.11 mm/sec (7/16 inches/s)<br />
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Tape formats<br />
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<br />
| PAL/SECAM times | NTSC times<br />
name length/metres | SP LP | SP LP EP<br />
======================================================<br />
E-30 45 m 30 min 60 min 22 min 44 min 66 min<br />
E-60 88 m 60 min 120 min 44 min 88 min 132 min<br />
E-90 130 m 90 min 180 min 65 min 130 min 195 min<br />
E-120 173 m 120 min 240 min 86 min 172 min 258 min<br />
E-180 258 m 180 min 360 min 129 min 258 min 387 min<br />
E-240 346 m 240 min 480 min 173 min 346 min 519 min<br />
E-300 432 m 300 min 600 min 216 min 432 min 648 min<br />
<br />
T-20 44 m 28 min 56 min 20 min 40 min 60 min<br />
T-30 64 m 42 min 84 min 30 min 60 min 90 min<br />
T-45 94 m 63 min 126 min 45 min 90 min 135 min<br />
T-60 125 m 84 min 168 min 60 min 120 min 180 min<br />
T-90 185 m 126 min 252 min 90 min 180 min 270 min<br />
T-120 246 m 169 min 338 min 120 min 240 min 360 min<br />
T-160 326 m 225 min 450 min 160 min 320 min 480 min<br />
T-200 407 m 281 min 562 min 200 min 400 min 600 min</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Aiwa</b> was a Japanese consumer electronics </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">company</span><span style="font-size: small;">, founded in 1951. It produced audio and video equipment in the 1970s and 1980s.</span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History" style="font-size: small;">History</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">The Aiwa Corporation slid towards bankruptcy until it was purchased by competitor </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Sony Corporation</span><span style="font-size: small;">. As of October 1, 2002, Aiwa ceased to be a separate company and became a wholly owned division of </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Sony Corporation</span><span style="font-size: small;">. The company retained a logo from the mid 1990s which was used for a very short time.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Sony's
reasoning for acquiring the company is unclear, other than that it was
already a shareholder in Aiwa Corporation. However, Aiwa has been
eligible for a tax refund in Japan for FY2002. This offset the dropping figures in Sony's
financial report for FY 2002/2003. In January 2003 Sony announced the
rebranding and relaunch of Aiwa as a "youth focused, PC-Centric"
electronics brand. A new logo was presented to the world's media along
with a statement of Sony's intention to invest in and "revitalize" the
Aiwa brand.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The direction proposed was to
capitalize on the growing trend among PC-literate teenagers and young
adults to use their PCs for all forms of entertainment (TV, films,
music, chat), an area in which Sony itself was struggling primarily due
to the heavy copyright protections it imposed upon its products<sup>.</sup>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Since
2004, however, Sony has seemingly been rolling back its support for the
Aiwa brand and in 2005 Aiwa products remain on sale in only selected
territories around the globe. In 2006, Aiwa products were discontinued
and no longer sold in the market.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">As of
August 2010, the Aiwa website still exists for some territories/regions,
but it contains some broken links and blank pages. In other regions,
such as Europe, it redirects to a page on the Sony site stating that the
Aiwa website has closed down. The last apparent update to the website
was in June 2008.</span><br />
<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-31565203177914569372011-11-18T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.110-08:00AIWA VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER HV-G55AGPS E CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB8HmX29W9cGhl6Q8TWRxm4OpgAh0E6bqx5Brz2lRREAuduRsSPYtiV3xPDvOR4QqcW9rWvqGGgL-pZ2rrm4TU5vYvtc7mYZWVRsvWu9uyibO-BgHC1jpvNZx7wXzHG2ZPUZIKD7FzeRU/s1600/IMGH_07755__VRM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB8HmX29W9cGhl6Q8TWRxm4OpgAh0E6bqx5Brz2lRREAuduRsSPYtiV3xPDvOR4QqcW9rWvqGGgL-pZ2rrm4TU5vYvtc7mYZWVRsvWu9uyibO-BgHC1jpvNZx7wXzHG2ZPUZIKD7FzeRU/s1600/IMGH_07755__VRM.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_VAAblMgdlaSeeYasNV7t2ka2tpqc8UJdpLmQXOEoFaMfRnsn3G3f9n_Oq3zR56xuyd7tC3cxWQDErqCLt9xWg1z4iO1S1QtaGaybcJmvJNjMbC7bGXjYEBxaasGMdKz8kZCQFsuqec/s1600/IMGH_07756__VRM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_VAAblMgdlaSeeYasNV7t2ka2tpqc8UJdpLmQXOEoFaMfRnsn3G3f9n_Oq3zR56xuyd7tC3cxWQDErqCLt9xWg1z4iO1S1QtaGaybcJmvJNjMbC7bGXjYEBxaasGMdKz8kZCQFsuqec/s1600/IMGH_07756__VRM.JPG" height="238" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5p8-5wBZQnnq_S0PPwqSdmLGocHtkW7XRurpA1mJY9-gY-f66EhCdZK5kzRBbUr8GGrhKnxZvqfgQy0eGlpDHVhKUgRMrQqMW_xijamfvjb8cf0OUX3CqZujyPCVHUbjUqsKsm59uH0/s1600/IMGH_07757__VRM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5p8-5wBZQnnq_S0PPwqSdmLGocHtkW7XRurpA1mJY9-gY-f66EhCdZK5kzRBbUr8GGrhKnxZvqfgQy0eGlpDHVhKUgRMrQqMW_xijamfvjb8cf0OUX3CqZujyPCVHUbjUqsKsm59uH0/s1600/IMGH_07757__VRM.JPG" height="237" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_Tij5wMDDlGDhMv-rkCMHtrkf6LEdjJ5B9VOSIGwi8Qw2sZvcfO_3NSjqixwo8-AZT58WwqTP8DqNxuic_zD-hJ1Ao6m3vcuUqGxTGbTg5frxnowva4OU_1x_JxT85GRCOof5Vy4dJk/s1600/IMGH_07758__VRM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_Tij5wMDDlGDhMv-rkCMHtrkf6LEdjJ5B9VOSIGwi8Qw2sZvcfO_3NSjqixwo8-AZT58WwqTP8DqNxuic_zD-hJ1Ao6m3vcuUqGxTGbTg5frxnowva4OU_1x_JxT85GRCOof5Vy4dJk/s1600/IMGH_07758__VRM.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-4707924698332201512011-11-17T18:00:00.000-08:002016-02-12T11:46:30.512-08:00PHILIPS VR6862 MATCHLINE YEAR 1987.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEmkeuBXqRhr9OxO5vZY7oEaAds1GMjT_VWnYJ0Bb3gzJ-c6zcyc37PbTZJsbKorSdVDJFgcLKEAIZfcgrI66Zu7_ctxPoRjRyESHfnd-HYypqTE5aDMaVVacuC-UUmfsugjh8EIz2ITo/s1600/IMGH_07733__VRM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEmkeuBXqRhr9OxO5vZY7oEaAds1GMjT_VWnYJ0Bb3gzJ-c6zcyc37PbTZJsbKorSdVDJFgcLKEAIZfcgrI66Zu7_ctxPoRjRyESHfnd-HYypqTE5aDMaVVacuC-UUmfsugjh8EIz2ITo/s1600/IMGH_07733__VRM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.)</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s1600/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5721585787694646258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s320/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 226px;" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips is one of the largest </span><span style="font-style: italic;">electronics
companies in the world. In 2009, its sales were €23.18 billion. The
company employs 115,924 people in more than 60 countries.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips
is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles
(formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances
and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly
Philips Medical Systems).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The
company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of
Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light
bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives
as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company
started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known
worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic
valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer
Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their
electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco
brand name).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s1600/anton+philips.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566216731996475298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s320/anton+philips.jpg" style="float: left; height: 304px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 200px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In
December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the
Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of
"disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling
80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity
investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts &amp; Co. (KKR),
Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a
process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a
separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic
options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a
letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were
speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone
entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then
that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the
most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and
the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those
involved with Semiconductors".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In its more than 115 year history, this co</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">unts
as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company.
Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the
transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the
electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and
building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such,
Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over
the past 50 years.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Agreeing
to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell
the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest
decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they
had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium
headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the
Semiconductors Division.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new
semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Coinciding
with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced
that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus
becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).</span><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">PHILIPS</span> FOUNDATION:<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s1600/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231051095713186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s320/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 41px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 348px;" /></a>The
foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips
established Philips &amp; Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The
company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of
the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe.
Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first
research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the
x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has
only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to
enrich people’s everyday lives.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In
the early years of Philips &amp;; Co., the representation of the
company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial
letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on
the glass of metal filament lamps.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
One
of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips
used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as
marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row
of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the
Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The
now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the
packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an
early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while
the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the
radio waves would travel.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>
stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring
this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle
emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At
this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the
company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent
Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of
other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the
combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield
emblem.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1938, the Philips
shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the
basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the
wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced
today.<br />
<br />
<b>The first steps of CRT</b> production by
Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips
Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics
laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe,
just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and
oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started
experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on
this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of
television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon
developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT
production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube
in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into
CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's
for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in
1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated
tubes like storage CRT's.<br />
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked
on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees
managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has
to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their
main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large
medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small
Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray
Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop
these new products was too big.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>28 of September 2012</b>,
Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube
factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so
much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland
about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115
years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and
acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic
decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of
years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.<br />
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gerard Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s1600/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229378365198642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s320/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Gerard
Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27,
1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder
(with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family
business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed
the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips'
Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation,
Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Gerard
was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 –
12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active
in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands;
he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
Gerard
Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was
the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in
Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated
the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.<br />
<br />
Gerard
was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into
the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz
Otten.<br />
<br />
<br />
Gerard and his brother Anton
supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the
Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they
founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department
developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anton Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s1600/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229383836616514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s320/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Anton
Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7,
1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with
his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He
served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Anton
was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David
Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in
the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He
was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years
older.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
In
May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son
Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business.
In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips
Electronics N.V.<br />
<br />
During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increas<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>e
sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several
countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.<br />
<br />
Anton
(and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In
Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities,
such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the
best-known example.<br />
<br />
Anton Philips brought his son Frits
Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times.
Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to
escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War
II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.<br />
<br />
His
son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the
occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of
Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews
by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them
evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.<br />
<br />
Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
Philips
married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30,
1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:<br />
<br />
*
Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925
to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:<br />
o Diek Otten<br />
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips<br />
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)<br />
*
Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married
firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G.
Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married
thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November
8, 2005). They had the following children:<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on
February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja,
March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without
issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3,
1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to
Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise,
August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella
Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December
12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 –
Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and
wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at
Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes,
Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux,
without issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre,
September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan
François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem
Pieter<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;">(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)</span><br />
<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-34949811239820267652011-11-17T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.125-08:00PHILIPS VR6862 MATCHLINE CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-1182679385103307722011-11-16T18:00:00.000-08:002017-12-23T01:54:48.017-08:00GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 YEAR 1983.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Video 2000 </b></u>was developed jointly by
Philips and Grundig as a replacement for their ageing VCR, VCR-LP and
SVR format machines and as a direct co</span><span style="font-size: small;">mpetitor to VHS and BETA. It
boasted a flip-over cassette fractionally bigger than a VHS cassette,
which could record up to 4 hours on each side. It also used a system of
"Automatic" tracking with it's Dynamic Track Following (DTF) system.
This meant that the tracking was always 100% perfect even on still pause
and picture search modes. It achieved this by having the video heads
mounted on piezo electric actuators which followed the tracks as they
were scanned.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
During
the course of the 1970's, Philips, in Holland, and their German
associates Grundig continued to develop the VCR format, increasing both
the record/playback time and the quality of the images, and adding more
and more features to their already sophisticated machines. This
development spawned VCR-LP and SVR, but by the end of the seventies
Philips were promising the imminent arrival of a remarkable new format.
This was called VCC, for Video Compact Cassette, but is more usually
known as Video 2000.<br />
<br />
(Philips also invented the
standard music cassette format, which they called ACC -- Audio Compact
Cassette. This name didn't catch on either!)<br />
Despite missing
several launch dates, when V2000 finally arrived in 1980 it was indeed
as revolutionary as they had promised. Alone of all video cassette
formats, VCC tapes could be turned over, just like audio tapes. This
meant that a cassette almost exactly the same size as a VHS tape could
hold six or even eight hours, in total. A later version with long play
increased this to a staggering 16 hours!<br />
<br />
V2000
machines were also extremely sophisticated, using microprocessor control
for all manner of trick-play and programming features. Perhaps the most
advanced feature of all was Dynamic Track Following, or DTF; this was
an automatic tracking system which moved the heads as they scanned each
track: <br />
The head chips were mounted on the drum on tiny chips of
piezo-electric crystal. This crystal changes shape when an electric
current is passed through it, so by applying the appropriate signal, the
heads could be kept in the perfect position at all times. Consequently,
V2000 decks needed no Tracking control, and could produce a perfect,
noise-free picture at all speeds, in both directions (even playing in
reverse), and on recordings made on other machines which were out of
alignment.<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">General Construction</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">
On the plus side these VCR's were construted in a modular fashion with
each printed circuit board carrying out a distinct function.
On the down side, these many PCB are connected together using plugs,
sockets and wire links which are prone to failure. The electronics
inside the VCR's is by todays standard fairly straight forward with
many discrete componenets being used together to perform the complex
functions required. This means getting hold of components to repair
electrical problems is by and large still possible. However this good
news is more than wiped out by the fact that it is now near impossible
to get hold of mechanical parts such as pressure rollers, capstan motors
and video heads. For the most part it is a case of having to break up
several machines to get one working.
</span>Video heads for V2000 machines are now rare and extremely difficult to
obtain.
<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Specifications</span></h1>
<table style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="50%"><h4 align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">System</span></h4>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video recording system
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">V2000, Rotary two-head helical scanning
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video Signal
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">CCIR standards, PAL colour
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Aerial input
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">75-ohm, asymmetrical aerial socket
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Channel coverage
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">UHF: Western European<br /> channels band IV/V
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">471.25-855.25 Mhz</span>
</dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">(Up to 99 programmes can be preset.)
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">RF output signal
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">UHF channels E30 to E43 (variable)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">75 ohms, unbalanced
</span><br />
<h4 align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">Video</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Horizontal resolution
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Luminance 3MHz ( -20db)<br />
Chroma 600khz (-26db)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">B/W:312 lines
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video S/N
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Better than 44dB CCIR
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;"> 421-2 annex III
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Drop-Out compensation
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;"> > 16db, 5 lines max
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio frequency response
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">50Hz to 10,000Hz </span><nobr><span style="font-size: small;">( 8db )</span></nobr>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio S/N
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Approx 50dB DIN 45500
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Inputs and outputs</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video input
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">VIDEO IN: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">1.0 V (p-p)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">75 ohms, unbalanced,
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">sync negative
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video output
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">VIDEO OUT: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">1.0 V (p-p)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">75Ohms, unbalanced,
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">sync negative
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio inputs
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">AUDIO IN: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd></td><td valign="top" width="50%">
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio outputs
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">AUDIO OUT: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Tuner input sensitivity
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;"> < 120 µ V Band IV > V
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Tape transport</span></h4>
</dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">Tape speed 24.40 mm/sec.
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Maximum recording time
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">2 x 4 hours 0 min. (with VCC-480 cassette)
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Fast forward/rewind time
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">180 sec. (with VCC-480)
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Timer</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Clock
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">LED
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Time indication
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">24-hour cycle
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Timer setting Only for recording
</span></dt>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Power backup
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">incorporating self charging circuit
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">General</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Power requirements
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">240v AC, 50-60 Hz
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Power consumption
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">75W ( 15W standby )
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Dimensions
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Approx. 540 x 365 x 365 mm (w/h/d)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">including projecting parts and controls
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Weight
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Approx. 17.5 kg net
</span></dd></dl>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Video 2000 was developed jointly by
Philips and Grundig as a replacement for their ageing VCR, VCR-LP and
SVR format machines and as a direct competitor to VHS and BETA. It
boasted a flip-over cassette fractionally bigger than a VHS cassette,
which could record up to 4 hours on each side. It also used a system of
"Automatic" tracking with it's Dynamic Track Following (DTF) system.
This meant that the tracking was always 100% perfect even on still pause
and picture search modes. It achieved this by having the video heads
mounted on piezo electric actuators which followed the tracks as they
were scanned.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> The first Video 2000 format machine from
Philips was the VR2020 of 1980. This was a pretty basic machine even by
1980 standards, but it sold in reasonable numbers. The first Grundig
V2000 machine was the model 700 "2x4", which was launched at pretty much
the same time*. The Grundig machine was slightly smaller and lighter
than the Philips, but had a virtually identical basic set of features. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Superficially the first generation
Philips Video 2000 machines resembled their earlier relatives, the VCR
and VCR-LP machines (N1500, N1700 etc.) They were roughly the same size
and weight as their older relatives and had the same "slopey front"
styling, however, inside they were far more advanced. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The new machines
were operated with all-electronic soft-touch buttons, and a
microprocessor was used to control the tape transport, the clock, the
counter and the timer. All the machines featured a "Goto" button whereby
a specific tape-counter number could dialled in and the machine would
speed off and find it. There was a problem with this because the tape
had to have been initially rewound to the beginning if the counter was
to be relied on to find a specific program. If the counter had gone
backwards beyond zero or had gone past 9999, then the machine would wind
the tape the wrong way to get to the specific number. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Although none of
the VR2020, VR2021 or VR2022 had a remote control facility as standard,
they could all be converted to remote control with a box that plugged
into the back of the machine and a little infra-red receiver which
clipped into the front.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Of the Philips VR2020 there were several
badge engineered versions from manufacturers such as ITT, Pye etc. Bang
and Olufsen made a version of the VR2020 called the 8800, but this
looked significantly different from the Philips original. It had a
remote control receiver built in as standard, but, strangely, it also
had a modified audio response to suit B&O's then current range of
televisions.etc.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Soon after the VR2020 came the Philips
VR2021 and <b>VR2022</b>. Although the VR2021 had an identical feature set to
the VR2020, it had more in common electronically with the VR2022 which
had extra "Trick-play" facilities such as noise-free picture search and
still pause. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> These two newer machines also used much nicer looking
chrome on the front panel instead of aluminium which tended to corrode
easily. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>There was briefly a stereo version of the VR2022 called the
<span style="color: red;">VR2022S but this was only available in certain European countries and
not in the UK.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Next came the VR2023 and VR2024. These
machines resembled the 3 Philips Video 2000 machines before them,
although some of the timer controls were now covered by a little flap
and the search and still pause (and an extra slow-motion button) were on
separate buttons below the standard controls. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">These two new machines
also featured a remote control interface as standard. The difference
between the VR2023 and the VR2024 was that the latter model was a linear
stereo version of the VR2023, making it the first
(universally-available) stereo Video 2000 machine. Philips soon
discovered a problem with the front panels of these two machines: the
microprocessor that controlled the buttons would sometimes lock-up if
two buttons were pressed in quick succession which meant that if the
problem occurred, the machine had to be unplugged from the mains for a
few seconds before any further commands could be given.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The next Philips Video 2000 machine to
appear was the VR2025 and this was to be Philips' first front loading
Video 2000 machine. However, it was merely a Grundig "2x4 Stereo" with a
slightly different colour scheme and a Philips badge. No real attempt
was made to disguise this machine; it even had the classic Grundig
unfathomable timer, and peculiar tape transport legends such as "Tape"
which meant "Stop" and "Cassette" which meant "Eject". </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Later came a second generation of Philips
Video 2000 machines including a battery operated portable model. These
were all much smaller than their first generation relatives and
culminated in Philips' top models, the VR2350 "Matchline" and the VR2840
which featured linear stereo audio and a long-play mode (XL or
eXtra-Long) to provide a staggering 16 hours from a single tape, before
the format was discontinued in 1985.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">As a point of interest, Grundig made a
very cheap Video 2000 machine (model 1600) which didn't have Dynamic
Track Following at all, instead it used an "automatic tracking" system
like many VHS machines of the day. This was okay to replay tapes
recorded on itself but was famously awful when it came to replaying
tapes recorded on another machine.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> <b>PAL and NTSC VHS video tapes Tape speed:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />PAL<br /><br />SP: 23,39 mm/sec<br />LP: 11,7 mm/sec<br /><br />NTSC<br /><br />SP: 33.35 mm/sec (1 3/8 inches/s)<br />LP: 16.67 mm/sec (11/16 inches/s)<br />EP: 11.11 mm/sec (7/16 inches/s)<br /><br />Tape formats<br /><br /><br /> | PAL/SECAM times | NTSC times<br />name length/metres | SP LP | SP LP EP<br />============================================================================<br />E-30 45 m 30 min 60 min 22 min 44 min 66 min<br />E-60 88 m 60 min 120 min 44 min 88 min 132 min<br />E-90 130 m 90 min 180 min 65 min 130 min 195 min<br />E-120 173 m 120 min 240 min 86 min 172 min 258 min<br />E-180 258 m 180 min 360 min 129 min 258 min 387 min<br />E-240 346 m 240 min 480 min 173 min 346 min 519 min<br />E-300 432 m 300 min 600 min 216 min 432 min 648 min<br /><br />T-20 44 m 28 min 56 min 20 min 40 min 60 min<br />T-30 64 m 42 min 84 min 30 min 60 min 90 min<br />T-45 94 m 63 min 126 min 45 min 90 min 135 min<br />T-60 125 m 84 min 168 min 60 min 120 min 180 min<br />T-90 185 m 126 min 252 min 90 min 180 min 270 min<br />T-120 246 m 169 min 338 min 120 min 240 min 360 min<br />T-160 326 m 225 min 450 min 160 min 320 min 480 min<br />T-200 407 m 281 min 562 min 200 min 400 min 600 min</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Grundig AG</b>
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its <span class="mw-redirect">Beko Elektronik</span> <span class="mw-redirect">white goods</span>
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a><b>Max Grundig</b> </u>(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Early years<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Success after World War II<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566552241150121922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwkQyhjc3VgXn6qrUZWnzEAVyP7jEAgJ8NGMu6nhftx5lbUex8paYI7Xm20FvmPAhQuV4tcU-xO65L6x9B2gJjBlvn66iAsoZoMsEkx5nKX6zflQ-ZqBVW0wPV1ME1KMv53Pog13F9UuRT/s200/max-grundig.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="135" /><br />
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.<br />
<br />
<br />
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s1600/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854993327966386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s320/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 242px;" /></a></span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history" style="font-size: small;">Early history</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s1600/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854772817362898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s200/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="151" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Grundig_in_Belfast" style="font-size: small;">Grundig in Belfast</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Philips_takeover" style="font-size: small;">Philips takeover</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history" style="font-size: small;">Later history</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Thomson</span><span style="font-size: small;">. In 2004 Britain's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Alba plc</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the Turkish Koc's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Beko</span><span style="font-size: small;">
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,<sup> </sup>although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Holding the Ring?</b></span><u><br /></u></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">For more than thirty years aft</span><span style="font-size: small;">er t</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">he Second World War, consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demand for successive generations of new or modified products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">states. The West German industry developed a strong export</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the technology which later permitted the development of the video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s1600/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s320/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" width="243" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics<br />industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,<br />which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-<br />Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West<br />German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories<br />of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s<br />most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-<br />ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German<br />Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production<br />facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,<br />there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized<br />consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and<br />Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the<br />automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-<br />sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there<br />was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the<br />West German consumer electronics industry.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpS_i9rZGTUdXcJn-TJfWcMAK1k4bhIdDhru-OFU1ejxq3AlbVfkTBNmC_kI564Jg_WDVv9MhoTR8ehYxdG1gRxw8NnE7JZ_yfO78KZs0pwktkt5py3j354FHiyXwFPCAxPiJcAtykO50/s1600/IMG_6789.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633740510262807234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpS_i9rZGTUdXcJn-TJfWcMAK1k4bhIdDhru-OFU1ejxq3AlbVfkTBNmC_kI564Jg_WDVv9MhoTR8ehYxdG1gRxw8NnE7JZ_yfO78KZs0pwktkt5py3j354FHiyXwFPCAxPiJcAtykO50/s200/IMG_6789.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02_47uKWChcdJWSP7OSYux20zR7-spZ_2pq5aoJwWJGR-zcuR3IA3WEGWfGcj8IsT97H8fTV4mLm8DuVsb2wP4kB52MoYSdFuevpjhGR2e5VUqfgMmH6R-I2hiiVieLmFkp5tvqyIYVA/s1600/IMGH_05455.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: small;">During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the end of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a guarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of the German industry. The market for colour television sets was increasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">West Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all households possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978 onwards, the West German market for colour television sets began</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expanding output and</span><span style="font-size: small;"> profitability lay in their transition to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to one or the other of the two Japanese video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">tightly in the grip of Japanese f</span><span style="font-size: small;">irms than any other segment of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market. More than any other, this development accounted for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">were either shut down or—more frequently——take</span><span style="font-size: small;">n over.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in
the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which
corresponded to the West German philosophy<br />of the ‘social market
economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’
for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that
mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms
to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of
market forces’.<br /><br />The implementation of competition policy was the
responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be
informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have
a turnover<br />exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than<br />2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in<br />its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any<br />existing, position of market domination.“</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHKApey2hzfx-f4pHJLPrarZQ_YwLw6ZFOnhvZJUFcqus3jMCyTpNdvnGZ_qAwe2RIjoRLiAfZq8BcITpchreSDH9iCShYxM4c99fC7U77iiEH8moE_I6O_Y7VqnffvsvtB0Qtx4bjRc/s1600/IMGH_05236.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHKApey2hzfx-f4pHJLPrarZQ_YwLw6ZFOnhvZJUFcqus3jMCyTpNdvnGZ_qAwe2RIjoRLiAfZq8BcITpchreSDH9iCShYxM4c99fC7U77iiEH8moE_I6O_Y7VqnffvsvtB0Qtx4bjRc/s200/IMGH_05236.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg764-03iiQVxybBHLtXADo_UcJyVnj6k2AUXqE9Nu_hj87009PbqMaTRGch_1lbURma6aacCzvudihyphenhyphen3rKeizuzDVTQ6qundfkYxJxscz1YLYMSjDhAoHnugguoA2nyDlTL0fv2416UgA/s1600/IMGH_03665.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: small;">Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry into an even deeper crisis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of European Restructuring</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Community as well as by its respective national Member States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">strategies contained two major elements: m</span><span style="font-size: small;">easures of at least</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">breathing space to build up or modernize their production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">production facilities in Europe and produce under the same</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">largely on the West German market, the firms could only</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:<br /><br />The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, </span><span style="font-size: small;">was the first<br />firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972<br />and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as<br />late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with<br />which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the<br />market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics<br />firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and<br />had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the<br />European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much<br />greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer<br />VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR<br />market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German<br />imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between<br />1978 and 1981.2</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The immediate background to the calls for protection against</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was formed by massive cuts in price</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s for Japanese VCRs, as a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig announced that they were considering takin</span><span style="font-size: small;">g a dumping</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pursued at the national and European levels, both through the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">national and European trade associations for consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the national governments and the European Commission. However,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pressing their case on EEC member states and the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">components industry, over half of whose output, according to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">These arguments found by all acc</span><span style="font-size: small;">o</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVil0OSVnAYRpeCjyjuXGUQZbo9DLx44XbnbaFYUpes9rIIKm_xuggySN-qksC60V79uCAih5QVmWOaRhIFYuyWY42LyUDMdDMiYmvxZvUb-6owjFKbi9MlMSuAUUr7AiDvsiPriakPEFy/s1600/IMG_8488.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657858069252136498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVil0OSVnAYRpeCjyjuXGUQZbo9DLx44XbnbaFYUpes9rIIKm_xuggySN-qksC60V79uCAih5QVmWOaRhIFYuyWY42LyUDMdDMiYmvxZvUb-6owjFKbi9MlMSuAUUr7AiDvsiPriakPEFy/s200/IMG_8488.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">unts a very receptive audience at the European Commission, where, by common consent of German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wields great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was also responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs depot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already staked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the<br />protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the<br />imposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">could have been expected to come from the West German<br />Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch<br />Governments, the West German Government had generally been<br />the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.<br />The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import<br />controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of<br />protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,<br />which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.<br />However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been<br />vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German<br />Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the<br />Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a<br />significant, modification of its past trade policy.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s1600/IMG_5142.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s200/IMG_5142.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s traditional policy in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German Government being held responsible for its implementation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Min</span><span style="font-size: small;">istry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The success</span><span style="font-size: small;"> of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-</span><span style="font-size: small;">overs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese competition.</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West<br />German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate<br />financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.<br />Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence<br />of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a<br />formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,<br />which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked<br />at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks<br />on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in<br />1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a<br />result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig c</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">onfessed publicly that if the firm carried on five more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">years as it was doing, it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">summer 1982, had become insolvent. Grundig intensified his search</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for stronger partners, which he had apparently begun by talking</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982, at the same time as Grundig</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and Philips were pressing for curbs on Japanese VCR imports,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around Grundig, a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">prospective participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">securing special ministerial permission for the</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">ir deal were exacer-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">French Government, which could then have demanded increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in other West German subsidiaries).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in<br />1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of<br />Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring<br />programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two<br />main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other<br />around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in<br />West Germany left under West German control. But a common<br />European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the<br />Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig</span><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a></u><span style="font-size: small;"> had envisaged<br />in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given<br />Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much<br />more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in<br />Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,<br />especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty<br />Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring<br />within Europe is far from complete.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The recent experience of the European consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">various national industries and governments to the challenges</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">others.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<u><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:</span></u></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft m</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">it Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a> erweitert.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s1600/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s200/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" width="151" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s1600/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s200/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany". </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-23545367693002031492011-11-16T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.099-08:00GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"> GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 SUPPLY TDA4600 (SIEMENS).</span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"> GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 Power supply Description based on TDA4601d (SIEMENS)</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWIEDdoDBK60nq_usDWGVEKy_MwcI9qOM6Ndu9MeYatFyElqeUh7bdbPmligBgN6gZsNfPykA4YMjgB5jsbzdPob7ASPIlSMfVabVVz_Y16mk1p2ZXAkIrDp0BVsocjAHkzgT-5bknUs/s1600/tda4601.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWIEDdoDBK60nq_usDWGVEKy_MwcI9qOM6Ndu9MeYatFyElqeUh7bdbPmligBgN6gZsNfPykA4YMjgB5jsbzdPob7ASPIlSMfVabVVz_Y16mk1p2ZXAkIrDp0BVsocjAHkzgT-5bknUs/s320/tda4601.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5572569732717420082" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-style: italic;">TDA4601 Operation.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">* The TDA4601</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> device is a single in line, 9 pin chip. Its predecessor was the TDA4600</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">device, the TDA4601 however has improved switching, better protection and cooler running.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The (SIEMENS) TDA4601 power supply is a fairly standard parallel chopper switch mode type,</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">which operates on the same basic principle as a line output stage. It is turned on and off by a</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">square wave drive pulse, when switched on energy is stored in the chopper transformer</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">primary winding in the form of a magnetic flux; when the chopper is turned off the magnetic</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">flux collapses, causing a large back emf to be produced. At the secondary side of the chopper</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">transformer this is rectified and smoothed for H.T. supply purposes.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The advantage of this type of supply is that the high chopping f</span><span style="font-style: italic;">requency (20 to 70 KHz</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">according to load) allows the use of relatively small H.T. smoothing capacitors making</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">smoothing easier. Also should the chopper device go short circuit there is no H.T. output.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">In order to start up the TDA4601 I.C. an initial supply of 9v is required at pin 9, this voltage</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">is sourced via </span><span style="font-style: italic;">R818 and D805 from the AC side of the bridge rectifier D801, also pin 5</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">requires a +Ve bias for the internal logic block. (On some sets pin 5 is used for standby</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">switching). Once the power supply is up and running, the voltage on pin 9 is increased to 16v</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">and maintained at this level by D807 and C820 acting as a half w</span><span style="font-style: italic;">ave rectifier and smoothing</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">circuit.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">PIN DESCRIPTIONS</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 1 This is a 4v reference produced within the I.C.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 2 This pin detects the exact point at which energy stored in the chopper transformer</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">collapses to zero via R824 and R825, and allows Q1 to deliver drive volts to the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">chopper transistor. It also opens the switch at pin 4 allowing the external capacitor</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">C813 to charge from its external feed resistor R810.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 3 H.T. control/feedback via photo coupler D830.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The voltage at this pin controls the on time of the chopper transistor and hence the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">output voltage. Normally it runs at Approximately 2v and regulates H.T. by sensing a</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">proportion of the +4v reference at pin 1, offset by conduction of the photo coupler</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">D830 which acts like a variable resistor. An increase in the conduction of transistor</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">D830 and therefor a reduction of its resistance will cause a corresponding reduction</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">of the positive voltage at Pin 3. A decrease in this voltage will result in a shorter</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">on time for the chopper transistor and therefor a lowe</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s1600/IMGH_03913.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s320/IMGH_03913.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">ring of the output voltage and</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">vice versa, oscillation frequency also varies according to load, the higher the load the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">lower the frequency etc. should the voltage at pin 3 exceed 2.3v an internal flip</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">flop is triggered causing the chopper drive mark space ratio to extend to 244 (off</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">time) to 1 (on time), the chip is now in over volts trip condition.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 4 At this pin a sawtooth waveform is generated which simulates chopper current, it is</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">produced by a time constant network R810 and C813. C813 charges when the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">chopper is on and is discharged when the chopper is off, by an internal switch</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">strapping pin 4 to the internal +2v reference, see Fig 2.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The amplitude of the ramp</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> is proportional to chopper drive. In an overload</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">condition it reaches 4v amplitude at which point chopper drive is reduced to a</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">mark-space ratio of 13 to 1, the chip is then in over current trip.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The I.C. can easily withstand a short circuit on the H.T. rail and in such a case the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">power supply simply squegs quietly. Pin 4 is protected by internal protection</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">components which limit the maximum voltage at this pin to 6.5v.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Should a fault occur in either of the time constant components, then the chopper</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">transistor will probably be destroyed.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 5 This pin can be used for remote control on/off switching of the power supply, it is</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">normally held at about +7v and will cause the chip to enter standby mode if it falls</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">below 2v.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 6 Ground.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 7 Chopper switch off pin. This pin clamps the chopper drive voltage to 1.6v in order to</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">switch off the chopper.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 8 Chopper base current output drive pin.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 9 L.T. pin, approximately 9v under start-up conditions and 16v during normal running,</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Current consumption of the I.C. is typically 135mA. The voltage at this pin must</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">reach 6.7v in order for the chip to start-up.</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Semiconductor
circuit for supplying power to electrical equipment, comprising a
transformer having a primary winding connected, via a parallel
connection of a collector-emitter path of a transistor with a first
capacitor, to both outputs of a rectifier circuit supplied, in turn, by a
line a-c voltage; said transistor having a base controlled via a second
capacitor by an output of a control circuit acted upon, in turn by the
rectified a-c line voltage as actual value and by a reference voltage;
said transformer having a first secondary winding to which the
electrical equipment to be supplied is connected; said transformer
having a second secondary winding with one terminal thereof connected to
the emitter of said transistor and the other terminal thereof connected
to an anode of a first diode leading to said control circuit; said
transformer having a third secondary winding with one terminal thereof
connected, on the one hand, via a series connection of a third capacitor
with a first resistance, to the other terminal of said third secondary
winding and connected, on the other hand, to the emitter of said
transistor, the collector of which is connected to said primary winding;
a point between said third capacitor and said first resistance being
connected to the cathode of a second diode; said control circuit having
nine terminals including a first terminal delivering a reference voltage
and connected, via a voltage divider formed of a third and fourth
series-connected resistances, to the anode of said second diode; a
second terminal of said control circuit serving for zero-crossing
identification being connected via a fifth resistance to said cathode of
said second diode; a third terminal of said control-circuit serving as
actual value input being directly connected to a divider point of said
voltage divider forming said connection of said first terminal of said
control circuit to said anode of said second diode; a fourth terminal of
said control circuit delivering a sawtooth voltage being connected via a
sixth resistance to a terminal of said primary winding of said
transformer facing away from said transistor; a fifth terminal of said
control circuit serving as a protective input being connected, via a
seventh resistance to the cathode of said first diode and, through the
intermediary of said seventh resistance and an eighth resistance, to the
cathode of a third diode having an anode connected to an input of said
rectifier circuit; a sixth terminal of said control circuit carrying
said reference potential and being connected via a fourth capacitor to
said fourth terminal of said control circuit and via a fifth capacitor
to the anode of said second diode; a seventh terminal
of said control circuit establishing a potential for pulses controlling
said transistor being connected directly and an eighth terminal of said
control circuit effecting pulse control of the base of said transistor
being connected through the intermediary of a ninth resistance to said
first capacitor leading to the base of said transistor; and a ninth
terminal of said control circuit serving as a power supply input of said
control circuit being connected both to the cathode of said first diode
as well as via the intermediary of a sixth capacitor to a terminal of
said second secondary winding as well as to a terminal of said third
secondary winding.<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
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<br />
Description:</div>
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The
invention relates to a blocking oscillator type switching power supply
for supplying power to electrical equipment, wherein the primary winding
of a transformer, in series with the emitter-collector path of a first
bipolar transistor, is connected to a d-c voltage obtained by
rectification of a line a-c voltage fed-in via two external supply
terminals, and a secondary winding of the transformer is provided for
supplying power to the electrical equipment, wherein, furthermore, the
first bipolar transistor has a base controlled by the output of a
control circuit which is acted upon in turn by the rectified a-c line
voltage as actual value and by a set-point transmitter, and wherein a
starting circuit for further control of the base of the first bipolar
transistor is provided. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Such a blocking oscillator switching
power supply is described in the German periodical, "Funkschau" (1975)
No. 5, pages 40 to 44. It is well known that the purpose of such a
circuit is to supply electronic equipment, for example, a television
set, with stabilized and controlled supply voltages. Essential for such
switching power supply is a power switching transistor i.e. a bipolar
transistor with high switching speed and high reverse voltage. This
transistor therefore constitutes an important component of the control
element of the control circuit. Furthermore, a high operating frequency
and a transformer intended for a high operating frequency are provided,
because generally, a thorough separation of the equipment to be supplied
from the supply naturally is desired. Such switching power supplies may
be constructed either for synchronized or externally controlled
operation or for non-synchronized or free-running operation. A blocking
converter is understood to be a switching power supply in which power is
delivered to the equipment to be supplied only if the switching
transistor establishing the connection between the primary coil of the
transformer and the rectified a-c voltage is cut off. The power
delivered by the line rectifier to the primary coil of the transformer
while the switching transistor is open, is interim-stored in the
transformer and then delivered to the consumer on the secondary side of
the transformer with the switching transistor cut off. <br />
In the
blocking converter described in the aforementioned reference in the
literature, "Funkschau" (1975), No. 5, Pages 40 to 44, the power
switching transistor is connected in the manner defined in the
introduction to this application. In addition, a so-called starting
circuit is provided. Because several diodes are generally provided in
the overall circuit of a blocking oscillator according to the definition
provided in the introduction hereto, it is necessary, in order not to
damage these diodes, that due to the collector peak current in the case
of a short circuit, no excessive stress of these diodes and possibly
existing further sensitive circuit parts can occur. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s1600/IMGH_03913.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s320/IMGH_03913.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Considering
the operation of a blocking oscillator, this means that, in the event of
a short circuit, the number of collector current pulses per unit time
must be reduced. For this purpose, a control and regulating circuit is provided.
Simultaneously, a starting circuit must bring the blocking converter
back to normal operation when the equipment is switched on, and after
disturbances, for example, in the event of a short circuit. The starting
circuit shown in the literature reference "Funkschau" on Page 42
thereof, differs to some extent already from the conventional d-c
starting circuits. It is commonly known for all heretofore known
blocking oscillator circuits, however, that a thyristor or an equivalent
circuit replacing the thyristor is essential for the operation of the
control circuit. <br />
It is accordingly an object of the invention to
provide another starting circuit. It is a further object of the
invention to provide a possible circuit for the control circuit which is
particularly well suited for this purpose. It is yet another object of
the invention to provide such a power supply which is assured of
operation over the entire range of line voltages from 90 to 270 V a-c,
while the secondary voltages and secondary load variations between
no-load and short circuit are largely constant. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>With the foregoing and other objects in view, there is
provided, in accordance with the invention, a blocking oscillator-type
switching power supply for supplying power to electrical equipment
wherein a primary winding of a transformer, in series with an
emitter-collector path of a first bipolar transistor, is connected to a
d-c voltage obtained by rectification of a line a-c voltage fed-in via
two external supply terminals, a secondary winding of the transformer
being connectible to the electrical equipment for supplying power
thereto, the first bipolar transistor having a base controlled by the
output of a control circuit acted upon, in turn, by the rectified a-c
line voltage as actual value and by a set-point transmitter, and
including a starting circuit for further control of the base of the
first bipolar transistor, including a first diode in the starting
circuit having an anode directly connected to one of the supply
terminals supplied by the a-c line voltage and a cathode connected via a
resistor to an input serving to supply power to the control circuit,
the input being directly connected to a cathode of a second diode, the
second diode having an anode connected to one terminal of another
secondary winding of the transformer, the other secondary winding having
another terminal connected to the emitter of the first bipolar
transmitter. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s1600/IMGH_03913.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s320/IMGH_03913.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In
accordance with another feature of the invention, there is provided a
second bipolar transistor having the same conduction type as that of the
first bipolar transistor and connected in the starting circuit with the
base thereof connected to a cathode of a semiconductor diode, the
semiconductor diode having an anode connected to the emitter of the
first bipolar transistor, the second bipolar transistor having a
collector connected via a resistor to a cathode of the first diode in
the starting circuit, and having an emitter connected to the input
serving to supply power to the control circuit and also connected to the
cathode of the second diode which is connected to the other secondary
winding of the transformer. <br />
In accordance with a further feature
of the invention, the base of the second bipolar transistor is connected
to a resistor and via the latter to one pole of a first capacitor, the
anode of the first diode being connected to the other pole of the first
capacitor. <br />
In accordance with an added feature of the invention,
the input serving to supply power to the control circuit is connected
via a second capacitor to an output of a line rectifier, the output of
the line rectifier being directly connected to the emitter of the first
bipolar transistor. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk8db1i3KpfsfDDUNTwFnPaSHW1S9sySwk0rWn4oyfNPSiB5VSrGQtnXDYDjLGt8NSR6UGK27ESP7MwfKBelFfReq11naN7qYNFfGHlfg206nSdFLehgq4A-vvJul_qNVyAsa7cBKWHeg/s1600/IMGH_03914.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk8db1i3KpfsfDDUNTwFnPaSHW1S9sySwk0rWn4oyfNPSiB5VSrGQtnXDYDjLGt8NSR6UGK27ESP7MwfKBelFfReq11naN7qYNFfGHlfg206nSdFLehgq4A-vvJul_qNVyAsa7cBKWHeg/s320/IMGH_03914.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In accordance with an additional feature of
the invention, the other secondary winding is connected at one end to
the emitter of the first bipolar transistor and to a pole of a third
capacitor, the third capacitor having another pole connected, on the one
hand, via a resistor, to the other end of the other secondary winding
and, on the other hand, to a cathode of a third diode, the third diode
having an anode connected via a potentiometer to an actual value input
of the control circuit and, via a fourth capacitor, to the emitter of
the first bipolar transistor. <br />
In accordance with yet another
feature of the invention, the control circuit has a control output
connected via a fifth capacitor to the base of the first bipolar
transistor for conducting to the latter control pulses generated in the
control circuit. <br />
In accordance with a concomitant feature of the
invention, there is provided a sixth capacitor shunting the
emitter-collector path of the first transistor. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s1600/IMGH_03913.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfMiwl84VnWpK_MZeaicEAteO93SnA09_zy-Bh5bZcF9JUxINMx9-rCA0od0gJc3XlX6oelZ28R5rUZbpPT0kEDFRnrZOCMQ2XobPGbHXIBAYruGBgExzhrv1EBn7doalmeIbsEwUbKA/s320/IMGH_03913.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claim. <br />
Although
the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a
blocking oscillator type switching power supply, it is nevertheless not
intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications
and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the
spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of
the claims. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s1600/IMGH_03907.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s320/IMGH_03907.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>PHILIPS TDA373O FREQUENCY DEMODULATOR AND DROP OUT COMPENSATOR FOR VIDEO RECORDERS </b><br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
<br />
The TDA3730 is a monolithic integrated circuit for luminance processing in the playback path of video<br />
recorders. The device incorporates two signal channels, one for the main signal and one for the drop<br />
out signal.<br />
<br />
Features<br />
<br />
FM preamplifier<br />
<br />
Limiter in main and drop out channel<br />
<br />
Demodulator in main and drop out channel<br />
<br />
Drop out detector with Schmitt—trigger<br />
<br />
Electronic switches for FM and video signal controlled by drop out detector<br />
Linear and dynamic video de—emphasis<br />
<br />
D.C. reference stabilizer<br />
<br />
QUICK REFERENCE DATA<br />
<br />
Supply voltage (pin 7 and pin 23) Vp = V7’ 23.5’ 25 typ. 10 V<br />
Supply current (pin 7 + pin 23) Ip = I7 + I23 typ. 40 mA<br />
FM input signal (pin 17)<br />
<br />
(peakvto-peak value) V17.25(p_p) typ. 100 mV<br />
Video output signal (pin 26)<br />
<br />
(peak—to~peak value) V25.5(p_p) typ. 2 V<br />
<br />
PACKAGE OUTLINE<br />
28-lead DI L; plastic (SOT117).<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><b>INTEL P8051 8-BIT CONTROL-ORIENTED MICROCONTROLLERS</b><br />
<br />
8031AH18051AH18051AHP<br />
8032N+18052N-I<br />
8751W8751H-8<br />
8751BW8752BI-I<br />
<br />
High Performance HMOS Process<br />
<br />
Internal Timers/Event Counters<br />
<br />
2-Level interrupt Priority Structure<br />
<br />
32 1/0 Lines (Four 8-Bit Ports)<br />
<br />
64K External Program Memory Space<br />
<br />
Security Feature Protects EPROM Parts<br />
<br />
Against Software Piracy<br />
<br />
Boolean Processor<br />
Bit-Addressable RAM<br />
Programmable Full Duplex Serial<br />
Channel<br />
111 Instructions (64 Single-Cycle)<br />
64K External Data Memory Space<br />
Extended Temperature Range<br />
(–40”C to +85”C)<br />
The
MCS@51 controllers are optimized for control applications.
Byte-processing and numerical operations on small data structures are
facilitated by a va<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>riety
of fast addressing modes for accessing the internal RAM. Theinstruction
set provides a convenient menu of 8-bit arithmetic instructions,
including multiply and divide instruc-tions. Extensive on-chip support
is provided for one-bit variables as a separate data type, allowing
direct bit manipulation and testing in control and logic systems that
require Boolean processing.<br />
The 8751H is an EPROMversion of the
8051AH. It has 4 Kbytes of electrically programmable ROM which can be
erased with ultraviolet light. His fully compatible with the 8051AH but
incorporates one additional feature: a<br />
Program Memory Security bit that can be used to protect the EPROM against unauthorized readout. The<br />
8751H-8 is identical to the 8751H but only operates up to 8 MHz.<br />
The 8051AHP is identical to the 8051AH with the exception of the Protection Feature. To incorporate this<br />
Protection Feature, program verification has been disabled and external memory accesses have been limited to 4K.<br />
The 8052AH is an enhanced version of the 8051AH. It is backwards compatible with the 8051AH and is<br />
fabricated with HMOS IItechnology. The 8052AH enhancements are listed in the table below.<br />
<br />
PIN DESCRIPTIONS<br />
Vcc: Supply voltage.<br />
Vss: Circuit ground.<br />
Port O:Port Ois an 8-bit open drain bidirectional 1/0<br />
port. As an output port each pin can sink 8 LS TTL<br />
inputs.<br />
Port Opins that have 1‘s written to them float, and in<br />
that state can be used as high-impedance inputs.<br />
Port Ois also the multiplexed low-order address and<br />
data bus during accesses to external Program and<br />
Data Memory. In this application it uses strong inter-<br />
nal pullups when emitting 1‘s and can source and<br />
sink 8 LS TTL inputs.<br />
Port Oalso receives the code bytes during program-<br />
ming of the EPROM parts, and outputs the code<br />
bytes during program verification of the ROM and<br />
EPROM parts. External pullups are required during<br />
program verification.<br />
Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional 1/0 port with<br />
internal pullups, The Port 1 output buffers can sink/<br />
source 4 LS TTL inputs. Port 1 pins that have 1‘s<br />
written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-<br />
UPS,and in that state can be used as inputs. As<br />
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally pulled low will<br />
source current (IILon the data sheet) because of the<br />
internal pullups.<br />
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes<br />
during programming of the EPROM parts and during<br />
program verification of the ROM and EPROM parts.<br />
In the 8032AH, 8052AH and 8752BH, Port 1 pins<br />
P1.Oand P1.1 also<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> serve the T2 and T2EX func-<br />
tions, respectively.<br />
w<br />
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during<br />
fetches from external Program Memory and during<br />
accesses to external Data Memory that use 16-bit<br />
addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application it<br />
uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1‘s. Dur-<br />
ing accesses to external Data Memory that use 8-bit<br />
addresses (MOVX @Ri),Port 2 emits the contents of<br />
the P2 Special Function Register.<br />
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits dur-<br />
ing programming of the EPROM parts and during<br />
program verification of the ROM and EPROM parts.<br />
The protection feature of the 8051AHP causes bits<br />
P2.4 through P2.7 to be forced to O,effectively limit-<br />
ing external Data and Code space to 4K each during<br />
external accesses.<br />
Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional l/O port with<br />
internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/<br />
source 4 LS TTL inputs. Port 3 pins that have 1‘s<br />
written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-<br />
UPS,and in that state can be used as inputs. As<br />
inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally pulled low will<br />
source current (IILon the data sheet) because of the<br />
pullups.<br />
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special<br />
features of the MCS 51 Family, as listed below:<br />
Port<br />
Pin<br />
P3,0<br />
P3.1<br />
P3.2<br />
P3,3<br />
P3.4<br />
P3.5<br />
P3.6<br />
P3.7<br />
Alternative Function<br />
RXD (serial input port)<br />
TXD (serial output port)<br />
INTO(external interrupt O)<br />
INT1 (external interrupt 1)<br />
TO(Timer Oexternal input)<br />
T1 (Timer 1 external input)<br />
WR (external data memory write strobe)<br />
~<br />
(external data memory read strobe)<br />
I<br />
Port<br />
Pin I<br />
Alternative Function<br />
I<br />
P1.0<br />
T2 (Timer/Counter 2 External Input)<br />
P1.1<br />
T2EX (Timer/Counter 2<br />
Capture/Reload Trigger)<br />
Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional l/O port with<br />
internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/<br />
source 4 LS TTL inputs. Porl 2 pins that have 1‘s<br />
written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-<br />
UPS,and in that state can be used as inputs. As<br />
inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally pulled low will<br />
source current (IILon the data sheet) because of the<br />
internal pullups.<br />
RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine<br />
cycles while the oscillator is running resets the de-<br />
vice,<br />
ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for<br />
latching the low byte of the address during accesses<br />
to external memory. This pin is also the program<br />
pulse input (PROG) during programming of the<br />
EPROM parts.<br />
In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant<br />
rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency, and may be used<br />
for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, how-<br />
ever, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each ac-<br />
cess to external Data Memory.<br />
PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to<br />
external Program Memory.<br />
When the device is executing code from external<br />
Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each ma-<br />
chine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are<br />
skipped during each access to external Data Memo-<br />
ry<br />
~/Vpp:<br />
External Access enable ~<br />
must be<br />
strapped to VSSin order to enable any MCS 51 de-<br />
vice to fetch code from external Program memory<br />
locations starting at OOOOHup to FFFFH. ~<br />
must<br />
be strapped to VCCfor internal program execution.<br />
Note, however, that if the Security Bit in the EPROM<br />
devices is programmed, the device will not fetch<br />
code from any location in external Program Memory.<br />
This pin also receives the programming supply volt-<br />
age (VPP)during programming of the EPROM parts.<br />
<br />
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.<br />
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifi-<br />
er,<br />
OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS<br />
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respec-<br />
tively, of an inverting amplifier which can be config-<br />
ured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in<br />
Figure 3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator<br />
may be used.To drive the device from an external clock source,<br />
XTAL1 should be grounded, while XTAL2 is driven,<br />
as shown in Figure 4. There are no requirements on<br />
the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the<br />
input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a<br />
divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum<br />
high and low times specified on the data sheet must<br />
be observed.<br />
EXPRESS Version<br />
The Intel EXPRESSsystem offers enhancements to<br />
the operational specifications of t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>he MCS 51 family<br />
of microcontrollers. These EXPRESS products are<br />
designed to meet the needs of those applications<br />
whose operating requirements exceed commercial<br />
standards.<br />
The EXPRESS program includes the commercial<br />
standard temperature range with burn-in, and an ex-<br />
tended temperature range with or without burn-in.<br />
With the commercial standard temperature range,<br />
operational characteristics are guaranteed over the<br />
temperature range of O“C to + 70”C. With the ex-<br />
tended temperature range option, operational char-<br />
acteristics are guaranteed over a range of –40”C to<br />
+ 85”C.<br />
The optional burn-in is dynamic, for a minimum time<br />
of 160 hours at 125°Cwith VCC = 5.5V * 0.25V,<br />
following guidelines in MIL-STD-883, Method 1015.<br />
Package types and EXPRESSversions are identified<br />
by a one- or two-letter prefix to the part number. The<br />
prefixes are listed in Table 1.<br />
For the extended temperature range option, this<br />
data sheet specifies the parameters which deviate<br />
from their commercial temperature range limits.<br />
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*<br />
Ambient Temperature Under Bias –40”C to + 85°C<br />
Storage Temperature<br />
.<br />
–65°C to + 150°C<br />
Voltage on EA/Vpp Pin to Vss<br />
8751H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
–0.5V to + 21.5V<br />
8751BH/6752BH<br />
–0.5V tO + 13.OV<br />
Voltage on Any Other Pinto Vss<br />
.<br />
–0.5V to + 7V<br />
Power Dissipation.<br />
. . ...<br />
1.5W<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 VIDEO2000 Reversable video cassette: </b></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>A reversible video cassette
for portable video devices is described, said cassette having two
housing halves (7, 8), mounted displaceably for changing the distance
between the winding spools. The housing halves are connected to each
other by two flat guide parts (13, 14) arranged in parallel. The two
housing halves are releasably locked by two catch hooks (17, 18)
associated with the guide parts.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
VIDEO -WENDEKASSETTE PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Video-Wendekassette in Form eines im wesentlichen
quaderf·ormigen K·orpers mit zwei darin drehbar gelagerten Wickelspulen
f·ur das Magnetband und einer an einer schmalen L·angsfl·ache
vorgesehenen ·Offnung mit teilweise zur·uckgesetzter Geh·ausewand zur
freiliegenden Magnetbandf·uhrung, wobei die Kassette vorzugsweise aus
zwei verriegelbaren im wesentlichen geschlossenen Halbteilen besteht,
die zur Ver·anderung des Wickelspulenabstandes sowie zur Vergr·osserung
der freiliegenden Magnetbandl·ange verschiebbar gelagert sind, d a d u r
c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Verbindung der
verschiebbaren Kassetten<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPXMXjSHVJZJjgPyuXxfdxHjk_tX4aumxA5EQUy_Sj8jhiZexd9Aym3tmt75lGSGf9aqcGLFLz1giwRdZTSuA9WP0FcPtrs_MI-0FlVZRYJ_y1NWp6T6MmfH03ujBc4GnKIIQ-gs2OmBE/s1600/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPXMXjSHVJZJjgPyuXxfdxHjk_tX4aumxA5EQUy_Sj8jhiZexd9Aym3tmt75lGSGf9aqcGLFLz1giwRdZTSuA9WP0FcPtrs_MI-0FlVZRYJ_y1NWp6T6MmfH03ujBc4GnKIIQ-gs2OmBE/s320/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-1.jpg" height="320" width="226" /></a></div>
-Halbteile (7,8) durch zwei flache
F·uhrungsteile (13, 14) erfolgt, die in parallel angeordneten
F·uhrungsnuten (19, 20), die sich in den beiden ·ausseren schmalen
L·angsfl·achen (15, 16) der Geh·ausehalbteile befinden, eingelegt sind,
und die Verriegelung der beiden Halbteile durch zwei seitenversetzt den
F·uhrungsteilen zugeordnete Sperrhaken (17, 18) erfolgt. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Video-Wendekassette nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e
k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die F·uhrungsteile (13, 14) aus schmalen
bandartigen Metallstreifen bestehen. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. Video-Wendekassette nach den Anspr·uchen 1 und 2, d a
d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die F·uhrungsteile aus
antimagnetischem Federstahlband bestehen. <br />
<br clear="all" />
4. Video-Wendekassette nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e
k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der aus Kunststoff einst·uckig
gefertigte Sperrhaken (17, 18) aus einem Hakenteil (22), einem Lagerauge
(23) und einem Verbindungssteg (24) besteht, wobei der Verbindungssteg
eine Schr·agfl·ache (27) aufweist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. Video-Wendekassette nach den Anspr·uchen 1 und 4, d a
d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der Sperrhaken mittels
einer Druckfeder (25) in einer die beiden Kassetten-Geh·ausehalbteile
verriegelnden Lage gehalten wird. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. Video-Wendekassette nach einem der Anspr·uche 1 bis
5, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t dass die Verriegelung der
beiden Kassetten-Halbteile durch Eintauchen wenigstens eines Stiftes (9,
10) in die Kassette aufgehoben wird, wobei der Stift auf die
Schr·agfl·ache (27) des Sperrhaken-Verbindungssteges (24) trifft und den
Haken aus einem Sperrzahn (26) hebt. <br />
<br clear="all" />
7. Video-Wendekassette nach Anspruch 6, d a d u r c h g e
k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass f·ur jeden Sperrhaken ein Stift zur
Entriegelung in die Kassette eintaucht. EMI11.1 <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
VIDEO -WENDEKASSETTE BESCH<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>REIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft eine
Video-Wendekassette in Form eines im wesentlichen quaderf·ormigen
K·orpers mit zwei darin drehbar gelagerten Wickelspulen f·ur das
Magnetband und einer an einer schmalen L·angsfl·ache vorgesehenen
·Offnung mit teilweise zur·uckgesetzter Geh·ausewand zur freiliegenden
Magnetbandf·uhrung, wobei die Kassette vorzugsweise aus zwei
verriegelbaren im wesentlichen geschlossenen Halbteilen besteht, die zur
Ver·anderung des Wickelspulenabstandes sowie zur Vergr·osserung der
freiliegenden Magnetbandl·ange verschiebbar gelagert sind.<br />
Es sind
Magnetbandkassetten bekannt, bei denen die Bandwickelspulen mit einem
bestimmten Abstand nebeneinander in einem Kassettengeh·ause angeordnet
und die Wickelspulen von aussen ·uber ger·ateseitig angeordnete
Antriebsmittel antreibbar sind. Weiterhin sind auch Kassetten bekannt,
die eine Ver·anderung des Abstandes der Band wickelspulen erm·oglichen.
Derartige Kassetten finden insbesondere bei Videoger·aten Anwendung. Bei
Ger·aten dieser Art werden von Seiten des Benutzers, je nach
Verwendungszweck, differenzierte Anforderungen gestellt.<br />
So wird
z. B. zwischen netzabh·angigen Heimger·aten und netzunabh·angigen, also
batteriebetriebenen, tragbaren Ger·aten unterschieden. Hierbei spielt
insbesondere das Gewicht und die Gr·osse der unterschiedlichen Ger·ate
eine erhebliche Rolle. So ist die Gr·osse des Ger·ates in erheblicher
Weise von der Gr·osse der Kassette abh·angig.<br />
Bei einem tragbaren
Videoger·at, das beispielsweise die Bildaufzeichnung mit Hilfe einer
Videokamera erm·oglichen soll, ist eine lange Aufnahmedauer, wie sie bei
einem Heimger·at gew·unscht ist, nicht erforderlich. Dagegen spielen
jedoch das Gewicht und die Gr·osse bei einem tragbaren Videoger·at eine
erhebliche Rolle.<br />
Aus den unterschiedlichen Anforderungen eines
Benutzers an ein Video-Heimger·at einerseits und ein tragbares
batteriebetriebenes Videoger·at andererseits ergeben sich zwangsl·aufig
abweichende Kassettengr·ossen mit unterschiedlicher Spieldauer. Der
naheliegende Wunsch, dass die kleinere, f·ur tragbare Videoger·ate
geeignete Kassette, auch auf einem f·ur gr·ossere Kassetten
eingerichtetem Heimger·at abgespielt werden soll, ist schwerlich zu
realisieren.<br />
Es ist zwar bereits eine Kassettenkonstruktion
bekanntgeworden, bei der auch kleinere Kassetten in einem
Video-Heimger·at f·ur gr·ossere standardisierte Kassetten abgespielt
werden k·onnen, die daf·ur erforderliche Konstruktion ist jedoch recht
kompliziert und damit teuer.<br />
So werden gem·ass diesem Stand der
Technik Zahnrad·ubersetzungen erforderlich, mit deren Hilfe der
Bandwickelabstand ausgeglichen wird.<br />
Ein weiteres
Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel zur Anpassung einer kleineren Kassette in ein
Heimger·at, das nur f·ur eine gr·ossere Kassette geeignet ist, sieht
vor, dass die Wickel spulen in einer besonderen Lagereinrichtung
schwenkbar gelagert sind. So k·onnen die Wickel spulen mit einem
kleineren Abstand in ein kleineres Kassettengeh·ause und nach
Verschwenken in ein gr·osseres Kassettengeh·ause eingesetzt werden. Eine
Ausf·uhrung dieser Art ist ebenfalls aufwendig und erfordert vom
Benutzer ein besonderes technisches Geschick.<br />
Eine diese Nachteile
teilweise vermeidbares Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel einer Kassette zur
Ver·anderung des Wickelspulenabstandes sieht vor, die Wickel spulen in
getrennten, zueinander verschiebbaren Geh·ausehalbteilen unterzubringen.
Die beiden Geh·ausehalbteile werden hierbei durch einen als
Hohlzylinder ausgebildeten F·uhrungsabschnitt in einer festen
Bewegungsbahn gef·uhrt.<br />
Nachteilig ist hierbei, dass die F·uhrung
der beiden Geh·ausehalbteile keinerlei Anpassung der auseinander
gezogenen Kassetten-Geh·ausehalbteile an die Lage des im Heimger·at
ver·anderten Wickelspulenantriebs erm·oglicht.<br />
Der Erfindung liegt
die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine relativ kleine Video-Wendekassette f·ur
tragbare Videoger·at zu schaffen, die mit geringem technischen Aufwand
auch in einem f·ur gr·ossere standardisierte Kassetten vorgesehenem
Video-Heimger·at abgespielt werden kann, wobei sich der
Wickelspulenabstand in der Kassette dem Spulenantrieb im Heimger·at
zwangsl·aufig anpasst.<br />
Die L·osung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt erfindungsgem·ass durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Massnahmen.<br />
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen ergeben sich aus den Unteranspr·uchen.<br />
Die
Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungsfiguren
beispielsweise erl·autert. Es zeigt: Fig. 1 eine perspektivisch
dargestellte Video-Wendekassette mit abgenom mener Abdeckung und
verriegelten Kassetten-Halbteilen, Fig. 2 eine perspektivisch
dargestellte Video-Wendekassette nach Fig. 1 mit auseinandergezogenen
Kasset ten-H<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgICdmTJ8r0OmcafuagFcuMdxR3rwTy-RaOoxVDQUq2zJtts6xFz5ofggF1dXOu7wBaw1YqJCrHoqVtRoOC0le0_2RykBCHNZYvFEHLdR8vOj1z6iEYuEejdmUGiEidSjpsUGTAfSzZTF8/s1600/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgICdmTJ8r0OmcafuagFcuMdxR3rwTy-RaOoxVDQUq2zJtts6xFz5ofggF1dXOu7wBaw1YqJCrHoqVtRoOC0le0_2RykBCHNZYvFEHLdR8vOj1z6iEYuEejdmUGiEidSjpsUGTAfSzZTF8/s320/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-2.jpg" height="320" width="226" /></a></div>
albteilen, Fig. 3 eine schematische Draufsicht auf eine
Video-Wendekassette mit aus einandergezogenen Kassetten-Halb teilen nach
Fig.2, wobei ein Be reich der Kassetten-Halbteile mit aufgebrochener
Geh·ausewand ge zeichnet ist und Fig. 4 eine vergr·osserte Darstellung
eines des f·ur die Verriegelung der Kas setten-Halbteile vorgesehenen
Sperr hakens.<br />
Die Figur 1 zeigt eine perspektivisch dargestellte
Video Wendekassette 1 - kurz Kassette genannt - mit einer von der
Kassette abgehommenen Abdeckung 2. Die Abdeckung ist f·ur den normalen
Verwendungsfall der Kassette in einem tragbaren Videoger·at stets auf
der Kassette aufgesetzt und sch·utzt das sonst freiliegende Magnetband
3. Beim Einlegen der Kassette in ein tragbares Videoger·at wird die
Abdeckung automatisch seitlich abgeklappt, und das Magnetband ist f·ur
den Zugriff von ger·ateseitig vorhandenen Ausziehstiften (nicht
gezeichnet) freiliegend. Die Kassette 1 weist die Form eines im
wesentlichen quaderf·ormigen K·orpers auf mit zwei darin drehbar
gelagerten Magnetband-Wickelspulen 4, 5. An einer schmalen L·angsfl·ache
der Kassette ist eine ·Offnung mit teilweise zur·uckgesetzter
Geh·ausewand 6 zur freiliegenden Nagnetband- f·uhrung vorgesehen.<br />
Die
Kassette selbst besteht aus zwei im wesentlichen geschlossenen
Halbteilen 7, 8. Die einzelnen Kassetten-Halbteile 7, 8 bestehen
wiederum aus zwei fast vollst·andig geschlossenen Halbschalen, die
zusammengeschraubt oder nach einer der sonst bekannten Verbindungsformen
haltbar zusammengef·ugt sind. Beide Kassettenhalbteile 7, 8 sind
verriegelbar und k·onnen durch Eindringen von zwei Stiften 9, 10
(strichpunktiert gezeichnet) in an der Kassette vorgesehenen
F·uhrungsbohrungen 11, 12 gel·ost werden. Die Kassettenhalbteile sind
sodann auf einen vorgesehenen Abstand auseinanderzuziehen.<br />
In der
Figur 2 ist die Kassette im auseinandergezogenen Zustand gezeichnet. Die
Verbindung der beiden verschiebbaren Kassetten-Halbteile 7, 8 erfolgt
·uber zwei flache F·uhrungsteile 13, 14. Die F·uhrungsteile sind
parallel und in geringem Abstand zu den ·ausseren schmalen
L·angsfl·achen 15, 16 der Kassetten-Halbteile angeordnet. Die
Verriegelung der Kassettenhalbteile erfolgt im geschlossenen Zustand der
Kassette ·uber die den F·uhrungsseiten zugeordneten Sperrhaken 17, 18.
Die beiden F·uhrungsbohrungen 11, 12 zur Entriegelung der Sperrhaken 17,
18 liegen im Teilungsbereich der beiden Kassetten-Halbteile 7, 8 und
bestehen somit aus den vier Bohrungsh·alften 11', 11" und 12', 12''.<br />
Aus
der Figur 3 sind weitere Einzelheiten ·uber die Ausgestaltung der
Sperrhaken und der Lagerung der F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 in den
Kassetten-Halbteilen 7, 8 zu erkennen. Die F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 sind in
F·uhrungsnuten 19, 20, die sich im Inneren der Kassetten-Halbteile
befinden, gelagert. Um sicherzustellen, dass sich die Kassetten
Halbteile 7, 8 nicht nur in Haupterstreckungsrichtung (s. waagerechte
Pfeilangabe) der Kassette 1 gegeneinander verschieben lassen, sondern
auch in begrenzter Weise senkrecht hierzu (s. senkrechte Pfeilangabe)
ausweichen k·onnen, sind die F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 aus schmalem
Federbandstahl gefertigt.<br />
Die Bandwickelspulen 4, 5 in der
ausgezogenen Kassette k·onnen sich somit der Lage der im Heimger·at
befindlichen und gegen·uber dem tragbaren Videoger·at unterschiedlichen
Antriebselementen voll anpassen. Zur Begrenzung der Auszugsl·ange der
Kassette weisen die F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 Begrenzungsnasen 21 auf.<br />
Die Figur 4 zeigt einen vergr·ossert gezeichneten Ausschnitt des Sperrhakens aus einem Kassetten-Halbteil.<br />
Der
Sperrhaken 18 besteht aus einem Hakenteil 22, einem Lagerauge 23 und
einem Verbindungssteg 24. Eine Druckfeder 25, die auf dem
Verbindungssteg des Sperrhakens aufgesetzt ist und sich im Geh·ause des
Kassetten-Halbteils abst·utzt, sorgt f·ur den n·otigen
Verriegelungsdruck bei zusammengeschobenen Kassetten-Halbteilen. Im
verriegelten Zustand beider Halbteile 7, 8 liegt das Sperr
haken-Hakenteil 22 des einen Halbteils in einertrSperr- zahn 26 des
anderen Halbteils. ·Uber eine Schr·agfl·ache 27, die sich am
Sperrhaken-Verbindungssteg befindet, kann ·uber das Auftreffen eines in
die Kassette eintauchenden Stiftes 9, 10 die Verriegelung des
Sperrhakens aufgehoben werden. Das Hakenteil 22 des Sperrhakens weist in
bekannter Weise eine Anlaufschr·age auf ·Uber einen Lagerstift ist der
Sperrhaken 18 im Kassetten-Halbteil drehbar gelagert.</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 </b><b>Arrangement for the recording and reproduction of wide frequency band video signal:</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b> <br />
</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>Method of recording and reproduction of wide frequency band video
signals onto or from a magnetizable recording carrier, carried out by
the following means: means for separating<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> of the video frequency signals
into first and second signals of lower and upper frequency range
respectively, for converting said second signal into a third signal the
frequency range of which equaling that of said first signal, for
frequency modulating a carrier wave frequency by said first and third
signals and for recording the frequency modulated signals by means of a
twin head, for reproducing the recorded signals by means of a twin head
and for amplifying, limiting and demodulating the recorded signals and
reconverting the third signal into its original frequency range and
combining the so reconverted third signal and said first signal.<br />
<br />
1. An apparatus for
the recording and reproducing of wide frequency band color video signals
onto or from two adjacent tracks of a magnetizable recording carrier,
whereat the color video signal to be recorded is separated into a lower
and upper frequency range, said lower frequency range frequency
modulating a carrier wave, said apparatus further comprising: <br />
a. means for converting said upper frequency range into said lower frequency range; <br />
b. means for frequency modulating said carrier wave by said converted upper frequency range; <br />
c. twin head means for simultaneously recording both said frequency modulated signals; and, <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>
d. means for reproducing the recorded signals encoding the twin head,
means for amplifying, limiting and demodulating the recorded signals and
for reconverting the converted upper frequency range into its original
frequency range and for combining the reconverted signal and the lower
frequency range signal.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
2. The apparatus in accordance wit<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjA4ZTZOIO30WeVShXSeVVRDyokXNiX91zNKkGDknikcdtV72EVg7iE9VP3wKuh-k2SrPHeHm3712PzlMPVGhWmMJXCuBsxq7ZJuSvXCrJtua1pxK-ODDfWfVYHRY89_JAmQg2VDqUpZY/s1600/IMGH_03905.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjA4ZTZOIO30WeVShXSeVVRDyokXNiX91zNKkGDknikcdtV72EVg7iE9VP3wKuh-k2SrPHeHm3712PzlMPVGhWmMJXCuBsxq7ZJuSvXCrJtua1pxK-ODDfWfVYHRY89_JAmQg2VDqUpZY/s320/IMGH_03905.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>h claim 1 wherein the
mixing frequency used for the converting and reconverting of the upper
frequency range is an integral multiple of the line frequency.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
3. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1 wherein the
individual recording heads of the twin head have azimuth-angles which
are different from zero and are equal in value but oppositely inclined.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjA4ZTZOIO30WeVShXSeVVRDyokXNiX91zNKkGDknikcdtV72EVg7iE9VP3wKuh-k2SrPHeHm3712PzlMPVGhWmMJXCuBsxq7ZJuSvXCrJtua1pxK-ODDfWfVYHRY89_JAmQg2VDqUpZY/s1600/IMGH_03905.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjA4ZTZOIO30WeVShXSeVVRDyokXNiX91zNKkGDknikcdtV72EVg7iE9VP3wKuh-k2SrPHeHm3712PzlMPVGhWmMJXCuBsxq7ZJuSvXCrJtua1pxK-ODDfWfVYHRY89_JAmQg2VDqUpZY/s320/IMGH_03905.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In view of the
limited band width of the frequency band of simple tape video recording
and reproducing apparatuses for home use a color television signal can
be recorded only with losses in quality and after a considerable
transformation of the original video signals. <br />
For example, in a
widely used European system of recording and reproduction, the
brightness and chrominance signals are separated from each other. A
carrier frequency located at about 4 MHz is frequency-modulated with the
brightness signal, which is limited to 2.7 MHz. The chrominance signal
is moved out of its original frequency position into a new frequency
range, which is located lower than that of the lower side bands of the
frequency-modulated brightness signals. Thereafter the
frequency-converted color signals are added and recorded. <br />
Japanese
systems, which also were developed especiall<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>y for home use, use
essentially the same principle. Both systems suffer from serious
disadvantages. The procedure is intricate and includes many
possibilities for error, if the luminance and chrominance signals are
separated, processed in a different manner and then put together again.
The frequency band width of the brightness signal must be narrowed.
Since a portion of the tape recorded information is contained in the
amplitude, the advantage of frequency modulation largely is lost. The
track width cannot be reduced below a certain minimum figure and the
color information is recorded at a relatively large wave length. The
danger of cross-talk and especially cross-color disturbances between
neighboring tracks exists just where it is most conspicuous. This can be
avoided by the provision of guard bands between the tracks, but because
the guard bands do not carry any information a large amount of tape is
needed. <br />
If guard bands between adjacent tracks are omitted,
adjacent tracks are recorded and read at different azimuth angles, and
the polarity of the color information is changed from line to line,
which requires not only additional electronics but requires a radically
different lay-out of the whole electronic circuit, depending upon
whether the apparatus is to be used for NTSC, PAL or SECAM. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s1600/IMGH_03907.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s320/IMGH_03907.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>It
is an object of the present invention to provide a recording and
reproducing arrangement for wide frequency band video signals onto or
from a magnetizable carrier, which avoids the above described faults and
which especially permits the recording of the full video frequency band
with small and inexpensive apparatuses and without additional tape
consumption at full utilization of the advantages of frequency
modulation. The color television system (NTSC, PAL or SECAM) does not
influence the recording, so that the same apparatus can be used for all
systems, except of course, for different power supply frequencies. <br />
The
inventive combination is new and brings out a surprising result. For
example, the frequency transformation of a portion of the color
television signal is known. U.S. Pat. No. 3,234,323 discloses the method
of modulation onto a carrier frequency for the brightness and the color
and to record each in parallel tracks. German Pat. No. 1,935,109
discloses means to record on adjacent tracks without leaving space in
between, but with different azimuth angles. In comparison, none of the
known arrangements permits recording of the full color television signal
frequenc<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjA4ZTZOIO30WeVShXSeVVRDyokXNiX91zNKkGDknikcdtV72EVg7iE9VP3wKuh-k2SrPHeHm3712PzlMPVGhWmMJXCuBsxq7ZJuSvXCrJtua1pxK-ODDfWfVYHRY89_JAmQg2VDqUpZY/s1600/IMGH_03905.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjA4ZTZOIO30WeVShXSeVVRDyokXNiX91zNKkGDknikcdtV72EVg7iE9VP3wKuh-k2SrPHeHm3712PzlMPVGhWmMJXCuBsxq7ZJuSvXCrJtua1pxK-ODDfWfVYHRY89_JAmQg2VDqUpZY/s320/IMGH_03905.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>y band with small and inexpensive apparatus independently of
the color transmission system and with full utilization of the
advantages of frequency modulation and without additional tape
consumption and loss of quality. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
FIGS. 1 and 2 taken together provide a diagrammatic showing of the subject invention.<br />
<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br />
An
embodiment of the in<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5Bhlw7wsKnHaF8rsog0M2Dc32w0kK_r-PpSwn_EDqdR7GVANLbmvlw-lMhcrIbkMApu30WteA78VBZFJiyU7-oO3tBrMjus4rOmknHkZiXVhpIcdXIe34fgJJkYGOArKH2JS2WLRZFc/s1600/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5Bhlw7wsKnHaF8rsog0M2Dc32w0kK_r-PpSwn_EDqdR7GVANLbmvlw-lMhcrIbkMApu30WteA78VBZFJiyU7-oO3tBrMjus4rOmknHkZiXVhpIcdXIe34fgJJkYGOArKH2JS2WLRZFc/s320/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-1.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
vention is shown in the FIGS. in which for example
the mean track spacing amounts to 187 μm, the width of a track itself is
130 μm, the frequency modulation deviation ranges from 3.1 MHz to 4.5
MHz, and at this condition video signals up to 2.7 MHz with 10 dB loss
can be recorded. If now, according to the invention, the mean track
spacing is divided into two tracks each of 93.5 μm track width lying
parallel and adjacent to one another without interspace, and if, from
the signal which is introduced at connection 1, a lower frequency range
extending up to 2.7 MHz is separated by a low-pass filter 2, then this
lower frequency range may be frequency modulated in a modulator 3 and
after appropriate amplification in an amplifier 4 be recorded by a
magnetic transducer head 5, just as well as in the aforementioned
original state. Simultaneously, the line synchron impulses are separated
at 6 and an upper frequency range of the color television signal from
2.7 MHz to 5.5 MHz is made available over the high-pass filter 7. The
frequency of the output voltage of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
8 with a nominal frequency of about 2.6 MHz is divided in a divider 9
by, for example, 166 and compared with the line synchron impulses in a
phase comparator 10; the difference signal synchronizes the oscillator 8
to a frequency which is an integral multiple of the line frequency. The
mixing of the output voltages of the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s1600/IMGH_03907.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s320/IMGH_03907.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> oscillator 8 and of the high-pass
filter 7 in a mixing unit 11 and the limiting by a low-pass filter 12,
whose cut-off frequency may lie a little higher than those of 2, effects
a transposition of the upper video frequencies into the same frequency
range as is behind the low-pass filter 2; the signals applied to the
frequency modulators 3 and 13, may also be treated in the same manner,
especially with respect to a possible pre-emphasis and the modulation
itself; the last is indicated by a common carrier wave oscillator 16.
The signal, which is frequency modulated in 13, is applied by way of an
amplifier 14 to a further magnetic head 15, which is preferably combined
with the magnetic head 5 to form a twin head, recording simultaneously
with head 5 parallel tracks without any interspace. Technologically, the
amplifiers 4 and 14 and the heads 5 and 15 are of equal design; as
later will be explained, only the azimuth angles of the gaps of heads 5
and 15 differ from each other. <br />
In the play-back apparatus
according to<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4QjQEpgKfuAJ0L8acrr4pBOKCbz6ks5OD6czylOeZfP9CWH6tfe3b777oZolJkk_SajkKhnuWJQFG1qFOKZJlbKR5I_gH7SruX8gVSF14dnTDAhxnzQUGm6r2gRcGQZsvIfbvQ0ekNE/s1600/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4QjQEpgKfuAJ0L8acrr4pBOKCbz6ks5OD6czylOeZfP9CWH6tfe3b777oZolJkk_SajkKhnuWJQFG1qFOKZJlbKR5I_gH7SruX8gVSF14dnTDAhxnzQUGm6r2gRcGQZsvIfbvQ0ekNE/s320/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-2.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
FIG. 2, the amplifiers 17, the limiters 18 and the
demodulators 19, which are following the heads 5 and 15, are once more
built wholly alike; the blocks 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are the same for
recording, according to FIG. 1 and for reproducing, according to FIG. 2.
The output voltage of the mixing unit 11 is taken through a band-pass
filter 20, which filters out the upper side band of the mixing product,
and transfers it to an adder stage 21, which also receives the
demodulated signals read by head 5. If necessary, there may be inserted
frequency-response corrections at suitable places, deemphasis on offset
compensators, and this in both channels. <br />
The synchronization to
the line frequency of the mixing frequency of the oscillator 8, which is
required for the frequency shift, proves to be especially advantageous,
because by this, large time basis deviations are compensated for. The
upper cut-off frequency of the demodulated signal, which head 5 picks
up, is thus shifted exactly as much as the lower cut-off frequency
behind the band-pass filter 2<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>0, so that the crossover positions between
the two ranges of video frequencies are not changed relative to each
other. <br />
As a result, compared with the original shape, the upper
useful video frequency can be doubled without loss of playing time or
quality, and this, without having to extract the chrominance signal out
of the color television signal and without having information carried by
the amplitude of the magnetization, which exists at the tape. For this
latter reason, the width of the tracks may be further decreased, and in
this way, the playing time can be again increased. <br />
Compared with
the aforementioned Japanese system, it is true that this system also
uses the advantage of abutting tracks. But instead of this, another
advantage is obtained in that the very complicated and from television
system to television system very different processing of the color
signal is avoided; also the disadvantage of a chrominance sub-carrier
transposed into a low frequency range, namely the therewith associated
danger of cross-talk from track to track is very greatly reduced. For
example: the converted chrominance sub-carrier frequency is normally of
the order of 600 kHz. If there is a track width without interspace of 55
μm, a head to tape speed of 6000 mm/s and an azimuth-angle of 8° Which
is contrarotating from track to track (which means 16° effective for
each head), and the scanning head deviates by 9% of the track width out
of its track, the cross-talk results in a signal to noise ratio o<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>f 20.4
dB. This ratio is too small and must therefore be further diminished by
complicated and expensive electronic means with the help of comb
filters. According to the invention all recorded frequencies are located
at 4 MHz; under otherwise equal circumstances the cross-talk ratio now
amounts to 45 dB, which requires no additional distortion suppressing
means. <br />
The invention is not limited to the specific oblique track
recording, but can also be used at the transverse track, or the
longitudinal track methods using rotating magnetic heads. The advantages
derived from the invention is independent of the shape (form) of the
record carrier and of the track.<span style="font-size: small;"><b> <br />
</b></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Method and device for tracking video signals on a magnetic </b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>VIDEO2000 SYSTEM </b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>tape by detecting phase jumps:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>A method and device for maintaining an exact track when playing back
video ignals, which are recorded on a magnetic tape in oblique parallel
tracks with different azimuth angles.<br />
<br />
1. A device for
adjusting the exact position of the track when replaying video signals
which are recorded in oblique parallel tracks on a magnetic tape, said
oblique tracks being al<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s1600/IMGH_03907.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s320/IMGH_03907.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ternately recorded and replayed by two rotating
heads, the gaps of which have opposite equal azimuth angles causing
phase jumps of the line frequency of the scanned video signal during
track changes in case of mistracking, said device including means for
detecting said phase jumps, and means for applying said phase jumps to
said rotating heads to readjust the rotating video heads to the exact
track position by control of the tape speed. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. A device in accordance with claim 1 further
comprising means for measuring the phase jumps of the line frequency for
changes from an even numbered to an odd numbered track and for changes
from an odd numbered to an even numbered track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. A device in accordance with claim 2 in which the
phase jumps of the line frequency of the video signal with respect to a
reference frequency during subsequent track changes are detected by
different sample and hold circuits, the outputs of said sample and hold
circuits being fed to the input of a differential amplifier to form an
error signal, said error signal controlling the tape speed so as to
minimize said error signal. <br />
<br clear="all" />
4. A device according to claim 2 further comprising a
phase locked loop to produce the reference frequency synchronized to the
line frequency of the scanned video signal, said phase locked loop
containing a phase comparator, a voltage controlled oscillator and a low
pass filter therebetween, said low pass filter causing the control time
constant of the voltage controlled oscillator to equal at least the
scanning time of one track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. A device according to claim 3 in which the separated
line pulses from the scanned video signal are fed through gate circuits
to the sample and hold circuits, and which are alternately opened for
about two line intervals by pulses which are derived from the position
signals of the head wheel each time a video head starts to scan a new
track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. A device according to claim 5 in which the error
signal of the differential amplifier is added to or subtracted from the
rectified voltage of the tacho generator of the tape feed motor and in
which by comparing the sum or difference, respectively, with a given
reference voltage the rotation of the tape feed motor is controlled so
as to minimize the error voltage produced by the differential amplifier.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
7. A device according to claim 6 in which a low pass
filter is provided at the output of the differential amplifier.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
When recording video
signals in o<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>blique parallel tracks cross-talking from track to track
can be kept to a minimum if the tracks are separated by guard bands.
However, such guard bands are a poor way of using the available
recording face. <br />
Another possibility for minimizing cross-talk is
to record with azimuth angles which differ from track to track. In such a
case the guard bands can be eliminated. However, in such a system the
requirement for exactly scanning the recorded track is increased. <br />
Methods
and devices for an automatical tracking during play-back of video
signals in oblique tracks are known, but were never attractive for
incorporation into devices for home use. For example it has been
suggested to use the time difference which occurs simultaneously with a
migration as a measure of the lateral migration of the replay head from
the magnetic track. This method can be accomplished by very simple
circuitry but poses high demands with respect to the precision and the
timely constancy of such circuits, because very small and continuously
changing time intervals must be measured. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
The
subject invention provides a device and a method wherein an exact
tracking is made <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>possible without expensive equipment and without
significant requirements for precision, durability and constancy of the
circuit elements. <br />
The invention is related to video tape
recorders where the video signals are recorded in oblique parallel
tracks which are alternately recorded and replayed by two rotating video
heads with gaps having opposite azimuth angles. The migration of the
video heads from the exact track position is determined by the phase
jump which occurs during track change. <br />
The invention is based on
the realization that the sudden change of a magnitude is easier to
measure than a continuous change. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES<br />
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of two oblique tracks with the tape scanning and tape feeding directions indicated; <br />
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram utilizing the subject invention; and <br />
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a further embodiment of the invention. <br />
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br />
FIG.
1 sho<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1NctrbzAvWEVfaWIi8Ugf9_wtZJYK4o_2LHaJsmqCJt1qq9O1GTxedb6HMXjql9CvwBQPzdhpJn4khRG_9jIPpJZQGoDfowjJ0HQBCFXae0xR7LJbe47SKyNekZTC-bFCG863hUsZ4c/s1600/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1NctrbzAvWEVfaWIi8Ugf9_wtZJYK4o_2LHaJsmqCJt1qq9O1GTxedb6HMXjql9CvwBQPzdhpJn4khRG_9jIPpJZQGoDfowjJ0HQBCFXae0xR7LJbe47SKyNekZTC-bFCG863hUsZ4c/s320/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
<br />
ws two oblique tracks 1 and 2. For track 1 the recording and
replay gap of the magnet head is turned from the vertical position
counterclockwise through angle α and for track 2 in a clockwise
direction through an equal angle α . If during replay the heads are
displaced from the nominal position 3, 4 into position 3', 4' by an
amount h perpendicular to the track direction, an additional phase
change occurs in addition to the reduction of the signal to noise ratio.
With the scanning and tape feeding directions and with the azimuth
angles of FIG. 1 head 3' scans the video signal by an amount (h) (tan α)
earlier and head 4' by an amount (h) (tan α) later than at nominal
position. Therefore, during the change from track 1 to track 2 a sudden
phase jump takes place corresponding to (2) (h) (tan α) rearwardly and
from track 2 to track 1 forwardly. However, if heads 3 and 4 are not
migrating upwardly as shown in FIG. 1 but rather downwardly, the sudden
phase jump takes place with the magnitude (2) (h) (tan α) forwardly and
from track 2 to track 1 rearwardly. Therefore, the magnitude of the
phase jump is a measure of the magnitude of migration of the video heads
from the track, while the sign of the phase jump determines the
direction of migration. <br />
In the invention the phase jump is
measured at the line frequency with respect to a reference oscillation
which is synchronized to the line frequency but which cannot follow
sudden phase jumps or rapid frequency changes. For this purpose a
voltage controlled oscillator 8 is provided as can be seen in FIG. 2
which oscillates at about double the line frequency and which is
synchroniz<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ed by means of phase comparator 6 and low pass filter 7 to the
line pulses fed at 5 and separated from the scanned video signal. The
double line frequency is chosen because of the frequency of the
equalizing pulses of the vertical signal, and the low pass filter 7
prevents oscillator 8 from following immediately the occuring phase
jumps. <br />
Simultaneously, the scanned line pulses are fed to gate
circuits 12 and 13 which open for a short time for about two line
durations after each second head change. The necessary opening pulses
are fed at 14 and 15 and are derived from the position pulse of the head
wheel, so that gate 12 opens when changing from track 1 to track 2, for
example, while gate 13 opens when changing from track 2 to the next
track. <br />
It is useful to transform the output voltage of oscillator
8 into a trapezoidal wave by pulse former 9 the output of which is fed
as a reference to the sample and hold circuits 10 and 16 or 11, 16,
respectively. The output signals of 10 and 11 are coupled to the input
of differential amplifier 17. <br />
The error signal which is generated
at t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>he output of the differential amplifier 17 may be used for making
an exact track adjustment for the video heads. For example, the error
signal may influence the recovery time of a monostable multivibrator 18
to which the reference pulses for the servo control circuit 20 of the
tape transport motor are fed at 19. Another possibility exists in the
immediate adjustment of the rotating video heads in axial direction by
means of piezoceramic elements which are excited by the error signal of
differential amplifier 17. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaEUdsPKTxvs8TxdK8l6x47IqmKuEJIG7GMlTVlW1Vr-O8vszxfU7Zb13UENEK2k97fcJpAKF98GUxvudpDrgr1HityEd4kEy6eMddEzxrbkSxo-zYcabfJUZ1y4xETCuDd-k2YTX7OXg/s1600/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaEUdsPKTxvs8TxdK8l6x47IqmKuEJIG7GMlTVlW1Vr-O8vszxfU7Zb13UENEK2k97fcJpAKF98GUxvudpDrgr1HityEd4kEy6eMddEzxrbkSxo-zYcabfJUZ1y4xETCuDd-k2YTX7OXg/s320/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-2.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
Since the maintaining of the track and
the transport speed for the tape are unmistakeably correlated in
accordance with the invention the reference pulses which are fed at 19
may be omitted in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention.
In other words, the usual synchronous track is not necessary. <br />
In
accordance with FIG. 3, the servo control circuit of band feeding motor
21 includes tacho generator 22 which is coupled with motor 21, and the
output voltage of the generator after being rectified at 23 is coupled
to the input of a differential amplifier 24. The other input of
differential amplifier 24 is coupled to a reference voltage 25. This
control loop controls the tape feeding speed approximately to the
nominal value, while the output voltage of the differential amplifier 17
which is fed into the summing element 26 provides the exact adjustment
of the tape speed with respect to the exact track adjustment. <br />
The
additional low pass filter 27, 28 is only necessary for the start of
the tape movement and elimates the big alternating phase jumps generated
during the acceleration of the magnetic tape. </div>
</div>
<br />
<b>GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 </b><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Method for dynamic track adjustment in </span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;">SYSTEM </span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;">VIDEO2000 video recorders:. </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b>1. Method for dynamic equidistant track adjustment in magnetic
helical-scan video recording with the aid of rotating magnetic video
heads which are adjustable by a servosystem perpendicularly to the
direction of movement, the servosystem being controlled by a control
signal (burst) of a particular frequency keyed in each case at the
beginning of the track and the area of reproduction of a new track being
located immediately adjacent to the area of recording of the preceding
track, characterized in that the order of recording and reproduction for
the control signal (burst) keyed in arbitrary length, relative to the
scanning movement of the magnetic video head, takes place alternatingly
from track to track and, relative to the beginning of the track, offset
in time and geometry from track to track.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
VERFAHREN ZUR DYNAMISCHEN SPUREINSTELLUNG
BEI VIDEORECORDERN PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Verfahren zur dynamischen ·aquidistanten
Spureinstellung bei der magnetischen Schr·agspur-Videoaufzeichnung mit
Hilfe von rotierenden Video-Magnetk·opfen, die senkrecht zur
Bewegungsrichtung durch ein Servosystem verstellbar sind, wobei die
Ansteuerung des<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s1600/IMGH_03907.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCw3KznnhhZNU4RkF6Vzsd9jLrXC2PNT06rWpSFF7LJFT5KOs9CfpEUCwOiVcS5Fc6luDt2u5RPZQiFfccOympjpG12lQ__5cd8twr91Zu1GXMWMYkSKRkK1ZTo2dWuEqmCwPnW1G17Y/s320/IMGH_03907.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> Servosystems durch ein jeweils am Spuranfang
eingetastetes Steuersignal (Burst) bestimmter Frequenz erfolgt, d a d u r
c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t dass die Reihenfolge der Aufzeichnung
und Wiedergabe f·ur das in beliebiger L·ange eingetastete Steuersignal
(Burst) bezogen auf die Abtastbewegung des Video Magnetkopfes von Spur
zu Spur alternierend und bezogen auf den Spuranfang von Spur zu Spur
zeitlich und geometrisch versetzt erfolgt, derart, dass der
Wiedergabebereich einer neuen Spur dem Aufzeichnungsbereich der
vorangegangenen Spur unmittelbar benachbart ist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z
e i c h n e t , dass in jeder zweiten Spur zwischen dem Aufzeichnungs-
und Wiedergabebereich des Steuersignals (Burst) eine L·ucke mit der
L·ange des doppelten Spurversatzes eingef·ugt ist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z
e i c h n e t , dass in jeder zweiten Spur die Summe der zeitlichen und
geometrischen L·ange des Aufzeichnungs- und Wiedergabebereichs f·ur das
Steuersignal (Burst) um den doppelten Spurversatz vergr·ossert wird.
<br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
VERFAHREN ZUR DYNAZIISCHEN SPUREINSTELLUNG BEI VI DEORECO
RDERN BESCHREIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren, mit dem bei der
magnetischen Videoauf zeichnung die ohne Zwischenraum
aneinandergrenzenden, winkelentkoppelten Schr·ag spuren auf konstanten
Abstand gebracht werden k·onnen.<br />
Die Anwendung des Verfahrens
setzt voraus, dass die aufzeichnenden bzw. wiedergebenden rotierenden
Video Magnetk·opfe senkrecht zu ihrer Abtastrichtung gesteuert bewegbar
sind. Die gesteuerte Bewegbarkeit, wie sie z.B. beim System ~Video 2000"
angewendet wird, dient prim·ar der Spurfindung bei der Wiedergabe.
Hierzu werden zus·atzlich zum Luminanz- und Chrominanzsignal
beispielsweise vier Hilfsfrequenzen aufgezeichnet, die unterhalb des
Chrominanzsignals und Luminanzsignals liegen und die bei der Wiedergabe
in einer Servoschaltung derart verarbeitet werden, dass der
Wiedergabekopf immer so eingestellt wird, dass er auf der gewunschten
Magnetspur l·auft.<br />
Einzelheiten ·uber dieses Verfahren sind
beispielsweise aus WGrundig Technische lnforma- ton<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>en", Heft 3/198Q,
Seite 111 ff. und "Grundig Technische Infonmationen", Heft 3/1981, Seite
105 ff. zu entnehmen.<br />
Die M·oglichkeit der Steuerung der
Magnetk·opfe senkrecht zur Spurrichtung wird ausser zur Spurfindung bei
der Wiedergabe aber auch bei der Aufnahme dazu benutzt, um die
aufeinanderfolgenden Spuren ·aquidistant zu schreiben.<br />
Hierzu wird
ein Schwingungszug, auch Burst genannt, am jeweiligen Spuranfang mit
einer weiteren Hilfsfrequenz aufgezeichnet. Unmittelbar nach der
Aufzeichnung des Burstsignals, dessen Dauer nach dem Stand der Technik
dem von Spur zu Spur entstehenden Spurversatz entspricht, wird der
rotierende Magnetkopf auf Wiedergabe umgeschaltet und tastet das
Burstsignal der vorhergehenden Spur ab. Die Amplitude des da<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>bei
gewonnenen Signals ist ein Mass f·ur den Spurabstand und kann zur
Einstellung des rotierenden Magnetkopfes am Spuranfang benutzt werden,
derart, dass die Spurabst·ande konstant sind.<br />
Die Bezugsgr·osse
bei diesem Regelvorgang wird beim Stand der Technik dadurch gewonnen,
dass einer der beiden rotierenden Video-Magnetk·opfe auf dem Kopf rad
hinsichtlich seiner Einstellung senkrecht zur Abtasteinrichtung eine
feste Vorgabe erh·alt und nur der zweite Kopf so geregelt wird, dass
·aquidistante Spuren entstehen. Es ist prinzipiell aber auch m·oglich,
jeweils bei Beginn einer Aufzeichnung die erste Spur mit fest
eingestelltem rotierenden Video-Magnetkopf zu schreiben und
anschliessend beide Video-Magnetk·opfe fortlaufend auf konstanten
Spurabstand einzuregeln.<br />
F·ur die exakte Spureinstellung darf
dabei das Burstsignal nicht zu kurz sein, da mit der nachfolgenden
Auswerteschaltung und auch mit der Umschaltung Aufnahme/ Wiedergabe
Einschwingvorg·ange mit bestimmter Zeitdauer verbunden sind.<br />
Wird
die Aufzeichnung des Burstsignals nach de<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGSNZy_bbNknRJKzjDfS3m5lCWztQ5Ga29irQawu2_Dzz9G3iCE0C3eQ6xUTr2uSjLV5JrJPQE-0vie7ONh0fe7YOIQNLnvbSfrv_vxDF_-WF3dgiv3KGb-5KHt_IogfAQJqtKtF65jA/s1600/VIDEO2000-DTF-REG-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGSNZy_bbNknRJKzjDfS3m5lCWztQ5Ga29irQawu2_Dzz9G3iCE0C3eQ6xUTr2uSjLV5JrJPQE-0vie7ONh0fe7YOIQNLnvbSfrv_vxDF_-WF3dgiv3KGb-5KHt_IogfAQJqtKtF65jA/s320/VIDEO2000-DTF-REG-1.jpg" height="320" width="226" /></a></div>
m Stand der Technik
entsprechend der Dauer des Spurversatzes gew·ahlt, dann liegen die
Aufzeichnungsabschnitte in benachbarten Spuren geometrisch
treppenf·ormig zueinander wie aus Figur 1 ersichtlich. Der rotierende
Magnetkopf kann dann sofort nach der Aufzeichnungsperiode f·ur den Burst
auf Wiedergabe umgeschaltet und nach Massgabe des aus der
vorhergehenden Spur abgetasteten Burstsignals auf exakten Spurabstand
eingestellt werden.<br />
Bei geringer Spurbreite bzw.
Bandgeschwindigkeit und entsprechend geringer Spurneigung kann der
Spurversatz auf sehr kleine Werte absinken. Entsprechend den oben
geschilderten Zusammenh·angen wird dann nach dem Stand der Technik die
Dauer des Burstsignals ebenfalls auf einen geringen Wert reduziert. Es
besteht dann die Gefahr, dass dieses zeitlich verk·urzte Burstsignal mit
R·ucksicht auf die mit der Kopfregelung verbundenen Einschwing- und
Urnschaltvorg·ange f·ur eine st·orsichere Regelung nicht mehr ausreicht.<br />
Man
k·onnte daran denken, das Burstsignal zeitlich ·uber den Spur versatz
hinaus zu verl·angern, um wieder eine sichere Auswertung zu erreichen.
Dann aber wandert die geometrische und zeitliche Position des
Burstsignals von Spur zu Spur immer weiter auf der Aufzeichnungsspur
voran und w·urde schliesslich den Videosignal-Austastbereich verlassen
bzw. in den Bildsignalbereich gelangen. Dies ist zur Vermeidung von
St·orungen unzul·assig.<br />
Ausserdem l·asst sich bei zunehmender
Entfernung der Burstaufzeichnung vom Spuranfang das gew·unschte Ziel der
Spureinstellung im Sinne eines konstanten Spurabstandes am Spuranfang
nicht mehr befriedigend erreichen.<br />
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es,
bei der magnetischen Video aufzeichnung in Schr·agspuren auch bei
geringem Versatz von Spur zu Spur ein Burstsignal f·ur die Einstellung
des Spurabstandes aufzuzeichnen und wiederzugeben, das in seiner
zeitlichen Ausdehnung so gew·ahl<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>t werden kann, dass eine sichere
Auswertung mit Hilfe der Regeleinrichtung f·ur die Verstellung des
Magnetkopfes senkrecht zur Abtastrichtung im Sinne der Erreichung
·aquidistanter Spuren m·oglich ist.<br />
Die erfindungsgem·asse L·osung
dieser Aufgabe ist aus Figur 2 ersichtlich. Wird n·amlich die zeitliche
Folge der Aufzeichnung und Wiedergabe des Burstsignals von Spur zu Spur
alternierend gew·ahlt, dann kann das Burstsignal zeitlich ausgedehnt
werden, ohne dass die unerw·unschte Erscheinung der Wanderung innerhalb
der Spur in Abtastrichtung auftritt. Im dargestellten Beispiel nach
Figur 2 ist in der ersten Spur die geometrische und zeitliche L·ange der
Burstaufzeichnung beliebig gew·ahlt. In der folgenden Spur wird nun die
Burstaufzeichnung bezogen auf den Spuranfang um die Burstl·ange
zuz·uglich des Spurversatzes verschoben und der Lesevorgang vor den
Schreibvorgang gelegt. Damit wird der zeitlich verl·angerte Burst
vollst·andig ausgewertet und ein neuer Burst mit der gleichen L·ange
aufgezeichnet.<br />
In der dritten Spur schliesslich setzt die
Burstaufzeichnung bezogen auf den Spuranfang wieder so ein wie in der
ersten Spur, w·ahrend der Lesevorgang gegen·uber der Aufzeichnung um die
Burstl·ange zuz·uglich des doppelten Spurversatzes verschoben ist.
Durch Vertauschung der Reihenfolge von Schreiben und Lesen sowie durch
Einf·ugen einer L·ucke zwischen Schreiben und Lesen in jeder zweiten
Spur um die Dauer des doppelten Spurversatzes wird also sichergestellt,
dass bei verl·angerter Burstdauer das Burstsignal in voller L·ange
gelesen werden kann und trotzdem der Schreib- und Lesevorgang am
Spuranfang verbleibt, wie es f·ur die wirkungsvolle und st·orsichere
Regelung des Spurabstandes n·otig ist.<br />
Ausserdem wird durch die
erfindungsgem·asse Auf zeichnungs- Wiedergabe-Geometrie f·ur das
Steuersignal (Burst) erreicht, dass jedem der beiden Magnetk·opfe ein
konstanter zeitlicher Ablauf f·ur Aufzeichnung und Wie<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>dergabe zugeordnet
ist. Mit anderen Worten, der erste Videokopf (ungeradzahlige Spuren)
zeichnet in festem Abstand oder zeitlicher Dauer vom Spuranfang auf,
dann folgt eine L·ucke entsprechend dem doppelten Spurversatz, danach
der Wiedergabebereich f·ur das Steuersignal (Burst).<br />
Der zweite
Videokopf (geradzahlige Spuren) gibt in festem Abstand oder zeitlicher
Dauer vom Spuranfang wieder und zeichnet ohne l·ucke anschliessend auf.<br />
Zum
besseren Verst·andnis des Verfahrens sei noch angemerkt, dass die
Wiedergabe des Steuersignals (Burst) aus der vorhergehenden Spur trotz
Winkelentkopplung auch dann noch m·oglich ist, wenn der Video-Magnetkopf
die vorhergehende Spur nicht mehr unmittelbar trifft.<br />
Dies
erkl·art sich daraus, dass die Frequenz des Steuersignals bezogen auf
das Video signal verh·altnism·assig niedrig gew·ahlt wird, so dass die
Winkelentkopplung unwirksam wird und das Streufeld ·uber die Spurbreite
hinaus wirkt.</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> DEVICE FOR ROTATING ANNULAR TRANSFORMERS IN A VIDEO SET:</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>1. Arrangement of rotating toroidal transformers (10, 11) for the
inductive transmission of high-frequency oscillations in a video
recording and playback machine with at least two signal recording and
playback heads (5, 6), which are preferably arranged offset by 180
degrees on a rotating head wheel (2) in a head drum, the transformers
each having one rotating (10', 11') toroidal part and one fixed (10",
11") toroidal part, each signal head (5, 6) being assigned the rotating
part of a transformer in a certain way, and the transformers (10, 11)
being arranged axially one above the other, characterized in that the
transformers (10, 11) have different ring sizes such that they do not
radially overlap.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
ANORDNUNG VON ROTIERENDEN RINGF·ORMIGEN
TRANSFORMATOREN IN EINEM VIDEOGER·AT PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Anordnung von rotierenden ringf·ormigen
Transformatoren zur induktiven ·Ubertragung hochfrequente<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s1600/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s320/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" height="226" width="320" /></a></div>
r Schwingungen
in einem Video-Auf zeichnungs- und -Wiedergabeger·at mit wenigstens zwei
Signal-Aufzeichnungs- und Wiedergabek·opfen, die vorzugsweise um 180
versetzt auf einem rotierenden Kopfrad in einer Kopftrommel angeordnet
sind, und jedem Signalkopf der rotierende Teil eines Transformators in
bestimmter Weise zugeordnet ist, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e
t , dass ein Transformator (10) mit rotierendem und feststehendem
ringf·ormigem Teil des ersten Signalkopfes (5) gegen·uber dem anderen
rotierenden Transformator (11) des zweiten Signalkopf es (6) axial
verschoben und durch verschiedene Ringgr·ossen radial und axial nicht
·uber schneidend in der Kopftrommel (1) angeordnet ist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z
e i c h n e t , dass das Kopfrad (2) einen hochgezogenen Flansch (13)
aufweist, auf den ein rotierender Trafoteil (11) aufgesetzt ist,
w·ahrend der andere rotierende Trafoteil mit der geringeren Ringgr·osse
(10') auf der inneren Planseite des Kopfrades (14) angeordnet ist, und
die H·ohe des Flansches wenigstens der gesamten Querschnittsh·ohe eines
Transformators entspricht. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. Anordnung nach Anspruch 2, d a d u r c g e k e n n z e
i c h n e t , dass die H·ohe des Flansches des Kopfrades der halben
Querschnittsh·ohe des kompletten Transformators entspricht.
<br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
ANORDNUNG VON ROTIERENDEN RINGF·ORMIGEN TRANSFOXMATQREN IN
EINEM VIDEOGER·AT BESCHREIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft eine Anordnung von
rotierenden ringf·ormigen Transformatoren zur induktiven Ubertragung
hochfrequenter Schwingungen in einem Video-Aufzeichnungs- und
Wiedergabeger·at mit wenigstens zwei Signal-Aufzeichnungs- und
Wiedergabek·opfen, die vorzugsweise um 1800 versetzt auf einem
rotierenden Kopfrad in einer Kopftrommel angeordnet sind, und jedem
Signalkopf der rotierende Teil eines Transformators in bestimmter Weise
zugeordnet ist.<br />
Bei den meisten bekannten magnetischen
Bild-Aufzeichnungs- und Wiedergabeger·aten mit bandf·ormigem
Aufzeichnungsmedium erfolgt die Aufzeichnung und Wiedergabe der Video
signale auf das Magnetband mittels sogenannter Schr·agspuraufzeichnung
bzw. Abtastung ·uber auf einem rotierenden Kopfrad angeordnete
Videok·opfe.<br />
Es ist bekannt, dass hierbei die hochfrequenten
Schwingungen mit Hilfe eines rotierenden Transformators induktiv
·ubertragen werden. Da vorzugsweise mit zwei um 1800 auf dem Kopfrad
versetzt angeordneten Videok·opfen gearbeitet wird, sind auch hierzu
zwei getrennte rotierende Transformatoren erforderlich. Das Kopfrad mit
den beiden Videok·opfen ist mit den rotierenden Transformatoren in einer
vom Magnetband teilweise umschlungenen zweigeteilten Kopftrommel
integriert, wobei wenigstens ein Teil der Kopftrommel feststeht. Die
Unterbringung der beiden rotierenden Transformatoren erfolgt in
bekannter Weise in der Kopftrommel derart, dass diese entweder axial
·ubereinander angeordnet sind, oder sich mit verschiedenen Radien der
einzelnen ·Ubertragerringe in einer Ebene befinden.<br />
Ein
wesentlicher Unterschied dieser verschiedenen Anordnungen ergibt sich in
der Bewertung der Ubersprechd·ampfung von einem zum anderen rotierenden
Transformator. Eine messwertm·assig grosse Obersprechd·ampfung ist bei
Ger·aten der geschilderten Art in zunehmender Weise w·unschenswert, da
inzwischen auch das Stereo-Tonsignal im Schr·agspurverfahren
aufgezeichnet bzw. abgetastet wird.<br />
Es kann somit in
Videoaufzeichnungsger·aten ein PCM Tonsignal in einer Zusatzumschlingung
vor oder nach der Video spur aufgezeichnet werden. Besonders hohe
Anforderungen an die ·Ubersprechd·ampfung zwischen den beiden
rotierenden Signal·ubertragern (Transformatoren) werden dann noch
gestellt, wenn bei dieser genannten Technik eine Nachvertonung
gew·unscht wird, denn dann ist es erforderlich, dass ein Videokopf mit
dem PCM Schreibstrom angesteuert wird, w·ahrend der andere Videokopf das
frequenzmodulierte Videosignal ausliest Die hierf·ur erforderliche hohe
Ubersprechd·ampfung ist nach den bisher bekannten Anordnungen von
rotierenden Transformatoren in der Kopftrommel eines
Videoaufzeichnungsger·ates nicht gegeben.<br />
Aufgabe der Erfindung
ist es daher, eine Anordnung und Ausf·uhrung von wenigstens zwei
rotierenden Transformatoren in Videoaufzeichnungsger·aten zu schaffen,
die einerseits ein gutes ·Ubersprechverhalten sicherstellt und
andererseits einen einfachen konstruktiven Einb<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>au der rotierenden
Transformatoren in die Kopftrommel des Ger·ates gew·ahrleistet.<br />
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgem·ass durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gel·ost.<br />
Vorteilhafte
Ausgestaltungen des erfindungsgem·assen Aufbaus eines rotierenden
ringf·ormigen Transformators in einer Kopftrommel f·ur
Videoaufzeichnungsger·ate ergeben sich aus den Unteranspr·uchen.<br />
Ein Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel wird nachfolgend anhand einer schematischen Zeichnung n·aher erl·autert.<br />
Die
im Schnitt dargestellte Figur zeigt eine Kopftrommel 1 mit eingesetztem
Kopfrad 2. Der obere Teil 3 der Kopftrommel ist mit dem Kopfrad drehbar
in einem unteren Teil 4 der Kopftrommel gelagert. Auf beiden Seiten um
180 versetzt, sind die Signalk·opfe 5 und 6 auf dem Kopfrad angeordnet.
Auf einer nur teilweise dargestellten Welle 7 ist das Kopfrad aufgezogen
und ·uber zwei Kugellager 8 in der Kopftrommel gelagert. Zur
Vereinfachung der dargestellten Figur ist der Antrieb der Kopftrommel
nicht gezeichnet, ebenso ist der Chassisteil 9, auf dem die Kopftrommel
befestigt ist, nur zeichnungsm·assig angedeutet. Die beiden rotierenden
Transformatoren 10 und 11 sind versetzt in der Kopftrommel angeordnet,
wobei der Transformator 10 dem Signalkopf 5 und der Transformator 11 dem
Signalkopf 6 zugeordnet ist.<br />
Die Anschl·usse der Signalk·opfe
werden jeweils ·uber eine Kontaktplatte 12, die sich im oberen Teil der
Kopftrommel befindet, zu den Transformatoren 10 und 11 gef·uhrt. Die
rotierenden Transformatoren bestehen, wie bekannt, aus zwei
Ringkernh·alften mit eingelegten Wicklungen, wobei der jeweils
rotierende Teil 10' und 11' an dem Kopfrad und der feststehende Teil
10'' und 11'' am unteren Teil der Kopftrommel befestigt ist. Die beiden
Ringteile sind durch einen sehr kleinen Luftspalt getrennt. Die
Anschl·usse der feststehenden Trafo-Ringteile werden in einfachster
Weise ·uber Bohrungen, die sich im unteren Teil der Kopftrommel
befinden, an eine nicht n·aher dargestellte Schaltungsplatte gef·uhrt.<br />
Nach
der Zeichnung ist der Transformator 10, der dem ersten Signalkopf 5
zugeordnet ist, gegen·uber dem anderen Transformator 11, der dem zweiten
Signalkopf 6 zugeordnet ist, axial verschoben und durch verschiedene
Ringgr·osse radial und axial nicht ·uberschneidend in der Kopftrommel
angeordnet. Um diese Anordnung zu erreichen, weist das Kopfrad 2 einen
·ausseren hochgezogenen Flansch 13 auf, an dem der rotierende Trafoteil
11' des Trafos 11 (mit grossem Ringdurchmesser) befestigt ist. Der
rotierende Trafoteil 1<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s1600/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s320/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" height="226" width="320" /></a>0' mit der geringeren Ringgr·osse befindet sich
hingegen auf der inneren Planseite 14 des Kopfrades. Die H·ohe des
Flansches entspricht bei dieser Anordnung wenigstens der gesamten
Querschnittsh·ohe eines kompletten Transformators.<br />
Eine andere
nicht dargestellte Anordnung sieht eine Flanschh·ohe vor, die etwa nur
der halben Querschnittsh·ohe des Transformators entspricht.</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 System for extending the playing time of video cassettes in VIDEO2000 SYSTEM.<br />
</b></span><br />
<br />
A system is provided for extending the playing time of standardized
video cassettes. The system utilizes a rotating head drum having mounted
thereon a first set of video heads displaced 180° with respect to each
other, a second set of video heads displaced by a certain amount from
180° with respect to each other, a rotating winding of a transformer,
and relays to interconnect the heads of either the first or second set
of heads with the rotating winding as the head drum rotates. The relays
are controlled by stationary coils and logic to respond to the setting
of switches to enable the system to operate at normal tape speed via the
first set of heads or reduced tape speed via the second set of heads
without requiring any change in the speed of rotation of the head drum.<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<br clear="all" />
1. In a video tape record/playback machine of the type
including a tape transport, a tape transport drive, a rotating head
drum, means for rotating said head drum, a first pair of video heads
mounted on said head drum and displaced from each ot<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>her by 180°, and a
transformer having a rotating winding mounted to said head drum and a
stationary winding; the improvement comprising: a second pair of video
heads mounted to said head drum and displaced from each other by an
angle slightly different from 180° and control means to interconnect
said first pair of video heads and said rotating winding when said tape
transport drive is operated at a normal speed and to interconnect at
least one of the video heads of said second pair and said rotating
winding when said tape transport drive is operated at a lower, extended
play speed. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. The machine in accordance with claim 1 wherein said control means comprises:
a first polarized relay affixed to said head drum for rotation
therewith, said first relay having a first position interconnecting said
first pair of video heads to said rotating winding and a second
position interconnecting said second pair of video heads to said
rotating winding; <br />
first and second stationary exciter coils in
controlling relationship with said first relay to drive said first relay
to said first or second position; <br />
switch means having a "normal" position and a "long play" position; and <br />
logic circuit means responsive to the "normal" or "long play" position
of said switch means to activate said exciter coils to drive said first
relay to said first or second position respectively.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
3. The machine in accordance with claim 2 wherein said
second pair of video heads comprises a record/playback head and a
playback only head; said switch means further has a "record" position and a "playback" position and further comprising <br />
a second polarized relay affixed to said head drum for rotation
therewith and having a "playback" position interconnecting both heads of
said second pair of video heads with said rotating winding and a
"record" position interconnecting only said record/playback head with
said rotating winding; <br />
said first and second stationary exciter
coils are in controlling relationship with said second relay to drive
said second relay to said "record" or "playback" position; and <br />
said logic circuit means is responsive to said "record" or "playback"
position of said switch to activate said exciter coils to drive said
second relay to said "record" or "playback" position respectively.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
4. The machine in accordance wit<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>h claim 3 wherein said
switch means further includes a "start" position indicating that said
tape transport drive has been activated and said logic circuit means is
responsive to said "start" position of said switch to activate said
exciter coils to drive said first relay to said first position
regardless of whether said switch is in said "normal" or "long play"
position. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. The machine in accordance with claim 1 further
comprising a servo control connected to said tape transport drive, a
tachometer generator secured to said tape transport drive adapted to
generate pulses responsive to the rotational speed of said drive; a tape
transported past said head drum by said tape transport, said tape
having thereon first and second slant tracks, and the nominal output of
said tachometer generator at said normal and lower speeds are integral
multiples of the frame frequency of said slant tracks. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. The machine in accordance with claim 5 further comprising:
a divider connected to the output of said tachometer generator, said
divider having a first state to divide the output of said tachometer
generator by a first fixed integer to reduce it to the frame frequency
when said tape transport operates at normal speed and a second state to
divide the output of said tachometer generator by a second fixed integer
to reduce it to the frame frequency when said tape transport operates
at a lower speed; <br />
a comparator having a first input from said
divider, a second input from a reference pulse source, and an output in
controlling relationship with said servo control; <br />
a reference pulse source; and <br />
means for switching said reference pulse source between a first state
to generate reference pulses corresponding to said normal speed and a
second state to generate reference pulses corresponding to said lower
speed.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
7. Video tape cassette recorder provided for the use of
standardized V2000 video cassettes and for <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>extending the playing time of said
video cassettes, said recorder including a tape transport mechanism
capable of driving the tape at a normal standardized speed and at
essentially half the standardized speed, a rotating head drum with a
first pair of video heads displaced from each other by 180° and with a
second pair of video heads displayed from each other by an angle
slightly different from 180° and displaced from said first pair by a
suitable angle; a transformer with one stationary winding and one
rotating winding mounted to said head drum, said head drum being
equipped with a first polarized relay to connect said first or said
second pair of video heads to said rotating transformer winding and with
a second polarized relay to connect one or both of said second pair of
video heads to said rotating transformer winding; said first and said
second polarized relays being displaced from each other by 180° and
being actuated in both positions by first and second stationary coils
excited through logic circuits under the control of position pulses of
said head drum and of the switching mode of operative switches, said
operative switches being shiftable between normal or long play or record
or playback positions. <br />
<br clear="all" />
8. A video tape cassette recorder in accordance with
claim 7 wherein said operative switches include a special switch for the
start and the stop of the tape transport drive; said special switch
being interconnected with said logic circuits so as to connect in the
stop position of said special switch said first pair of video heads to
said rotating transformer winding regardless of whether said respective
operative switch is in the normal or in the long play mode position.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
9. A video tape cassette recorder in accordance with
claim 7 further comprising a tachometer generator and a frequency
divider for the output pulses of said tachometer generator; said
tachometer generator being secured to and producing a plurality of
pulses per revolution of said tape transport drive; the frequency of
said tachometer generator output pulses being an integral multiple of
the frame frequency of the video signal at both the rated normal and the
rated low speed of said tape transport drive; and said frequency
divider being switchable between two division factors so as to divide to
frame frequency the frequency of said tachometer generator output
pulses at both, the rated normal and the rated low speed of said tape
transport drive. <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
The present
invention relates to video tape recording and mor<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>e particularly to a
system for extending the playing time of standardized video cassettes in
which each of two rotating video heads, displaced relative to each
other by 180°, records or scans one slant track per television field. <br />
In
the standard video cassette intended for home use, a magnetic tape
located in a cassette is utilized. When the cassette is positioned in
the video equipment, the tape is pulled from the cassette and positioned
for operation. In order to permit interchangeability of the cassette
(i.e., in order to insure that a cassette recorded on one machine can be
played back on another machine) certain system standards have been
established which are adhered to by the industry. These standards
include the geometry of the slant tracks, the speed of rotation of the
head drum, the number of video heads mounted on the drum, and the
transport speed of the tape past the head drum. In one popular cassette
system two video heads are mounted on the head drum 180° apart from each
other and displaced to record or scan along one slant track. With 50
fields per second (as is common in most European countries) the head
drum must therefore rotate at 1500 RPM. In order that the common line
interlace of 312.5 lines per field is recorded and reproduced correctly,
a tape speed must be chosen so that the spacing between the tracks (in
the lengthwise direction of the tape) corresponds to an odd multiple of
half lines. In the aforementioned system, this multiple was chosen as
11. <br />
As a result of the above established standards, the maximum
playing time of a cassette is limited to about an hour utilizing the
thinnest tapes available. This playing time is not sufficient for
certain forms of desired programs (e.g., such as full-length motion
pictures). Thus, a considerable need exists for a system to extend the
playing time of a standard cassette while maintaining provision for
normal recording and playback capabilities.<br />
<br />
It has heretofore
been propose<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>d (in German Pat. No. 1,437,141 for example) that the
playing time of a given length of tape could be extended through the
slant track method by recording only the even or odd television fields
but scanning them twice during playback with the tape transport moving
at roughly half the normal speed. In practice, a head drum which rotates
at 1500 RPM and carries two video heads is utilized. The magnetic tape
is looped 180° over the head drum. For recording, only one of the heads
operates while for playing back both heads scan the same track. It is
also known that in this case the two heads must no longer be precisely
180° apart from each other but the additional head position must be
displaced by a slight amount from 180°. In practice this displacement
distance is on the order of a millimeter and thus, it would not be
practical to mount an additional head displaced by this slight amount. <br />
The
principal object of the present invention is to provide an improved
video cassette machine capable of functioning in both a standard normal
mode and an extended play mode. <br />
A further object is to provide
such a machine which can be readily switched from one mode to the other
without requiring any intervention with the drive mechanism of the head
drum.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha23FBrekAmv2WrEVD5h5x9kY7keH1agmaws3DTqF6WkPPTOE56xhDFPhyphenhyphenuIDD8ME73JAxReDB7IHKZrD1whacdbkQlf2nBRnOhdzBJU4glU3hiZjnmcR9czNUc3ZK9jXQeZg78v72o5o/s1600/IMGH_03898.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha23FBrekAmv2WrEVD5h5x9kY7keH1agmaws3DTqF6WkPPTOE56xhDFPhyphenhyphenuIDD8ME73JAxReDB7IHKZrD1whacdbkQlf2nBRnOhdzBJU4glU3hiZjnmcR9czNUc3ZK9jXQeZg78v72o5o/s320/IMGH_03898.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>The above and
other beneficial objects and advantages are attained in accordance with
the present invention by providing an improved video tape
record/playback machine capable of normal as well as extended play
operation. Video tape record/playback machine includes a tape transport,
a tape transport drive, a rotating head drum, a motor for rotating the
head drum, a first pair of video heads mounted on the head drum and
displaced from each other by 180° of arc, and a transformer having a
rotating winding mounted to the head drum and a stationary winding. In
addition to the above, the present device further includes a second pair
of video heads mounted to the head drum and displaced by an angle
slightly different from 180°. In addition, means are provided to
interconnect the first pair of video heads and the rotating winding when
the tape transport drive is operated at a normal speed and to
interconnect at least one of the video heads of the second set and the
rotating winding of the transformer when the tape transport drive is
operated at a lower, extended play speed. The control means includes a
set of polarized relays affixed to the head drum for rotation therewith
as well as stationary exciter coils which activate the relays. The
exciter coils, in turn, are activated through a control logic circuit
which is governed by switches set at the desired operational mode.<br />
<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
In the accompanying drawings: <br />
FIG. 1 is a schematic of the head drum and its control logic; <br />
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the switching arrangement between the normal and long playing heads; and <br />
FIG. 3 is a schematic of the tape speed switching arrangement. <br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARED EMBODIMENT<br />
Reference is now made to the drawings wherein similar components bear the same reference numeral throughout the several views.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2R7-X7446L1B1EJV3x3LQ8BHc9BniY_9Hh_NR7KYpGLRiUmzjWQgoiVQDDxsJHqXAjSOE1zNql_6K_KBAoAaTs9nWNZChnVsq4fZc1QvzBjyUt31_C7ZHS_XuaatpWxl4Jfq_cuDFLk/s1600/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2R7-X7446L1B1EJV3x3LQ8BHc9BniY_9Hh_NR7KYpGLRiUmzjWQgoiVQDDxsJHqXAjSOE1zNql_6K_KBAoAaTs9nWNZChnVsq4fZc1QvzBjyUt31_C7ZHS_XuaatpWxl4Jfq_cuDFLk/s320/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
In FIG. 1, a rotating drum head 1 is shown carrying a first set of heads N<sub>1</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> displaced 180° apart from each other f<sub>1</sub> could theoretically be used with another head displaced slightly apart from N<sub>2</sub> by a distance on the order of 1 millimeter. Since this is not practical to effect, a second set of heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> is mounted to the head drum with the displacement between heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> being off slightly from 180° as shown. The arrows adjacent to the heads N<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> depict their operability. Accordingly, heads N<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>2</sub> and L<sub>1</sub> are designed for record and playback operation while head L<sub>2</sub> is designed for playback operation only. <br />
<br />
<br />
or normal (N mode) operation. For long playing (L mode) operation head N<br />
Referring
briefly to FIG. 2, it can be seen that a rotating transformer 2 is
provided with one rotating winding and one stationary winding. Since
rotating multiple transformers are expensive, only a simple transformer 2
is provided. As shown in FIG. 1, a small polarized relay 3 rotates with
the head drum and serves to connect the rotating winding of the
transformer with heads N<sub>1</sub> -N<sub>2</sub> or L<sub>1</sub> -L<sub>2</sub>
as required. To this end, the relay 3 is switched by stationary exciter
coils 4 and 5 as the head drum rotates. A second polarized relay 6 is
also provided to connect both heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> to the transformer winding during L mode-playback b<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ut only head L<sub>1</sub> to the transformer winding during L mode-record. The electrical contacts of the polarized relays 3 and 6 are shown in FIG. 2. <br />
The
logic and switches for the control of the polarized relays 3 and 6 is
depicted in FIG. 1. Thus, as shown, coil 4 is energized by the output of
AND gates 7 or 8. Coil 5 is energized by the output of AND gates 9 or
10. In turn, each of the AND gates 7, 8, 9 and 10 has an input from the
function switches 11 used to determine (a) L or N mode; (b) record or
playback; and (c) whether the tape transport is operative or not. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUdbt-TUb0w_jtWFZrtllPuWVd-WuW0C8YAihP7HsWbW3X_do6QjSL101XGU0IgM2NmnCVgxAvLCjp82M4FEPQ-b2FkYwq9rRog11wiHXYFvawOp_MzZQejM5nOKO1PI9s-3WvcIIp2Jk/s1600/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUdbt-TUb0w_jtWFZrtllPuWVd-WuW0C8YAihP7HsWbW3X_do6QjSL101XGU0IgM2NmnCVgxAvLCjp82M4FEPQ-b2FkYwq9rRog11wiHXYFvawOp_MzZQejM5nOKO1PI9s-3WvcIIp2Jk/s320/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-2.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>In
addition to the above, gates 7 and 9 each have another input connected
to a position pickup 13. Pickup 13 comprises a simple transducer
designed to generate a pulse each time a small permanent magnet 14 which
rotates with the head drum rotates past the pickup. Thus, the polarized
relay 3 is activated through coils 4 or 5 each time the magnet 14 moves
past the position pickup and is therefore controlled by either the
gates 7 or 9 depending on whether switch 11 is in the "L" or "N"
position. <br />
The output of pickup 13 is also delayed 20 ms through
delay means 12 and then applied to gates 8 and 10. 20 ms corresponds to
the time it takes for the drum head 1, rotating at 1500 RPM, to rotate
through 180°. Thus, 20 ms or half a head drum rotation after relay 3 is
excited by coils 4 or 5, relay 6 is excited by coils 4 or 5. <br />
In N mode (i.e., switch 11 at N position) the electrical contacts of relay 3 are switched to N thereby connecting the heads N<sub>1</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>
in series with the rotating transformer. The position of the contacts
of relay 6 is immaterial since in N position relay 3 shunts past heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub>. The operation of the cassette system then proceeds in a conventional manner. <br />
In
L mode -- record, (switch 11 at L and "record") the electrical contacts
of relay 3 are switched to the L position via the AND gate 15, the OR
gate 16 and AND gate 9. After 20 ms, relay 6 is energized via gates 15
and 8 and the head L<sub>1</sub> is thereby connected to rotating transformer 2. <br />
In
L mode -- playback (switch 11 at L and "playback") one must
differentiate between the tape in the running or stopped condition. The
latter would occur, for example, for the reproduction of still pictures.
It has been found that with the magnetic tape stopped, even when in the
"L" mode, the N heads must be utilized since the L heads will
incorrectly scan the tracks resulting in phase shift and poor signal to
noise ratio. Thus, if switch 11 is in the L mode -- playback position
but the tape drive is not started, relay 3 is switched to the N position
via inverted AND gate 17, AND gate 18, and AND gate 7. <br />
When the
tape drive is started (and switch 11 is thus in the L mode -- playback,
tape start position) the relay 3 is switched to the L position via AND
gate 19, OR gate 16 and AND gate 9. In addition 20 ms later relay 6 is
energized to the playback position via AND gate 10 so that the two heads
L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> are connected in series with the transformer coil 2. <br />
In
both the N and L modes of operation the start of ea<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ch slant track has
to coincide with the start of a field and hence phase control of the
head drum 2 is required. This is accomplished by means of a phase
comparator 20 which compares pulses from the pickup 13 with reference
pulses from an outside reference source 21. The reference pulses could,
for example, comprise the vertical synchronous pulses separated from the
video signal. The output of the comparator 21 is fed to an amplifier 22
which feeds the drive motor 23 of the head drum 1. <br />
A phase
shifter 24 is provided between the comparator 20 and pickup 13 to
compensate for tolerances of the apparatus. The phase difference
corresponding to the angle α in FIG. 1 which occurs in the transition
from N to L operation is compensated for via switch 25. <br />
Usually,
during recording, the servo control of the tape transport motor compares
the frequency and phase of the actual values of a tachometer generator
coupled with the transport shaft with reference values which generally
are derived from the frame frequency and which are simultaneously
recorded on the magnetic tape as a separate synchronization track. Here
the control accuracy of the tape transport becomes greater, the larger
the number of pulses which are delivered by the tachometer generator per
revolution of the transport shaft. The previously mentioned conditions
for the mutual spacing of the slant tracks recorded on the tape and the
dependence of this spacing on line duration also applies analogously to
L-operation. Howe<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s1600/IMGH_03891.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Tqxu2ktvdbzBM7jWqHl1BZUBH5BEQmVO-dwPVq31HT94YcPPmhhV6Vs7I0TrqVSoQmfBrjZL7xak9jTNQpveHaPRlrkt9iJpkRikjBkUYroRqY3MtueeO-CNRGd197i4jXBKWmfwfYA/s320/IMGH_03891.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ver, since in L-operation only every other field is
recorded the track spacing, as measured in the lengthwise direction of
the tape, must now correspond to an odd multiple of whole lines. The
result is that the transport velocity of the magnetic tape in
L-operation must not be exactly equal to one-half of that in
N-operation, but may be somewhat greater or smaller. <br />
In the
present case with a track spacing in N-operation corresponding to 11
half-lines, a track spacing corresponding to five whole lines must
therefore be chosen in L-operation, i.e., the speed of rotation of the
transport shaft must be reduced in the ratio of 5:11. The frequency of
the pulses delivered by the tachometer generator is thereby also
decreased in the ratio of 5:11. <br />
In order to carry out the
switching of the speed between N- and L- operation as simply as possible
and, also, by purely electrical means, the number of tachometer pulses
per revolution of the transport shaft is chosen so that the tachometer
pulse frequencies which occur at the desired speed of the magnetic tape
in N- and L- operation are integral multiples of the frame frequency.
If, therefore, Z is the number of tachometer pulses per revolution of
the transport shaft, and if n<sub>N</sub> and n<sub>L</sub> are its speed of rotation in N- and L-operation, the following is to apply: Z <sup>.</sup> n<sub>N</sub> = p . 25 and Z <sup>.</sup> n<sub>L</sub> = q <sup>.</sup> 25,<br />
where
p and q are integral numbers and 25 Hz is the frame frequency. Since
the ratio of the speeds of rotation is the same as that of the line
numbers corresponding to the track spacings, therefore, in the example
above n<sub>N</sub> /n<sub>L</sub> = 11/5 and p/q = 11/5. <br />
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FIG. 3
shows the circuit diagram of the transport shaft control and of the
transport speed switching arrangement. For simplicity, only the
recording operation is shown. Motor 26 drives the magnetic tape in the
direction of the arrow via the transport shaft 27 and a rubber pressure
roller (not shown). A tachometer generator is coupled to the transport
shaft. This may consist of a ferromagnetic gear 29 and a pickup 30 which
generates pulses in response to rotation of the gear. The tachometer
pulses are fed via an amplifier 31 to a frequency comparator 32 and a
switchable frequency divider 33. The time constant of an R-C circuit or
the charging time of a capacitor can serve as the reference for
comparator 32. Both of these can be adjusted by simple means via the
double-throw switch 34 to the pulse frequencies coming from pickup 30 in
N- or L-operation. A divider 33 divides the tachometer pulse frequency
down to the frame frequency, where the division ratio can be changed by
means of switch 35 from p:1 in N-operation to q:1 in L-operation. The
actual frame frequency appearing at the output of divider 33 is
phase-compared in comparator 36 with the reference frame frequency and
the error signal so produced also serves as an input to control the
frequency comparator 32. <br />
The reference frame frequency is
obtained in the frequency divider 37 by halving the vertical blanking
frequency, which is separated from the video signal to be recorded and
is fed to the terminal 38. This frame frequency is recorded at the same
time on the tape 28 as the sychronization track 40 via the stationary
magnetic head 39. The resulting error signal produced in 32 controls the
motor 26 via the control amplifier 41. <br />
With the numbers given
above, the number of teeth of the ferromagnetic gear tachometer 29 can,
for example, be chosen as 110. If the desired speed of rotation of the
motor 26 is 750 RPM in N-operation, p = 55 and q = 25 for the divider
33. <br />
The switches 34 and 35 shown in FIG. 3 can be ganged to
operate together with the N/L switch 11. To prevent operating errors, it
is advisable, however, to operate the switch 25 via the control logic
rather than manually. <br />
Thus in accordance with the above, the aforementioned objectives are effectively attained. </div>
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 </b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Helical scan apparatus for video tape
or the like and having rotating-head inclination-adjustment means:</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>A helical scan recording and playback apparatus wherein magnetic video
tape forms a helix about the peripheral surfaces of two coaxial drums
which define an annular gap for magnetic heads which orbit in a chamber
between the drums and engage inclined tracks at the inner side of the
helix. The heads are mounted on a disk which is rotatable on a sleeve
surrounding with clearance a shaft for the drums and having an internal
protuberance which is tiltable with respect to the periphery of the
shaft by a rod extending through an opening in the flange of one of the
drums. The inclination of the plane of orbital movement of the heads
relative to the central symmetry plane of the gap is changed when the
speed of lengthwise movement of tape during playback deviates from the
speed of lengthwise movement of tape during recording.<br />
<br />
<br />
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1. In a helical scan apparatus wherein information is
recorded on or reproduced from magnetic tape which is moved lengthwise
and forms a helix about the peripheral surfaces to two coaxial drums
which surround a shaft, wherein the peripheral surfaces of said drums
define an annular gap for at least one magnetic head which orbits in a
first plane and thereby engages inclined tracks of said helix, and
wherein said gap has a central symmetry plane which is normal to the
common axis of said drums, a combination comprising a carrier for said
head, said carrier being disposed between said drums; means for rotating
said carrier to thereby orbit said head along said gap; and means for
changing the inclination of said first plane relative to said symmetry
plane when the speed of tape movement during reproduction deviates from
the speed of tape movement during recording so as to conform the path of
said head to the inclination of tracks on said helix, comprising a
bearing assembly for said carrier and including a sleeve intermediate
said drums and rotatably supporting said carrier coaxial with the same,
said sleeve having an internal surface spacedly surrounding said shaft
and having a protuberance tiltably engaging the periphery of said shaft,
and tilting means actuatable for tilting said bearing assembly with
respect to the common axis of said drums to thereby change the
inclination of said sleeve. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. A combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said protuberance is an annulus. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. A combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said
protuberance engages said shaft in said symmetry plane. <br />
<br clear="all" />
4. A combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said protuberance is a bearing. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. A combination as defined in claim 1, further
comprising means for yieldably urging said sleeve to a position in which
said carrier is coaxial with said drums. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. A combination as defined in claim 1, wherein one of
said drums has an opening and said tilting means comprises a rod rigid
with said sleeve and extending through said opening. <br />
<br clear="all" />
7. A combination as defined in claim 1, further
comprising antifriction bearing means interposed between said carrier
and said sleeve. <br />
<br clear="all" />
8. A combination as defined in claim 1, further
comprising an energy source for said head, including a rotor mounted on
said carrier and electrically connected with said head and a stator
mounted on said bearing assembly adjacent to said rotor. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
The present
invention relates to apparatus for recording and/or reproducing
high-frequency information on magnetic tape, and more particularly to a
mechanism for guiding magnetic tape and one or more magnetic heads in
such apparatus. <br />
It is already known to guide magnetic tape along
the peripheral surfaces to two coaxial drums which define an annular gap
for one or more magnetic heads mounted in the interior of the drum and
serving to record or reproduce information on the tape. The diameters of
the peripheral surfaces are identical or nearly identical and the
portion of tape which engages such peripheral surfaces forms a helical
loop (e.g., an alpha loop or an omega loop). One of both drums may be
driven or head against rotation about their common axis. The magnetic
head or heads are mounted on a carrier or bracket which relates about
the common axis of and is located between the drums. The plane in which
the carrier rotates the head or heads coincides with the central plane
of the gap between the peripheral surfaces of the drums. <br />
In
recording-reproducing apparatus which employ video tape, the speed at
which the tape moves during recording may but need not equal the tape
speed during reproduction. Thus, it is often desired to accelerate the
reproduction, to make slow-motion reproductions of recorded information
or to reproduce still images of a particular subject or scene. This
creates problems in the aforedescribed apparatus wherein the tape
portions which is trained around the peripheral surfaces of the drums
forms a helix. As is known, such guidance of the tape is desirable
because it allows for relatively high signal density in each of the scan
lines which is particularly desirable in connection with recording of
television signals, i.e., an entire image can be recorded on a single
relatively long track. The track makes an acute angle with the marginal
portions of the tape. The inclination of the track is determined
primarily by two factors, namely by inclination of the tape with respect
to the common axis of the drums and by speed of lengthwise movement of
the tape. If the direction of movement of the tape about the drums is
identical with the direction of rotation of the heads, the inclination
of the track with respect to the marginal portions of the tape increases
with increasing speed of the tape. On the other hand, the inclination
of the track decreases if the tape is being advanced counter to the
direction of rotation of the heads and the speed of the tape incr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>eases. <br />
If
the speed of reproduction in a video system is less than the speed
during recording, i.e., if the reproduction is to furnish a slow-motion
or still-image effect, portions of the heads leave the adjacent tracks
with the result that the quality of a substantial portion of the
reproduced image is less than satisfactory, i.e., the reproduction takes
place with a much less satisfactory signal to noise ratio. <br />
Certain
presently known helical scan apparatus are equipped with complex and
expensive electronic systems which are designed to compensate for or
suppress the just described phenomena. It is also known to employ a
mechanical compensating system which is designed to change the path of
tape with respect to the drums, i.e., to change the lead of the helical
loop which engages the drums. Such proposal is not satisfactory because
the tape undergoes undesirable deformation and also because the change
in lead is not reproducible, with a requisite degree of accuracy owing
to friction with the drums.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
An
object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which insures proper
registry o<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>f magnetic heads with the inclined track on a helically wound
magnetic tape by resorting to a small number of simple, rugged and
inexpensive parts. <br />
Another object of the invention is to provide s
single mechanical device which maintains the magnetic heads of a
helical scan apparatus in accurate register with the track even if the
speed of magnetic tape during reproduction varies and deviates from the
speed during recording. <br />
A further object of the invention is to
provide a helical scan apparatus with a device which insures accurate
register of the magnetic head with inclined tracks on a helically looped
magnetic tape during reproduction with slow-motion, still-image and/or
acceleration effect. <br />
The invention is embodied in a helical scan
apparatus wherein information is recorded on or reproduced from magnetic
tape which is moved lengthwise and forms a helix about the peripheral
surfaces of two coaxial drums, wherein the peripheral surfaces of the
drums define an annular gap for at least one magnetic head which orbits
in a first plane and thereby engages inclined tracks at the inner side
of the helix, and wherein the gap has a central symmetry plane which is
normal to the common axis of the drums. The apparatus comprises a
carrier (e.g., a disk) which supports the head or heads and is located
between the drums, a belt transmission or analogous means for rotating
the carrier to thereby orbit the head or heads along the gap, and means
for changing the inclination of the first plane with respect to the
symmetry plane of the gap when the speed of tape movement during
reproduction (playback) deviates from the speed of tape movement during
recording so as to conform the path of orbital movement of the head or
heads to the inclination of tracks on the helix.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>The inclination
changing means preferably comprises a bearing assembly for the carrier
and means for tilting the bearing assembly with respect to the common
axis of the drums. <br />
The drums are mounted on a common shaft and
the bearing assembly preferably comprises a sleeve which is disposed
intermediate the drums and rotatably supports the carrier. The sleeve
has an internal surface which spacedly surrounds the shaft and has a
preferably annular protuberance (e.g., a spherical or prismatic bearing)
which tiltably engages the periphery of the shaft. The tilting means is
actuatable to change the inclination of the sleeve which is coaxial
with the carrier so that the inclination of the first plane with respect
to the symmetry plane changes in response to tilting of the sleeve. The
protuberance is preferably located in or immediately adjacent to the
symmetry plane. The sleeve is held against axial movement relative to
the shaft. <br />
The novel features which are considered as
characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
The improved helical scan apparatus itself, however, both as to its
construction and its mode of operation, together with additional
features and advantages thereof, will be best understood upon perusal of
the following detailed description of certain specific embodiments with
reference to the accompanying drawing.<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING<br />
FIG. 1 is a fragmetary partly diagrammatic axial sectional view of a helical scan apparatus which embodies the invention; and <br />
FIG. 2 is a smaller-scale plan view of the apparatus.<br />
<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br />
FIG.
1 shows a portion of the improved helica<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLdZA3qqEvhxZcoIq223OmJ10GOgRUDhYh2U1nhQWTYB4DGyGGeoGNlqz2Q-efdviCIjKWAenu4sMllixoROO2cp1MpL9YCw_r1AtwFV1Sn0hkDhSYhYvLXPeczfoiHirD3BP-DyL4HDk/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-PIEZOVIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLdZA3qqEvhxZcoIq223OmJ10GOgRUDhYh2U1nhQWTYB4DGyGGeoGNlqz2Q-efdviCIjKWAenu4sMllixoROO2cp1MpL9YCw_r1AtwFV1Sn0hkDhSYhYvLXPeczfoiHirD3BP-DyL4HDk/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-PIEZOVIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" height="217" width="320" /></a></div>
l scan apparatus which
comprises two coaxial drums 1 and 1' having peripheral surfaces 1A, 1A'
of identical or nearly identical diameter and serving to guide a video
tape 20 (FIG. 2) which can form a so-called alpha or a so-called omega
loop (omega loop shown in FIG. 2). The drums 1 and 1' are mounted on a
common shaft 2 and their peripheral surfaces 1A, 1A' are spaced apart to
define an annular clearance or gap 3 surrounding the endless path of
one or more magnetic heads 4 mounted on a disk-shaped carrier 5 which is
tiltably mounted on the shaft 2 in the chamber or space 101 defined by
the drums 1 and 1'. As a rule, the carrier 5 supports two heads 4 which
are located diametrically opposite each other with respect to the axis
of the shaft 2. The hub 5a of the carrier 5 is mounted on two
antifriction ball bearings 6, 6' which surround a tiltable bearing
sleeve 7 mounted in the chamber 101 and having an internal surface
surrounding, with certain clearance, the shaft 2. <br />
The energy
source for the head or heads 4 includes a transformer having a rotor 8
mounted on the carrier 5 and a stator 9 mounted in the drum 1'. The
means for rotating the carrier 5 includes a drive having a motor 19
(FIG. 2) an endless belt or cord 10 engaging a sheave-like portion of
the hub 5a. <br />
The internal surface of the bearing sleeve 7 has an
annular bearing portion or protuberance 11 which engages with the
peripheral surface of the shaft 2 in or very close to the central
symmetry plane X--X of the gap 3. The aforementioned clearance between
the internal surface of the bearing sleeve 7 and the peripheral surface
of the shaft 2 has a first portion at one side and a second portion at
the other side of the bearing portion 11. The upper end of the bearing
sleeve 7 (as viewed in the drawing) has a larger-diameter portion or
collar 13 which is connected with a pin- or rod-shaped tilting member 12
extending with clearance through an opening ID' in the flange 1B' of
the drum 1'. If the member 12 is pushed or pulled in the direction
indicated by arrow A or B, or moved axially, the sleeve 7 is tilted with
respect to the shaft 2 and thereby changes the inclination of the plane
of orbital movement of heads 4 with respect to the symmetry plane X--X
of the gap 3. Thus, by moving the member 12, one can move the
tape-contacting portion of the head 4 above or below the central plane
of the gap 3. This enables the head 4 to conform to the changed position
of scan lines on video tape 20 which is being moved along the gap 3,
with or relative to the peripheral surface 1A and/or 1A'. The position
tracks on the tape with respect to the head 4 changes if the speed of
tape, during reproduction of information, deviates from the speed during
recording. A package of dished springs 14 is interposed between the
flange 1B' and the collar 13 to bear against the collar and to bias the
sleeve 7 to a desired neutral position while permitting for tilting of
the sleeve in response to shifting of the member 12. The carrier 5
shares the tilting movements of sleeve 7 under the action of the member
12. In FIG. 1, the plane of orbital movement of the heads 4 coincides
with the symmetry plane X--X. <br />
FIG. 2 shows that the tape 20 is
being paid out by a supply reel 21 and is being collected by a takeup
reel 22. The means for moving the tape 20 lengthwise comprises a pinch
roller 23, a capstan 24 and a motor 25 which drives the capstan 24.
Rollers 26 guide the tape 20 between the reel 21 and the peripheral
surfaces 1A, 1A' of the drums 1, 1' (only the drum 1' is shown in FIG.
2) as well as between such peripheral surfaces and the capstan 24. The
carrier 5 is driven by the aforementioned motor 19. The means for
tilting or otherwise moving the rod 12 relative to the shaft 2 is not
shown in FIG. 2. <br />
The tiltable mounting of carrier 5 with bearing
assembly 6, 6', 7, 11 can be modified in a number of ways without
departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, the
antifriction bearings 6, 6' can be replaced with a single bearing
located in the plane of the gap 3. Moreover, one can replace the
protuberance 11 with a tiltable prismatic or spherical antifriction
bearing. All that counts is to ins<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ure that the carrier 5 can be tilted
relative to the gap 3 and preferably rotated relative to the shaft 2
while the helical scan apparatus is in use. It has been found that the
illustrated arrangement performs quite satisfactorily and can stand long
periods of use. <br />
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so
fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by
applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications
without omitting features which fairly constitute essential
characteristics of the generic and specific aspects of my contribution
to the art and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to
be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the
claims. <br />
What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.<br />
<br />
<b>GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 <span style="font-size: small;"> Device for the track following of rotating magnetic heads SYSTEM VIDEO2000. (DYNAMIC TRACK FOLLOWING)</span></b>
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span>
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<div class="disp_elm_text">
1. Device for the track following of rotating magnetic heads (2,
3) in magnetic tape devices, in which piezoelectric elements (4, 5) are
used as carriers of the magnetic heads, are clamped at one end firmly
in a rotating holder and are connected at their deflectable end to the
magnetic head, the free length (b) of the piezoelectric elements (4, 5)
running at an angle to the joining line between assigned magnetic head
and point of rotation of the rotating holder, to increase the
deflection,<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> characterized in that the free length (b) of the
piezoelectric elements (4, 5) extends up to approximately level with the
point of rotation and in that, to compensate for azimut errors, the
piezoelectric elements (4, 5) are clamped into the rotating holder (1)
at such an angle that the clamping lengths (a1 , a2 ) at the edges of
the respective piezoelectric element are of different sizes. </div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
EINRICHTUNG F·UR DIE SPURNACHESHRUNG VON
ROTIERENDEN MAGNETK·OPFEN PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Einrichtung f·ur die Spurna<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>chf·uhrung von rotierenden
Magnetk·opfen in Magnetbandger·aten, bei der als Tr·ager der
Magnetk·opfe Piezoelemente verwendet sind, die an einem Ende fest in
einer rotierenden Halterung eingespannt und an ihrem auslenkbaren Ende
mit dem Magnetkopf verbunden sind, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n
e t , dass zur Erh·ohung der Auslenkung die freie L·ange (b) der
Piezoelemente (4, 5) schr·ag zur Verbindungslinie (6, 7) zwischen
zugeordnetem Magnetkopf (2, 3) und Drehpunkt (8) der rotierenden
Halterung (1) bis etwa in der H·ohe dieses Drehpunktes verl·auft, und
dass zur Kompensation von Azimutfehlern die Piezoelemente schr·ag (a1,
a2) in die rotierende Halterung eingespannt sind. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n
z e i c h n e t , dass die rotierende Halterung der Piezoelemente fest
mit einem rotierenden Kopfrad (1) verbunden ist. <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
EINRICHTUNG F·UR DIE SPURNACHF·UHRUNG VON ROTIERENDEN
MAGNETK·OPFEN BESCHREIBUNG Die Erf<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
indung betrifft eine Einrichtung f·ur
die Spurnachf·uhrung von rotierenden Magnetk·opfen in
Magnetbandger·aten, bei der als Tr·ager der Magnetk·opfe Piezoelemente
verwendet sind, die an einem Ende fest in einer rotierenden Halterung
eingespannt und an ihrem auslenkbaren Ende mit dem Magnetkopf verbunden
sind.<br />
Seit einiger Zeit werden beispielsweise in Videorecordern
zur Spurnachf·uhrung Piezoelemente (in diesem Zusammenhang auch
"Aktuatoren" oder Bimorphe" genannt) verwendet, an deren
freischwingenden Enden die Magnetk·opfe befestigt sind. Die
Piezoelemente weisen die Eigenschaft auf, dass sie beim Anlegen einer
Spannung je nach Polarit·at in die eine oder andere Richtung ausgelenkt
werden, so dass die Magnet k·opfe senkrecht zur Abtastrichtung bewegt
werden k·onnen. Steuert man die Piezoelemente mit einer Regelspannung
entsprechend dem Spurfehler an, so folgen die Videok·opfe genau den
vorgesehenen Spuren.<br />
An ihren anderen Enden sind die Piezoelemente
fest in einen Piezoeiementhalter eingespannt, der entweder selbst
rotiert oder starr mit dem rotierenden Kopfrad des Videorecorders
verbunden ist. Die freischwingende L·ange des Piezoelementes ist ein
Mass f·ur die erreichbare Kopfauslenkung.<br />
Die Figuren 1 und 2
zeigen bekannte Anordnungen zur Spurnachf·uhrung in Videorecordern. Die
Magnetk·opfe 2 und 3 sind an den freischwingenden Enden der
Piezoelemente 4 und 5 befestigt (z. B. aufgeklebt). Die freischwingenden
L·angen der Piezoelemente sind mit b bezeichnet. An ihren anderen Enden
sind die Piezoelemente in einen Piezoelementhalter 1 eingesp<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>annt, der
entweder selbst als rotierendes Teil ausgebildet oder mit dem
rotierenden Kopfrad des Videorecorders starr verbunden ist. Die
Einspannl·ange der Piezoelemente in die Piezoelementhalter ist mit a
bezeichnet.<br />
Neuere Trends in der Video technik f·uhren zu immer
kleineren Kopf r·adern, was zur Folge hat, dass die freischwingenden
L·angen der Piezoelemente und damit auch die erreichbare Kopfauslenkung
immer kleiner wird.<br />
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt deshalb die
Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Einrichtung zur Erh·ohung der
Piezoelementauslenkung zu schaffen, die sich insbesondere f·ur kleine
Magnetbandger·ate eignet, billig ist und eine praktisch
azimutfehlerfreie Wiedergabe der magnetisch aufgezeichneten Signale
erm·oglicht.<br />
Diese Aufgabe wird nach der vorliegenden Erfindung
dadurch gel·ost, dass die Piezoelemente schr·ag zur Verbindungslinie
zwischen zugeordnetem Magnetkopf und Drehpunkt der rotierenden Halterung
bis etwa in die H·ohe dieses Drehpunktes verlaufen und dass die
Piezoelemente zur Vermeidung von Azimutfehlern schr·ag in die rotierende
Halterung eingespannt sind.<br />
Die Vorteile der Erfindung liegen
darin, dass insbesondere bei Magnetbandger·aten mit kleinen Kopfr·adern
die freischwingenden L·angen der Piezoelemente und damit die erreichbare
Auslenkung vergr·ossert wird.<br />
Im folgenden wird ein
Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel f·ur die vorliegende Erfindung mit Hilfe der Figur 3
n·aher erl·autert. Die Magnetk·opfe 2 und 3 sind an den
freischwingenden Enden der Piezoelemente 4 und 5 befestigt. Die
freischwingenden L·angen'der Piezoelemente sind mit b bezeichnet.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a>Durch
die Anordnung der Piezoelemente 4, 5 schr·ag zur Verbindungslinie 6, 7
zwischen zugeordnetem Magnetkopf 2, 3 und Drehpunkt 8 der rotierenden
Halterung 1 bis etwa in H·ohe dieses Drehpunktes wird die
freischwingende L·ange jedes Piezoelementes vergr·ossert. An ihren
anderen Enden sind die Piezoelemente in den Piezoelementhalter 1
eingespannt.<br />
Diese Einspannung erfolgt im Gegensatz zum Stand der
Technik schr·ag, um die sonst bei der Auslenkung der Piezoelemente zu
erwartenden Azimutfehler der Magnetk·opfe zu kompensieren. Damit wird
eine praktisch azimutfehlerfreie Wiedergabe der magnetisch
aufgezeichneten Signale erm·oglicht. Die Einspannl·ange, unter der hier
der Mittelwert der Strecken al und a2 verstanden wird, ist mit a
bezeichnet.<br />
Mit einer Anordnung nach der vorliegenden Erfindung
wird erreicht, dass im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik bei sonst
gleichen Bedingungen (insbesondere bei gleicher Regelspannung)die
erreichbare Auslenkung der Piezoelemente vergr·ossert wird.<br />
Die
Erfindung ist nicht auf das vorliegende Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel
beschr·ankt. Beispielsweise spielt es keine Rolle, welcher Art die
Verbindungen zwischen Magnetkopf und Piezoelement sowie Piezoelement und
Piezoelementhalter sind.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<b>GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200
<span style="font-size: small;">
SYSTEM VIDEO2000 Scan
tracking arrangement for videorecorders using piezoelectric elements. </span></b></div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>1. Scan tracking arrangement in video recorders having a rotating head
wheel, in which arrangement the magnetic heads are attached to
piezoelectric elements and each head has a tape contact phase and a
non-contact phase during one full revolution of the head wheel, and in
which arrangement a voltage which holds the head on the intended track
is applied to the piezoelectric element of a head which is in tape
contact at that time, and in which arrangement a decaying alternating
voltage for eliminating hysteresis effects of the piezoelectric element
is applied ot the piezoelectric element of a head which is not in tape
contact at that time, characterized by the following features : the
decaying alternating voltage is rectangular and the frequency of the
decaying alternating voltage for eliminating hysteresis effets of the
piezoelectric element is just below the frequency of mechanical
renonance of the piezoelectric element.</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
1. ANORDNUNG ZUR SPURNACHF·UHRUNG IN VIDEORECORDERN UNTER
VERWENDUNG VON PIEZOELDIENTEN PATENTANS PRUCH Anordnung zur
Spurnachf·uhrung in Videorecordern mit einem rotierenden Kopfrad, wobei
die Magnetk·opfe an Piezoelementen befestigt sind und jeder Kopf
w·ahrend einer Vollumdrehung des Kopfr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ades eine Bandeingriffphase und
eine Nichteingriffphase hat, und wobei an das Piezoelement eines Kopfes,
der gerade im Bandeingriff steht, eine Spannung angelegt wird, die den
Kopf auf der vorgesehenen Spur h·alt, und wobei an das Piezoelement
eines Kopfes, der gerade nicht im Bandeingriff steht, eine abklingende
Wechselspannung zur Beseitigung von Hystereseeffekten des Piezoelementes
angelegt wird, gekennzeichnet durch die folgenden Merkmale: : - die
abklingende Wechselspannung ist rechteckf·ormig und - die Frequenz der
abklingenden Wechselspannung zur Beseitigung von Hystereseeffekten des
Piezoelemen tes liegt knapp unterhalb der mechanischen Reso nanzfrequenz
des Piezoelementes. <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
ANORDNUNG ZUR SPURNACHF·UHRUNG IN VIDEORECORDERN UNTER
VERWENDUNG VON PIEZOELEMENTEN BESCHREIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft eine
Anordnung zur Spurnachf·uhrung in Video<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
recordern mit einem rotierenden
Kopfrad, wobei die Magnetk·opfe an Piezoelementen befestigt sind und
jeder Kopf w·ahrend einer Vollumdrehung des Kopfrades eine
Bandeingriffphase und eine Nichteingriffphase hat, und wobei an das
Piezoelement eines Kopfes, der gerade imBandeingriff steht, eine
Spannung angelegt wird, die den Kopf auf der vorgesehenen Spur h·alt,
und wobei an das Piezoelement eines Kopfes, der gerade nicht im
Bandeingriff steht, eine abklingende Wechselspannung zur Beseitigung des
Hystereseeffektes des Piezoelementes angelegt wird.<br />
Seit einiger
Zeit werden in Videorecordern zur exakten Spurhaltung Piezoelemente (in
diesem Zusammenhang auch "Aktuatoren" oder Eimorphe" genannt) verwendet,
auf denen die Magnetk·opfe befestigt sind. Die Piezoelemente weisen die
Eigenschaft auf, dass sie beim Anlegen einer Spannung je nach
Polarit·at in die eine oder in- die andere Richtung ausgelenirwerden, so
dass die Magnetk·opfe senkrecht zur Abtastrichtung bewegt werden
k·onnen. Steuert man die Piezoelemente mit einer Regelspannung
entsprechend dem Spurfehler an, so folgen die Videok·opfe genau den
vorgesehenen Spuren.<br />
Aus der europ·aischen Offenlegungsschrift mit
der Publikationsnummer 0091 750 ist eine Anordnung zur Spursteuerung
bekannt, bei der ein auf einem Piezoelement befestigter Magnetkopf
w·ahrend der Bandeingriffsphase durch das Anlegen einer positiven oder
negativen Gleichspannung an eine vorgegebene Stelle gebracht wird. Nach
dem Abschalten dieser Gleichspannung am Beginn der Nichteingriffsphase
kehrt die Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit nicht wieder exakt in ihre
Ausgangsposition zur·uck, da aufgrund des Hystereseeffektes im
Piezoe<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>lement eine Restauslenkung verbleibt, die die Nullpunktlage der
Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit ver·andert. Demzufolge werden bei der
n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase dieses Kopfes Spurfehler auftreten.<br />
Um
diese m·oglichst schnell auszuregeln, ·uberlagert man der an das
Piezoelement angelegten Gleichspannung w·ahrend der Nichteingriffsphase
eine abklingende sinusf·ormige Wechselspannung. Nach dem Abklingen
dieser sinusf·ormigen Wechselspannung liegt am Piezoelement die Spannung
an, die die jeweils geforderte Ablenkung des Magnetkopfes bewirkt.<br />
Des
weiteren ist aus der europ·aischen Offenlegungsschrift mit der
Publikationsnummer 0091 764 eine Vorrichtung bekannt, die ebenso wie der
Erfindungsgegenstand zur Spurregelung den Piezoeffekt ausnutzt.<br />
Bei
der bekannten Vorrichtung sind zwei um 180 Grad versetzte Magnetk·opfe
an Piezoelementen befestigt, die ihrerseits fest mit dem Kopfrad
verbunden sind.<br />
Zur Vermeidung eines Spurfehlers bei im Vergleich
zur Aufzeichnung unterschiedlicher Wiedergabegeschwin digkeit wird an
die beiden Piezoelemente w·ahrend des jeweilyFn Bandeingriffs ein
dreieckf·ormiges Spurkorrektursignal angelegt. W·ahrend des Nicht
eingriffs beh·alt das Piezoelement und damit auch der daran befestigte
Magnetkopf eine Restauslenkung, so dass auch bei dieser Anordnung die
Nullpunktlage der Kopf Piezoelement-Einheit ver·andert wird, was am
Beginn der n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase des Magnetkopfes zu einem
Spurfehler f·uhrt.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
Zur Vermeidung dieses Spurfehlers am Beginn der
n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase wird dem Piezoelement w·ahrend der
Nichteingriffsphase eine abklingende sinusf·ormige Wechselspannung
zugef·uhrt, die die fehlerhafte Nullpunktlage der Kopf
Piezoelement-Einheit beseitigt, d. h. die Restauslenkung des Kopfes
r·uckg·angig macht, so dass der Kopf am Beginn der n·achsten
Bandeingriffsphase genau die jewei1ige Soll-Spur ·ubereckt. Die bekannte
Vorrich tung enth·alt weiterhin eine Umpolvorrichtung, die in
Abh·angigkeit davon, ob das Piezoelement in die eine oder in die andere
Richtung ausgelenkt wurde, d. h.<br />
die Wiedergabegeschwindigkeit
kleiner oder gr·osser als die Aufzeichnungsgeschwindigkeit war, dem
Piezoelement eine geeignet gepolte Spannung zur Beseitigung von
Hystereseefekten zuf·uhrt. Es zeigt sich also, dass der Versuch, die
Hystereseefekte ohne Verwendung, einer Umpolvorrichtung f·ur die abkleme
Weckselspannung zu beseitigen, noch keine zufried stellenden Ergebnisse
bringt.<br />
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik liegt der
vorliegenden Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine verbesserte Anordnung
zur Beseitigung von Hysterese- effekten einer Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit
zu schaffen, mit der auch ohne Verwendung einer Umpolvorrichtung die
Hystereseefekte der Kopf-Piezoelement- Einheit vollst·andig beseitigt
werden.<br />
Die L·osung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt durch die kennzeichneneden Merkmale des Patentanspruchs.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV64i7S__5yXqsHFcmCHGd6vuRc75a2E5OKCNOdivasbUJGGg4_AbLlnFz-PPxegHuDUSs68E8saQRdBrJPw_WzuPkzTDiUqrqhPaeGQMhcfrABMFMWGyeqZdDb54E6xJtV8efYGW44Qk/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV64i7S__5yXqsHFcmCHGd6vuRc75a2E5OKCNOdivasbUJGGg4_AbLlnFz-PPxegHuDUSs68E8saQRdBrJPw_WzuPkzTDiUqrqhPaeGQMhcfrABMFMWGyeqZdDb54E6xJtV8efYGW44Qk/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-1.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
Die
Vorteile der Erfindung liegen nicht nur darin, dass die Videnkopfe am
beginn ihrer n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase an ihrer Sollposition stehen,
sondern in der mehrere auch darin dass eine Desensibilizierung der
Piezoelment verwenden wird, also keine Verringerung der Empfindlichkeit
gegen·uber der angeleg ten Spannung auftritt, was bei einem l·angeren
Anlie gen einer Spannung (insbesondere einer hohen Gleich spannung) an
einem Piezoelement der Fall sein k·onnte.<br />
im folgenden wird die
Erfindung an einem Ausf·uhrungs beispiel n·aher erl·autert. Dabei
zeigen: Fig. 1 ein Blockschaltbild mit allen f·ur die Erfindung
wesentlichen Bauteilen und Fig. 2 ein Diagramm, das die Verl·aufe der an
die Piezoelemente angelegten Spannun gen als Funktion der Zeit zeigt.<br />
Im
Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel von Figur 1 wird dem Eingang A eines
Microcomputers 1 eine auf bekannte Art und Weise erzeugte digitale,
impulsbreitenvariable Regelspan nung zugef·uhrt, die eine genaue
Auskunft ·uber die Ab weichung des jeweiligen Magnetkopfes von der Soll
spurlage gibt. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Er zeugung einer
derartigen Regelspannung kann beispielsweise der Zeit schrift "Grundig
Technische Informationen" 3/81, S. 110 - 116, entnommen werden.<br />
Der
Microcomputer 1 erzeugt an seinem Ausgang B vom jeweiligen
Betriebszustand (Aufzeichnung, Wiedergabe, Zeitlupe, Zeitraffer)
abh·angige digitale Regelsignale f·ur die ?iezemente. Diese Regelsignale
werden in einem Digital/Analog-Wandler 2 digital-/analog-gewan delt und
zwei Schaltern 3 und 4 zugef·uhrt. Die ·Offnungs- und Schliesszeiten
dieser Schalter sowie der Schalter 5 und 6 werden von den an den
Ausg·angen C und D des Microcomputers 1 anliegenden Steuersignalen
gesteuert. Der Schalter 3 ist immer dann geschlossen, wenn der am
Piezoelement 1 befestigte Kopf im Bandeingriff steht.<br />
Der Schalter
5 befindet sich w·ahrend dieser Zeitspanne in der Stellung b, so dass
die am Ausgang des D/A-Wandlers 2 anliegende Regelspannung ·uber die
Schalter 3 und 5 an das Piezoelement 1 weitergegeben wird und der am
Piezoelement 1 befestigte Magnetkopf der durch die Regelspannung
vorgegebenen Spur folgt.<br />
Ist die Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1 im
Bandeingriff, dann befindet sich die Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 2 in
ihrer Nichteingriffsphase. Diese Zeitspanne wird ausgenutzt, um dem
Piezoelement 2 ·uber den Schalter 6, der sich<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> hierbei in der Stellung b
befindet, eine abklingende rechteckf·ormige Spannung von einem vom
Microcomputer 1 gesteuerten Generator 7 zuzuf·uhren.<br />
Damit wird
eine eventuelle Restauslenkung des zugeharigen Magnetkopf es, die ihre
Ursache in der Hysterese im Piezoelement 2 hat, vollst·andig beseitigt.
Besonders wirkungsvoll ist gem·ass einem Merkmal der Erfindung die
Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte des Piezoelementes dann, wenn die
Frequenz der angelegten Rechteckspannung knapp unterhalb der
mechanischen Resonanzfrequenz (ungef·ahr 1 kHz) des Piezoelementes
liegt, also beispielsweise in der Gr·ossenordnung von 700 Hz.<br />
Hat der Magnetkopf 1 die Spur zuende gelesen bzw.<br />
geschrieben,
-so findet eine vom Microcomputer gesteuerte Kopfumschaltung statt.
Jetzt wird eine am Ausgang des D/A-Wandlers 2 anliegende analoge
Regelspannung durch den geschlossenen Schalter 4 und den Schalter 6, der
sich in der Stell<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ung a befindet, an das Piezoelement 2 weitergeleitet,
so dass der am Piezoelement 2 befestigte Magnetkopf der ihm durch die
Regelspannung aufgepr·agten Spur folgt.<br />
Der Schalter 3 ist in
dieser Phase ge·offnet. Gleichzeitig dazu wird dem Piezoelement 1 ·uber
den Schalter 5, der sich in dieser Phase in der Stellung a befindet,
eine abklingende Rechteckspannung von einem vom Microcomputer 1
gesteuerten Generator 8 zur vollst·andigen Beseitigung des
Hystereseeffektes des Piezoelementes 1 zugef·uhrt, die eine eventuelle
Restauslenkung der Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1 beseitigt, so dass der
Magnetkopf 1 am Beginn seines n·achsten Bandeingriffes an der richtigen
Stelle steht.<br />
Figur 2 gibt einen ·Uberblick ·uber <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBF15o9zjzRZxnY6fbajOZTmWfcQmlKUt6X9LiZp1dvDnnG90PklNLY76S-T_H2Bfc3aV3kAh4nA86z4pPBsWiUXXs9TBygiApDSyd4nraXoyc3RUI3HRPOC7gPibx4w3kVt65GDMUBJg/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBF15o9zjzRZxnY6fbajOZTmWfcQmlKUt6X9LiZp1dvDnnG90PklNLY76S-T_H2Bfc3aV3kAh4nA86z4pPBsWiUXXs9TBygiApDSyd4nraXoyc3RUI3HRPOC7gPibx4w3kVt65GDMUBJg/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-2.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
die an die
Piezoelemente 1 und 2 angelegten Spannungen. Dabei entsprechen die
Zeitintervalle [ t1, t2 ] , [ t3 > t4 ] > [ t5, t6 ] , den
Bandeingriffsphasen der Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1 und den
Nichteingriffsphasen der Kopf-Piezoelement Einheit 2 und die
Zeitintervalle [ t2, t3 ] [ t4, t5 [ t6, t7 ] , den Bandeingriffsphasen
der Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 2 und den Nichteingriffsphasen der
Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1.<br />
Die obengenannten Zeitintervalle, die f·ur die Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte der Piezoelemente 1 bzw.<br />
2
zur Verf·ugung stehen, liegen bei Verwendung von zwei um 180 Grad
versetzten Magnetk·opfen im Normalbetrieb bei 20 msec. Es hat sich
·uberraschenderweise gezeigt, dass eine Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte
der Piezoelemente besonders wirkungsvoll ist, wenn die-Frequenz der
Spannung zur Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte knapp unterhalb der
mechanischen Resonanzfrequenz der Piezoelemente gew·ahlt wird, die in
der Gr·ossenordnung von 900 - 1200 Hz liegt, und eine abklingende
Rechteckspannung verwendet wird. Bei der Wahl der Frequenz muss
lediglich darauf geachtet werden, dass keine st·orenden
Resonanzerscheinungen auftreten, d. h. dass die Frequenz nicht zu nahe
bei der mechanischen Resonanzfrequenz der Piezoelemente liegt.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><br />
W·ahlt
man beispielswelse 700 Hz, dann betr·agt die Dauer einer Schwingung 1,4
msec. In der zur Verf·u gung stehenden Zeitspanne von 20 msec. w·are
somit eine Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte mit ca. 14 Schwingungen
m·oglich.<br />
Der exakte Verlauf des Abklingvorganges (Verlauf der
Einh·ullenden der abklingenden Rechteckspannung) richtet sich nach den
physikalischen Eigenschaften des jeweils verwendeten Aktuatormaterials.
Es ist in jedem Fall darauf zu achten, dass die Amplitude der letzten
Rechteckschwingung hinreichend klein gew·ahlt wird.<br />
Bei einigen
neueren Entwicklungen im Videobereich (z. B. Kamerarecorder) werden
immer kleinere Kopfr·ader verwendet und es liegt eine ·Uberumschlingung
des Magnetbandes um das Kopfrad vor. Demzufolge werden die
Nichteintauchphasen der Kopf-Piezoelement Einheiten und damit die zum
Beseitigen der Hystereseeffekte zur Verf·ugung stehenden Zeitintervalle
kleiner. Auch werden bei einigen neueren Trends die Zeitintervalle, in
denen Spannungen (insbesondere Gleichspannungn) an den Piezoelementen
anliegen, und/oder die Amplituden der an die Piezoelemente angelegten
Spannungen gr·osser.<br />
Dies kann eine Desensibilisierung der
Piezoelemente gegen·uber der angelegten Spannung zur Folge haben, d. h.
die Piezoelemente k·onnen dann, wenn ·uber einen l·angeren Zeitraum eine
hohe Gleichspannung--an ihnen anliegt-, gegen·ubn der angelegten
Spannung unempfindlich werden, so dass Spurfehler entstehen. Auch dieser
Nachteil wird durch eine Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte nach der
vorliegenden Erfindung in vorteilhafter Weise vermieden.</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<b>
<span style="font-size: small;">GRUNDIG VIDEO 2X4 STEREO 2200 SYSTEM
VIDEO2000 Method for distortion-free still picture reproduction with
magnetic video tape:</span></b></div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<b> </b>A method for distortion-free still picture reproduction from magnetic
video tape slant tracks wherein the tracks are recorded and scanned
with<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>out any guard band therebetween by means of two video heads which
rotate in a common plane with different azimuth angles. During still
picture recording, two adjacent slant tracks are continuously or
repetitively scanned by two rotating video hands which have different
azimuth angles with one head displaced axially by one slant track width
with respect to the other. During still mode reproduction, the two
adjacent slant tracks are continuously scanned by mechanically
deflecting the two rotating video heads by way of plungers following a
ring. </div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s1600/IMGH_03911.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLAvzdqC-ptAdabIB7TziDKROMvop1gP6KAUWGDczBD2e2-tm9pck8WQVpLtVnUGNj6fLZ64ekOhcT1AHovsIypKOdiiCt7S9VL_5uw6C73DGdt5x6zfkS_K7zNcGTgocCaIP06kgJJ4E/s320/IMGH_03911.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> 1. A device for the
recording, reproduction, and distortion-free reproduction of slant
tracks recorded on magnetic video tape without any intermediate spacing
between adjacent tracks, said device comprising: a drum; two video heads
mounted in said drum and adapted to rotate in a common plane with
different azimuth angles; a pair of spring leaves, each of said heads
being mounted to one of said springs; a pair of plungers, each plunger
having one end engaging one of said springs and an opposite end; and an
axially adjustable ring mounted in said drum, said ring having an upper
surface which rises linearly for half the width of a slant track about
half its circumference and declines linearly over the remaining half of
its circumference, said ring being adjustable between a first position
out of contact with said plungers and a second position wherein said
plungers' opposite ends engage said ring upper surface; and one of said
plungers is shorter than the other of said plungers by the width of a
slant track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
The present
invention relates to video recording and in particular to reproducing
still pictures recorded along slant tracks on magnetic video tape. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s1600/IMGH_03903.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRxb90AWIG25bZnK05d551Z6_a3yknkZSb3G6ejx6m4j8ldhj4IeA67fHXmRp2mXe-cIwaf529iecFzNj7SREyRksAE5W7Kb7sfc6oGFgD4pJSGNUTQQUGVoY4JkNV8Vot1wQhqp5WUc/s320/IMGH_03903.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>When
reproducing still pictures recorded on slant tracks on magnetic tape it
is common practice to repeatedly scan the same slant track with the
rotating head or heads. This is particularly true for the widely used
devices wherein a field is recorded per slant track with two 180° offset
video heads. The two video heads scan the same slant track in sequence
and repeatedly. However, the signal-to-noise ratio with such devices is
reduced when the magnetic tape is idle as compared to when the tape is
moving since the scanning device of the video heads is not in conformity
with the recorded tracks. This is illustrated in FIG. 1 wherein tracks 2
and 3 depict the tracks recorded (or scanned) by a video head when the
tape is in motion and track 4 depicts a track recorded (or scanned) when
the tape is stopped. <br />
Heretofore, several proposals to eliminate
the error resulting from the above have been proposed. For example, the
angle of inclination of the total slant track cylinder may be changed so
that the video heads follow the recorded tracks 2 and 3, even when the
tape is idle. This is suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,375,331. French Pat.
No. 2,107,066 suggests the vertical adjustment of the tape feed at the
slant track cylinder. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, June 1969,
pages 33/34 suggests reciprocal movement of the video heads axially
during each rotation of the head. Unfortunately, none of the above can
be employed if for tape saving purposes, the slant tracks are recorded
immediately adjacent to each other without any guard band and if they
are recorded with different azimuth angles in order to eliminate cross
talk. For example, a known device uses two video heads for recording and
reproducing, wherein the azimuth angle of the gap of the one video head
is 15° in clockwise direction and the azimuth angle of the gap of the
other video head is 15° in counterclockwise direction. With this
embodiment it is impossible to obtain a distortion-free still picture
recording by means of repeated scanning of the same track, even if one
of the above mentioned means for compensating for the differing angle
between the scanning direction of the heads and the inclination of the
recorded track is used. <br />
In view of the above, it is an object of
the present invention to provide a method to permit distortion-free
still picture reproduction with such slant track devices, wherein
adjacent slant tracks are recorded and scanned without a guard band
therebetween and with different azimuth angles.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s1600/IMGH_03896.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhzFgNTX47WznOvXavM-gXTfjz0ad2RSGZRHQOoBH67wyny5AIlDBYvABFtCY0pyuZ7PsAX9MdRyYIbdFgYMb5v1GPRhTgpnCwV92wZU1_MPNCCGbTUzi4AzSUwsC3Gbf7FZaD7zTmPw/s320/IMGH_03896.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
The
above and other beneficial objects are attained in accordance with the
present invention by providing a method for the distortion-free
reproduction of slant track magnetic video tape wherein adjacent tracks,
each containing a field, are recorded and scanned without any guard
band therebetween by means of two video heads which rotate in a common
plane with different azimuth angles. One of the video heads is displaced
axially with respect to the other head by a distance equal to one slant
track width of the magnetic tape.<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
<br />
In the accompanying drawings: <br />
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a length of magnetic tape having slant tracks immediately adjacent to one another recorded thereon; <br />
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic drawing of a mounting arrangement for video heads in accordance with the present invention; <br />
FIG.
3 is a wind up of the ring of FIG. 2; that is, FIG. 3 sets forth the
height of ring 13 as a function of angular displacement proceeding for a
full 360° about the ring; <br />
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a circuit for carrying out the present invention electronically; and, <br />
FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram of various outputs of the circuit of FIG. 4.<br />
<br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br />
In
accordance with the present invention, an arrangement is provided to
compensate for the different angles o<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcOgkiLq8cRz_aQDMdy1d0S5uJH7WWE7S_cMaSCk7HzrY4WOMW-bgdwPFxC-wFKAcedxIbLG8RhA4VtSO-IseBtECoeb5qBBYyVV9SxxBCCayeuFz-FBCkDr6t8rjlK_JiK7eUYaFnGE/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcOgkiLq8cRz_aQDMdy1d0S5uJH7WWE7S_cMaSCk7HzrY4WOMW-bgdwPFxC-wFKAcedxIbLG8RhA4VtSO-IseBtECoeb5qBBYyVV9SxxBCCayeuFz-FBCkDr6t8rjlK_JiK7eUYaFnGE/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
f the slant track when the tape is
idle or moving. Reference is made to FIG. 2 wherein a first embodiment
of the invention is depicted schematically. Two video heads 5 and 6
which differ in their azimuth angles are mounted on the head wheel 7 on
spring plates 8 and 9. The video heads 5 and 6 are adjusted by screws 10
and 11 to their desired position, that is, so that they lie in a common
rotational plane for the normal operation. A ring 13 is provided in the
lower stationary slant track cylinder 12. Ring 13 can be shifted from
the solid line position of FIG. 2 to the position of FIG. 2 as shown in
the dotted lines, when the device is switched from normal picture
reproduction to still picture reproduction. The ring 13 is divided, as
shown in FIG. 3, so that its upper edge rises linearly through half its
circumference. The amount of change, which is denoted by the letter "X"
is equal to the width of a slant track on the magnetic tape. Plungers 14
and 15 engage the upper edges of ring 13. The distance "X" corresponds
to an axial displacement of one track width taking into consideration
the lever transmission on springs 8 and 9. Plunger 15 is shorter by the
distance X than plunger 14. As a result, the video head 5 is displaced
with respect to video head 6 by a complete track width when the ring 13
is displaced into the position indicated by the dotted lines. When
rotating the head wheel 7 both video heads move axially in accordance
with the upper edge of ring 13 and thereby follow the recorded tracks 2
and 3 of FIG. 1.<br />
<br />
A circuit for carrying out the inventive method
with purely electronic means is shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment the
axial adjustment of the one video head by one track width<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgi2M3BuZIpVQiMX4VKuXwTARUND1UB458QPJixLQIfEkX0_HYnGGbKialQtcX2SLZHgYSikpvijRK4adS4nX2T5iOIW4OVcRlNKx1JGPzezPbWA47Nv7QraWGwNSk3hBXr4b3jrjWe8/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgi2M3BuZIpVQiMX4VKuXwTARUND1UB458QPJixLQIfEkX0_HYnGGbKialQtcX2SLZHgYSikpvijRK4adS4nX2T5iOIW4OVcRlNKx1JGPzezPbWA47Nv7QraWGwNSk3hBXr4b3jrjWe8/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-2.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
and the
subsequent axial guiding of both video heads in accordance with the
recorded tracks is carried out in a commonly known manner wherein the
video heads are mounted on electromechanical transducers, for example,
piezoceramic elements. The control voltages for the piezoceramic must be
obtained from the scanned video signals. Accordingly, the tracks must
be provided with suitable signals which, on the one hand should not
interfere with the chrominance signals, and on the other hand must be
readable for a video head with the "wrong" azimuth angle. For these
reasons only very low frequencies are used for the signal frequencies.
The frequencies should be beneath the chrominance subcarrier. <br />
In
accordance with this embodiment of the invention, synchronizing pulses
of the video signal are applied to the terminal 16 (see FIG. 4) and are
separated in separator 17 and fed to a filter 18 which supplies constant
line pulses. A voltage controlled oscillator 19 oscillates at a median
frequency of, for example, 16 times line frequency, and synchronizes the
line pulse received from filter 18 across the dividers 20, 21 and 22
through phase comparator 23. A further divider 24 is coupled to the
inverting output of 20. The inverted and noninverted outputs of 21 and
24 are fed to a multiplexer 25 which multiplexes the outputs by
approximately 90° with respect to each other in the sequence of D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>3</sub> and D<sub>4</sub> as shown in FIG. 5. <br />
Vertical
blanking pulses received from separator 17 are filtered in the filter
device 26 (which separates the ver<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSsWnPDWg69BTjaaQFdxKL2_8cgSQHNw2XV_T9jmSwJCvhPQ7Ek7g3sgok3COyT4L-PFxbgCM9vVUX4mMEpcqsX_t-2JxOp4yBkZ7M3uFhdK7qDKKVGrV94c4m1_F16q2GIUZqsSNHuyg/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSsWnPDWg69BTjaaQFdxKL2_8cgSQHNw2XV_T9jmSwJCvhPQ7Ek7g3sgok3COyT4L-PFxbgCM9vVUX4mMEpcqsX_t-2JxOp4yBkZ7M3uFhdK7qDKKVGrV94c4m1_F16q2GIUZqsSNHuyg/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-3.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
tical signal) and are converted to
regular frame signals in 27. The frame signals are fed to the
multiplexer 25 (input A) and are also fed to divider 28, the output of
which is also fed to the multiplexer (input B). <br />
Multiplexer 25
operates as a quadruple converter and switches the D-voltages in series
in accordance with logical orders from its A and B inputs. This is shown
schematically in FIG. 5. The output voltage of multiplexer 25 is
filtered in filter 29 and fed to the center top of switch 30. This
voltage may then be fed to a terminal 31 through switch 30 and from
there the output voltage is added to the frequency modulated video
signal before recordation. Since each halfwave of voltage A corresponds
to a field and thereby to a slant track, a voltage of quadruple line
frequency is superimposed to the frequency modulated video signal and
the phase of the superimposed signal changes from slant track to slant
track by about 90°. Simultaneously, the divided frame pulses in 28 are
fed to a pulse shaper 32 wherein they are converted as shown in FIG. 5
in such a manner that when they are added to the video signal across
terminal 33, one or a plurality of follow up equalizing pulses in the
vertical signal of the first field of every second frame is blanked out.
In this manner each slant track is coded by virtue of the phase of the
D-voltage which superimposes the frequency modulated video signal and
the start of each second frame by gating the follow up equalizing
pulses. The frequency of the code signals is lower than the frequency
ranges for chrominance and brightness and is locked to the line
frequency. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s1600/IMGH_03894.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDp32b75O21ne4RmPH1aiBpSZA3adDah2z6_CmK_8npIA24eXXK4ZD2I06DnNrdhdmTxPY_8pr_ONp5zDM8ftkaiBDhnj3wlZbgcEswO-wEjVm4L6wCPV7gDXQ1RFpI803JBV8yt68hTA/s320/IMGH_03894.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
During the reproduction of a still picture, switch 30
is positioned with its center tap connecting with terminal W, switch 34
is closed and the scanned demodulated video signal is at terminal 16.
The scanned frequency modulated video signal from which the code
frequency is filtered out through band pass filter 36, is applied at
terminal 35 and is fed to a phase comparator 38 through limiter 37. The
vertical signals which are present at output 26 are tested in pulse
comparator 39 by means of a time circuit to determine if follow up
equalizing pulses are gated. If so, a reset (flip-flop) signal is fed to
divider 28, so that in accordance with the sketch in FIG. 5 only phases
D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> are discharged from the multiplexer 25
and fed to the comparator 38. The error signal of comparator 38 controls
an amplifier 40, the output of which is fed to a terminal 42 across a
switch 41. The electro-mechanical converters (which comprise, for
example, piezoceramic elements which are not shown) are coupled to the
terminal and the video heads are mounted to the piezoceramic. During
recording, switch 41 is in position A and the electromechanical
converters are fed with a constant bias, so that they rotate in a common
plane.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br /></div>
</div>
FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-35945832228625550642011-11-15T18:00:00.000-08:002016-02-12T11:47:23.123-08:00PHILIPS VR475 YEAR 1998.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.)</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s1600/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5721585787694646258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s320/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 226px;" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips is one of the largest </span><span style="font-style: italic;">electronics
companies in the world. In 2009, its sales were €23.18 billion. The
company employs 115,924 people in more than 60 countries.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips
is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles
(formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances
and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly
Philips Medical Systems).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The
company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of
Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light
bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives
as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company
started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known
worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic
valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer
Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their
electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco
brand name).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s1600/anton+philips.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566216731996475298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s320/anton+philips.jpg" style="float: left; height: 304px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 200px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In
December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the
Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of
"disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling
80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity
investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts &amp; Co. (KKR),
Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a
process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a
separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic
options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a
letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were
speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone
entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then
that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the
most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and
the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those
involved with Semiconductors".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In its more than 115 year history, this co</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">unts
as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company.
Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the
transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the
electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and
building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such,
Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over
the past 50 years.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Agreeing
to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell
the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest
decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they
had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium
headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the
Semiconductors Division.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new
semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Coinciding
with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced
that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus
becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).</span><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">PHILIPS</span> FOUNDATION:<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s1600/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231051095713186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s320/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 41px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 348px;" /></a>The
foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips
established Philips &amp; Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The
company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of
the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe.
Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first
research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the
x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has
only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to
enrich people’s everyday lives.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In
the early years of Philips &amp;; Co., the representation of the
company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial
letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on
the glass of metal filament lamps.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
One
of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips
used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as
marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row
of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the
Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The
now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the
packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an
early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while
the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the
radio waves would travel.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>
stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring
this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle
emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At
this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the
company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent
Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of
other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the
combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield
emblem.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1938, the Philips
shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the
basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the
wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced
today.<br />
<br />
<b>The first steps of CRT</b> production by
Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips
Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics
laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe,
just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and
oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started
experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on
this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of
television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon
developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT
production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube
in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into
CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's
for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in
1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated
tubes like storage CRT's.<br />
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked
on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees
managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has
to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their
main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large
medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small
Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray
Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop
these new products was too big.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>28 of September 2012</b>,
Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube
factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so
much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland
about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115
years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and
acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic
decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of
years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.<br />
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gerard Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s1600/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229378365198642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s320/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Gerard
Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27,
1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder
(with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family
business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed
the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips'
Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation,
Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Gerard
was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 –
12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active
in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands;
he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
Gerard
Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was
the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in
Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated
the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.<br />
<br />
Gerard
was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into
the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz
Otten.<br />
<br />
<br />
Gerard and his brother Anton
supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the
Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they
founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department
developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anton Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s1600/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229383836616514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s320/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Anton
Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7,
1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with
his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He
served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Anton
was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David
Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in
the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He
was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years
older.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
In
May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son
Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business.
In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips
Electronics N.V.<br />
<br />
During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increas<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>e
sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several
countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.<br />
<br />
Anton
(and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In
Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities,
such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the
best-known example.<br />
<br />
Anton Philips brought his son Frits
Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times.
Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to
escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War
II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.<br />
<br />
His
son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the
occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of
Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews
by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them
evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.<br />
<br />
Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
Philips
married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30,
1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:<br />
<br />
*
Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925
to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:<br />
o Diek Otten<br />
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips<br />
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)<br />
*
Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married
firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G.
Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married
thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November
8, 2005). They had the following children:<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on
February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja,
March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without
issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3,
1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to
Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise,
August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella
Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December
12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 –
Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and
wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at
Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes,
Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux,
without issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre,
September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan
François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem
Pieter<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;">(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)</span><br />
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FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-32564537173593587002011-11-15T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.114-08:00PHILIPS VR475 CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhob5pmtdHuVRkQ1N94jZ1-2qsE4EIP7hG6-YUcshpruN7uf5UxdE1z6lJZdxjP0JMYvr_ehu1I6zO1HE2ueKgf-fCUmfxwmeoI0fXQGp1bRXFMRYtL2L23MR_T-L8KokGLRNK-a7YNToA/s1600/IMGH_05234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhob5pmtdHuVRkQ1N94jZ1-2qsE4EIP7hG6-YUcshpruN7uf5UxdE1z6lJZdxjP0JMYvr_ehu1I6zO1HE2ueKgf-fCUmfxwmeoI0fXQGp1bRXFMRYtL2L23MR_T-L8KokGLRNK-a7YNToA/s320/IMGH_05234.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Gh51X5JYiNh4BGWOyragnqoKt-F393v6DL2GexMIC-wDZNthPbQo96FPaORcJGroYizmUjZ-qoSyPkGv__WU6H52ie_2ZTiBDI8otYosoE_dKrMTJ1yhK9t9TGh_AjY3BqnIB68CXhU/s1600/IMGH_05235.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Gh51X5JYiNh4BGWOyragnqoKt-F393v6DL2GexMIC-wDZNthPbQo96FPaORcJGroYizmUjZ-qoSyPkGv__WU6H52ie_2ZTiBDI8otYosoE_dKrMTJ1yhK9t9TGh_AjY3BqnIB68CXhU/s320/IMGH_05235.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-71265272333085446272011-11-10T18:00:00.000-08:002016-02-12T11:44:36.120-08:00GRUNDIG GV440 VPS (PHILIPS) YEAR 1994.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-0mZc3liaNWOLGqSLIP7M1-lQ6mMlch4VQUnoUNbEC6h66Pvj3aCw-Z-21UnU-7oVl-iqpAJnLtkcpk5oSKqvBvRYCi7RpSIpl7g7klqYVmqIqiZCmecFGW6VJfFD2cCy6Qz6AJqIITk/s1600/IMGH_05218.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-0mZc3liaNWOLGqSLIP7M1-lQ6mMlch4VQUnoUNbEC6h66Pvj3aCw-Z-21UnU-7oVl-iqpAJnLtkcpk5oSKqvBvRYCi7RpSIpl7g7klqYVmqIqiZCmecFGW6VJfFD2cCy6Qz6AJqIITk/s320/IMGH_05218.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKiNhXdQnyAm2zzvQW52T5K8PK4pNDC0aLcClosVsBBZcCrUefL1ds2ioBYSKDwV5qjJCYTYFh6uC_v46Gx5H2KhoYvTetJ9WCAkq8aGwHyklfRs2AO4DdMFLxBB0S0yCGMI1gXec02cY/s1600/IMGH_05219.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKiNhXdQnyAm2zzvQW52T5K8PK4pNDC0aLcClosVsBBZcCrUefL1ds2ioBYSKDwV5qjJCYTYFh6uC_v46Gx5H2KhoYvTetJ9WCAkq8aGwHyklfRs2AO4DdMFLxBB0S0yCGMI1gXec02cY/s320/IMGH_05219.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DPUII9NAz6KCfGwLmzwdgr6NrU0AUhNoGhOCSpGu9koCtXXGOK6OwAE68f1WIWVcjARw2KN20Gz3MEKFk5pG_-8_2ypFIQhLTGLStVtt-T1IoatVBnxjcO4V166j_CDBeHtXUZTguKU/s1600/IMGH_05220.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DPUII9NAz6KCfGwLmzwdgr6NrU0AUhNoGhOCSpGu9koCtXXGOK6OwAE68f1WIWVcjARw2KN20Gz3MEKFk5pG_-8_2ypFIQhLTGLStVtt-T1IoatVBnxjcO4V166j_CDBeHtXUZTguKU/s320/IMGH_05220.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Grundig AG</b>
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its <span class="mw-redirect">Beko Elektronik</span> <span class="mw-redirect">white goods</span>
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a><b>Max Grundig</b> </u>(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Early years<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Success after World War II<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566552241150121922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwkQyhjc3VgXn6qrUZWnzEAVyP7jEAgJ8NGMu6nhftx5lbUex8paYI7Xm20FvmPAhQuV4tcU-xO65L6x9B2gJjBlvn66iAsoZoMsEkx5nKX6zflQ-ZqBVW0wPV1ME1KMv53Pog13F9UuRT/s200/max-grundig.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="135" /><br />
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.<br />
<br />
<br />
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.<br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s1600/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854993327966386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s320/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 242px;" /></a></span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history" style="font-size: small;">Early history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s1600/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854772817362898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s200/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="151" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Grundig_in_Belfast" style="font-size: small;">Grundig in Belfast</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Philips_takeover" style="font-size: small;">Philips takeover</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history" style="font-size: small;">Later history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Thomson</span><span style="font-size: small;">. In 2004 Britain's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Alba plc</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the Turkish Koc's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Beko</span><span style="font-size: small;">
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,<sup> </sup>although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Holding the Ring?</b></span><u><br /></u></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">For more than thirty years aft</span><span style="font-size: small;">er t</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">he Second World War, consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demand for successive generations of new or modified products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">states. The West German industry developed a strong export</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the technology which later permitted the development of the video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics<br />industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,<br />which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-<br />Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West<br />German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories<br />of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s<br />most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-<br />ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German<br />Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production<br />facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,<br />there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized<br />consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and<br />Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the<br />automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-<br />sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there<br />was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the<br />West German consumer electronics industry.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02_47uKWChcdJWSP7OSYux20zR7-spZ_2pq5aoJwWJGR-zcuR3IA3WEGWfGcj8IsT97H8fTV4mLm8DuVsb2wP4kB52MoYSdFuevpjhGR2e5VUqfgMmH6R-I2hiiVieLmFkp5tvqyIYVA/s1600/IMGH_05455.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02_47uKWChcdJWSP7OSYux20zR7-spZ_2pq5aoJwWJGR-zcuR3IA3WEGWfGcj8IsT97H8fTV4mLm8DuVsb2wP4kB52MoYSdFuevpjhGR2e5VUqfgMmH6R-I2hiiVieLmFkp5tvqyIYVA/s200/IMGH_05455.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">end of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">guarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry. The market for colour television sets was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">increasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">West Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">households possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">onwards, the West German market for colour television sets began</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expanding output and</span><span style="font-size: small;"> profitability lay in their transition to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to one or the other of the two Japanese video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">tightly in the grip of Japanese f</span><span style="font-size: small;">irms than any other segment of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market. More than any other, this development accounted for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">were either shut down or—more frequently——take</span><span style="font-size: small;">n over.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The relationship between the state and the consumer electronics<br />industry in the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s<br />length’ kind which corresponded to the West German philosophy<br />of the ‘social market economy’. The state's role was confined<br />largely to ‘holding the ring’ for the firms and trying to ensure by<br />means of competition policy that mergers and take-overs did not<br />enable any single firm or group of firms to achieve a position of<br />market domination and suspend the ‘free play of market forces’.<br /><br />The implementation of competition policy was the responsibility of<br />the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be informed of any<br />planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have a turnover<br />exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than<br />2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in<br />its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any<br />existing, position of market domination.“</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg764-03iiQVxybBHLtXADo_UcJyVnj6k2AUXqE9Nu_hj87009PbqMaTRGch_1lbURma6aacCzvudihyphenhyphen3rKeizuzDVTQ6qundfkYxJxscz1YLYMSjDhAoHnugguoA2nyDlTL0fv2416UgA/s1600/IMGH_03665.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg764-03iiQVxybBHLtXADo_UcJyVnj6k2AUXqE9Nu_hj87009PbqMaTRGch_1lbURma6aacCzvudihyphenhyphen3rKeizuzDVTQ6qundfkYxJxscz1YLYMSjDhAoHnugguoA2nyDlTL0fv2416UgA/s200/IMGH_03665.JPG" width="200" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry into an even deeper crisis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of European Restructuring</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Community as well as by its respective national Member States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">strategies contained two major elements: m</span><span style="font-size: small;">easures of at least</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">breathing space to build up or modernize their production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">production facilities in Europe and produce under the same</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">largely on the West German market, the firms could only</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:<br /><br />The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, </span><span style="font-size: small;">was the first<br />firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972<br />and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as<br />late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with<br />which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the<br />market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics<br />firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and<br />had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the<br />European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much<br />greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer<br />VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR<br />market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German<br />imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between<br />1978 and 1981.2</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The immediate background to the calls for protection against</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was formed by massive cuts in price</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s for Japanese VCRs, as a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig announced that they were considering takin</span><span style="font-size: small;">g a dumping</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pursued at the national and European levels, both through the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">national and European trade associations for consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the national governments and the European Commission. However,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pressing their case on EEC member states and the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">components industry, over half of whose output, according to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">These arguments found by all acc</span><span style="font-size: small;">ounts a very receptive audience</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">at the European Commission, where, by common consent of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wields</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was also</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">depot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">staked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the<br />protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the<br /><br />mposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">could have been expected to come from the West German<br />Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch<br />Governments, the West German Government had generally been<br />the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.<br />The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import<br />controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of<br />protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,<br />which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.<br />However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been<br />vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German<br />Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the<br />Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a<br />significant, modification of its past trade policy.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s1600/IMG_5142.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s200/IMG_5142.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s traditional policy in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German Government being held responsible for its implementation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Min</span><span style="font-size: small;">istry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The success</span><span style="font-size: small;"> of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-</span><span style="font-size: small;">overs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese competition.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West<br />German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate<br />financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.<br />Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence<br />of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a<br />formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,<br />which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked<br />at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks<br />on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in<br />1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a<br />result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig c</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">onfessed publicly that if the firm carried on five more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">years as it was doing, it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">summer 1982, had become insolvent. Grundig intensified his search</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for stronger partners, which he had apparently begun by talking</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982, at the same time as Grundig</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and Philips were pressing for curbs on Japanese VCR imports,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around Grundig, a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">prospective participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">securing special ministerial permission for the</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">ir deal were exacer-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">French Government, which could then have demanded increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in other West German subsidiaries).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in<br />1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of<br />Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring<br />programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two<br />main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other<br />around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in<br />West Germany left under West German control. But a common<br />European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the<br />Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig</span><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a></u><span style="font-size: small;"> had envisaged<br />in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given<br />Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much<br />more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in<br />Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,<br />especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty<br />Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring<br />within Europe is far from complete.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The recent experience of the European consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">various national industries and governments to the challenges</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">others.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<u><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:</span></u></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft m</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">it Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a> erweitert.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s1600/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s200/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany".</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.)</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s1600/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5721585787694646258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s320/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 226px;" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips is one of the largest </span><span style="font-style: italic;">electronics
companies in the world. In 2009, its sales were €23.18 billion. The
company employs 115,924 people in more than 60 countries.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips
is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles
(formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances
and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly
Philips Medical Systems).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The
company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of
Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light
bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives
as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company
started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known
worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic
valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer
Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their
electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco
brand name).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s1600/anton+philips.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566216731996475298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s320/anton+philips.jpg" style="float: left; height: 304px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 200px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In
December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the
Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of
"disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling
80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity
investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts &amp; Co. (KKR),
Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a
process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a
separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic
options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a
letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were
speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone
entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then
that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the
most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and
the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those
involved with Semiconductors".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In its more than 115 year history, this co</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">unts
as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company.
Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the
transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the
electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and
building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such,
Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over
the past 50 years.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Agreeing
to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell
the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest
decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they
had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium
headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the
Semiconductors Division.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new
semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Coinciding
with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced
that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus
becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).</span><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">PHILIPS</span> FOUNDATION:<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s1600/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231051095713186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s320/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 41px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 348px;" /></a>The
foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips
established Philips &amp; Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The
company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of
the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe.
Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first
research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the
x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has
only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to
enrich people’s everyday lives.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In
the early years of Philips &amp;; Co., the representation of the
company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial
letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on
the glass of metal filament lamps.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
One
of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips
used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as
marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row
of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the
Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The
now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the
packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an
early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while
the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the
radio waves would travel.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>
stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring
this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle
emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At
this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the
company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent
Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of
other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the
combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield
emblem.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1938, the Philips
shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the
basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the
wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced
today.<br />
<br />
<b>The first steps of CRT</b> production by
Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips
Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics
laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe,
just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and
oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started
experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on
this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of
television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon
developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT
production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube
in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into
CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's
for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in
1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated
tubes like storage CRT's.<br />
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked
on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees
managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has
to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their
main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large
medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small
Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray
Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop
these new products was too big.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>28 of September 2012</b>,
Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube
factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so
much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland
about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115
years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and
acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic
decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of
years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.<br />
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gerard Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s1600/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229378365198642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s320/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Gerard
Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27,
1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder
(with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family
business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed
the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips'
Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation,
Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Gerard
was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 –
12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active
in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands;
he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
Gerard
Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was
the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in
Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated
the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.<br />
<br />
Gerard
was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into
the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz
Otten.<br />
<br />
<br />
Gerard and his brother Anton
supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the
Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they
founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department
developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anton Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s1600/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229383836616514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s320/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Anton
Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7,
1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with
his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He
served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Anton
was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David
Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in
the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He
was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years
older.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
In
May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son
Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business.
In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips
Electronics N.V.<br />
<br />
During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increas<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>e
sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several
countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.<br />
<br />
Anton
(and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In
Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities,
such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the
best-known example.<br />
<br />
Anton Philips brought his son Frits
Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times.
Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to
escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War
II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.<br />
<br />
His
son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the
occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of
Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews
by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them
evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.<br />
<br />
Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
Philips
married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30,
1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:<br />
<br />
*
Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925
to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:<br />
o Diek Otten<br />
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips<br />
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)<br />
*
Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married
firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G.
Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married
thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November
8, 2005). They had the following children:<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on
February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja,
March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without
issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3,
1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to
Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise,
August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella
Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December
12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 –
Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and
wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at
Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes,
Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux,
without issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre,
September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan
François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem
Pieter<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.</div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;">(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)</span><br />
<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-67427916373313268342011-11-10T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.185-08:00GRUNDIG GV440 VPS (PHILIPS) CHASSIS INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-60921596542501156762011-11-09T18:00:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.174-08:00SONY SLV-225 YEAR 1992.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sony Corporation </span>(Sonī
Kabushiki Gaisha) (TYO: 6758, NYSE: SNE), or commonly referred to
as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation
headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan and the world's fifth largest
media conglomerate with revenue exceeding ¥ 7.730.0 trillion, or
US$77.20 billion (FY2010).[3] Sony is one of the leading manufacturers
of electronics, products for the consumer and professional
markets.<br />
<br />
Sony Corporation is the electronics
business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group, which is
engaged in business through its eight operating segments – Consumer
Products &amp; Devices (CPD), Networked Products &amp;
Services (NPS), B2B &amp; Disc Manufacturing (B2B &amp;
Disc), Pictures, Music, Financial Services, Sony Ericsson and All
Other.[5][6] These make Sony one of the most comprehensive
entertainment companies in the world. Sony's principal business
operations include Sony Corporation (Sony Electronics in the U.S.),
Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony Music
Entertainment, Sony Ericsson, and Sony Financial. As a semiconductor
maker, Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales
Leaders.<br />
<br />
Its founders Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka
derived the name from sonus, the Latin word for sound, and also
from the English slang word "sonny", since they considered
themselves to be "sonny boys", a loan word into Japanese which in
the early 1950s connoted smart and presentable young men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">History</span><br />
Masaru Ibuka, the co-founder of Sony:<br />
<br />
In
late 1945, after the end of World War II, Masaru Ibuka started a
radio repair shop in a bomb-damaged department store building in
Nihonbashi of Tokyo. The next year, he was joined by his colleague,
Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo
K.K., (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). The company
built Japan's first tape recorder called the Type-G.<br />
<br />
In
the early 1950s, Ibuka traveled in the United States and heard
about Bell Labs' invention of the transistor.[8] He convinced Bell
to license the transistor technology to his Japanese company. While
most American companies were researching the transistor for its
military applications, Ibuka and Morita looked to apply it to
communications. Although the American companies
Regency[disambiguation needed] and Texas Instruments built the
first transistor radios, it was Ibuka's company that made them
commercially successful for the first time.<br />
<br />
In
August 1955, Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo released the Sony TR-55, Japan's
first commercially produced transistor radio.[9] They followed up in
December of the same year by releasing the Sony TR-72, a product
that won favor both within Japan and in export markets, including
Canada, Australia, the Netherlands and Germany. Featuring six
transistors, push-pull output and greatly improved sound quality,
the TR-72 continued to be a popular seller into the early sixties.<br />
<br />
In
May 1956, the company released the TR-6, which featured an
innovative slim design and sound quality capable of rivaling
portable tube radios. It was for the TR-6 that Sony first contracted
"Atchan", a cartoon character created by Fuyuhiko Okabe, to become
its advertising character. Now known as "Sony Boy", the character
first appeared in a cartoon ad holding a TR-6 to his ear, but went
on to represent the company in ads for a variety of products well
into the mid-sixties.[8] The following year, 1957, Tokyo Tsushin
Kogyo came out with the TR-63 model, then the smallest (112 × 71 × 32
mm) transistor radio in commercial production. It was a worldwide
commercial success.[8]<br />
<br />
University of Arizona
professor Michael Brian Schiffer, Ph.D., says, "Sony was not first,
but its transistor radio was the most successful. The TR-63 of
1957 cracked open the U.S. market and launched the new industry of
consumer microelectronics." By the mid 1950s, American teens had
begun buying portable transistor radios in huge numbers, helping to
propel the fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units in
1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1968.<br />
<br />
Sony's headquarters moved to Minato, Tokyo from Shinagawa, Tokyo around the end of 2006.[10][11]<br />
Origin of name<br />
<br />
When
Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a romanized name to use to
market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials,
TTK. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company
Tokyo Kyuko was known as TKK.[8] The company occasionally used the
acronym "Totsuko" in Japan, but during his visit to the United
States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that
name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was "Tokyo
Teletech" until Morita discovered that there was an American
company already using Teletech as a brand name.[12]<br />
<br />
The
name "Sony" was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One
was the Latin word Sonus which is the root of "sonic" and "sound"
and the other was "sonny," a familiar term used in 1950s America to
call a boy.[7] The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55
transistor radio, appeared in 1955 but the company name did not
change to Sony until January 1958.<br />
<br />
At the time of
the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use
Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The
move was not without opposition: TTK's principal bank at the time,
Mitsui, had strong feelings about the name. They pushed for a name
such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita
was firm, however, as he did not want the company name tied to any
particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Bank's
chairman gave their approval.FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-61015693416306525262011-11-09T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.178-08:00SONY SLV-225 CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-14630493399607940832011-11-08T18:00:00.000-08:002015-03-13T09:11:56.779-07:00JVC HR-7700EK YEAR 1980.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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JVC HR-7700EK YEAR 1980.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Wave bands VHF/UHF <br />Details Video-Taperecorder/-Player; Radio Control (+Remote Wire etc)<br />Power type and voltage Alternating Current supply (AC) / 110; 127; 220; 240 Volt<br />Loudspeaker - For headphones or amp.<br />Video Cassette Recorder HR-7700 EG - JVC - Victor Company of Japan,<br />Material Various materials Shape Tablemodel, low profile (big size).<br />Dimensions (WHD) 470 x 153 x 373 mm / 18.5 x 6 x 14.7 inch<br /><br />JVC Video Cassette Recorder HR-7700 EG,<br />Video-Format: VHS-Standard, Frontlader, VHF/UHF.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"> <b>PAL and NTSC VHS video tapes Tape speed:</b></span><br />
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PAL<br />
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SP: 23,39 mm/sec<br />
LP: 11,7 mm/sec<br />
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NTSC<br />
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SP: 33.35 mm/sec (1 3/8 inches/s)<br />
LP: 16.67 mm/sec (11/16 inches/s)<br />
EP: 11.11 mm/sec (7/16 inches/s)<br />
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Tape formats<br />
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| PAL/SECAM times | NTSC times<br />
name length/metres | SP LP | SP LP EP<br />
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E-30 45 m 30 min 60 min 22 min 44 min 66 min<br />
E-60 88 m 60 min 120 min 44 min 88 min 132 min<br />
E-90 130 m 90 min 180 min 65 min 130 min 195 min<br />
E-120 173 m 120 min 240 min 86 min 172 min 258 min<br />
E-180 258 m 180 min 360 min 129 min 258 min 387 min<br />
E-240 346 m 240 min 480 min 173 min 346 min 519 min<br />
E-300 432 m 300 min 600 min 216 min 432 min 648 min<br />
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T-20 44 m 28 min 56 min 20 min 40 min 60 min<br />
T-30 64 m 42 min 84 min 30 min 60 min 90 min<br />
T-45 94 m 63 min 126 min 45 min 90 min 135 min<br />
T-60 125 m 84 min 168 min 60 min 120 min 180 min<br />
T-90 185 m 126 min 252 min 90 min 180 min 270 min<br />
T-120 246 m 169 min 338 min 120 min 240 min 360 min<br />
T-160 326 m 225 min 450 min 160 min 320 min 480 min<br />
T-200 407 m 281 min 562 min 200 min 400 min 600 min</span><br />
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<b>JVC - Victor Company of Japan, Ltd.; Yokohama (J) <br />Abbreviation: jvc</b><br />Products: Model types Others<br />Summary: <br /><br />JVC - Victor Company of Japan, Ltd., Yokohama.<br />It is a leading company in the audiovisual field and has set some world wide standards like the VHS video format.<br />Founded: 1927<br />History: <br />Since its foundation as a manufacturer of records and phonographs in 1927 ("The Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan, Limited"), Victor Company of Japan, Ltd. (JVC) has been a long-time leader of hardware and software development in the audiovisual field.<br /><br />JVC's technology has been instrumental in shaping the way society gathers and views information. Breakthroughs such as 45/45 stereo record systems, 4-channel stereo systems, 2-head VTR's and the invention of the VHS video format in 1976, have all radically impacted communications and entertainment standards, spawning new industry around the world.<br /><br />JVC's commitment to "standard unification" of the VHS format has allowed JVC to deliver customer-oriented products, and has ensured that JVC's VHS video equipment has gained reliability as a life-long tool. VHS has grown with the development of W-VHS to comply with next-generation wide-screen TVs as well as D-VHS for digital technology.<br />
<br />Victor Company of Japan, Limited (JVC) ist ein Unternehmen mit Sitz in Yokohama, Japan, das sowohl Unterhaltungselektronik für den Heimanwender und die Unterhaltungsindustrie als auch medientechnische Geräte für semiprofessionelle und professionelle Anwendungen entwickelt und vertreibt. Es hat etwa 36.000 Angestellte (2003). Das Unternehmen wurde am 13. September 1927 als Tochtergesellschaft der US-amerikanischen Victor Talking Machine Company gegründet, löste sich aber mit Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges von seiner Muttergesellschaft. Anfangs befasste JVC sich mit der Herstellung von Schallplatten und deren Verbesserung, z. B. der Entwicklung des 45/45-Stereoformates. Viele markterfolgreiche Innovationen folgten und haben JVC stetig wachsen lassen. 1954 wurde JVC von Matsushita übernommen.<br />1976 brachte JVC den ersten VHS-Videorekorder für den Heimgebrauch mit der Modellbezeichnung HR-3300 auf den Markt. Ab 1986 entwickelte JVC ein verbessertes VHS-Format (S-VHS, erstes Modell: HR-S5000 PAL bzw. HR-S7000 NTSC) und das kleinere VHS-C-Format für tragbare Recorder und Camcorder. 1995 folgte der erste Digital-Camcorder im Taschenformat (JVC GR DV-1) und seit 2002 Plasmabildschirme. Im Bereich der Unterhaltungselektronik brachte JVC 1991 die weltweit erste Micro-HiFi-Anlage (UX-1) auf den Markt. Als europäische Ableger wurden 1977 die JVC (U.K.) Limited gegründet. In Deutschland hatte die Firma U.J.Fiszman, Frankfurt/M. den Exclusivvertrieb ab 1960-1993. Eingeschlossen in diesem Werksvertrag waren auch die Comecon-Staaten auf die 1960 in Japan keinerlei Interesse bestand . Aber Fiszman hatte den Riecher dafür .In 1978 wurde die JVC-Deutschland GmbH (seit 1993 in Friedberg) gegründet die zu ihren Frankfurter Zeiten weiter in den Gebäuden von Fiszman firmierte .. Aufgrund hoher Verluste von JVC begann Matsushita 2007 mit einem teilweisen Verkauf an Kenwood und damit einer Reduzierung seiner Firmenanteile. Am 1. Oktober 2008 wurde JVC mit Kenwood zur JVC KENWOOD Holdings zusammengeschlossen.FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-22871398975777037842011-11-08T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.095-08:00JVC HR-7700EK CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">JVC HR-7700EK , </span><span style="font-size: small;">Tape loading apparatus in a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus:</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAoxq9pbAIXdVaizncSo6MX0eEechgX0kEsYwrRpjt_7h7kGxsQo5zYKE7yBPKfQzJz3KZofYn0OrwUKARZdjQnLWdzPWIyNIjXO_vFqyS4LgFa-Hp_eQ7NAksqqVahZ0v-btk89eFjAY/s1600/IMGH_04088.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAoxq9pbAIXdVaizncSo6MX0eEechgX0kEsYwrRpjt_7h7kGxsQo5zYKE7yBPKfQzJz3KZofYn0OrwUKARZdjQnLWdzPWIyNIjXO_vFqyS4LgFa-Hp_eQ7NAksqqVahZ0v-btk89eFjAY/s320/IMGH_04088.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b>Disclosed is a magnetic tape recording and reproducing apparatus or
video tape recorder apparatus in which a magnetic tape is drawn out from
a tape cassette by means of tape lead-out pins and brought into close
contact with a head cylinder containing rotating heads. Each of the tape
lead-out pins is mounted on a movable base having an engaging member
which is adapted to bear against a first stopper for defining a limit of
the tape lead-out movement of the movable base in the horizontal
direction, while the movements of the movable base in the vertical
direction are limited by a second stopper and lateral movements of the
base are restricted by a third stopper, whereby the movable bases each
having a tape lead-out pin are positively constrained at predetermined
positions after the tape has been drawn out from the tape cassette.<br />
<br />
1. In a magnetic tape
recording and reproducing device of the helical scanning type, apparatus
for loading in said device a magnetic tape contained within a cassette
comprising <br />
a base plate; <br />
a head cylinder mounted on said base plate and having a plurality of rotary heads associated therewith; and <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycB4lvUgvlcCkYmTHKGeDScvWvmsalu6VG-SFDtSWnbw2WTetGuP3_wGNhQyAopUE7iPdHY4wWADVR0GLZiNsIN0wA4lRR85KxP-PMDEcRo0rzoRLyjSwy4hTgPniQDRuPk4DNuq3VFA/s1600/IMGH_04090.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycB4lvUgvlcCkYmTHKGeDScvWvmsalu6VG-SFDtSWnbw2WTetGuP3_wGNhQyAopUE7iPdHY4wWADVR0GLZiNsIN0wA4lRR85KxP-PMDEcRo0rzoRLyjSwy4hTgPniQDRuPk4DNuq3VFA/s320/IMGH_04090.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> a pair of tape lead-out mechanisms provided at opposing sides of said head cylinder, said tape lead-out mechanisms comprising <br />
movable means movable along guide paths located on both sides of said
cylinder and extending between a first position adjacent said head
cylinder and a second position adjacent a cassette loaded in said
device, <br />
a tape lead-out pin fixedly mounted on said movable means and having upper and lower portions, <br />
driving means for advancing and retarding said movable means along said guide paths, <br />
stopper means including <br />
first means including means for holding, in said first position, said
movable means so as to prevent said movable means from further advancing
beyond said first position, <br />
second means for preventing, in
said first position, said movable means from moving in a direction
substantially perpendicular to the plane including said base plate, and <br />
third means for preventing, in said first position, said movable means
from moving in the plane substantially perpendicular to the advancing
direction of said m<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycB4lvUgvlcCkYmTHKGeDScvWvmsalu6VG-SFDtSWnbw2WTetGuP3_wGNhQyAopUE7iPdHY4wWADVR0GLZiNsIN0wA4lRR85KxP-PMDEcRo0rzoRLyjSwy4hTgPniQDRuPk4DNuq3VFA/s1600/IMGH_04090.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycB4lvUgvlcCkYmTHKGeDScvWvmsalu6VG-SFDtSWnbw2WTetGuP3_wGNhQyAopUE7iPdHY4wWADVR0GLZiNsIN0wA4lRR85KxP-PMDEcRo0rzoRLyjSwy4hTgPniQDRuPk4DNuq3VFA/s320/IMGH_04090.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ovable means, said first, second and third means
being integrally incorporated as part of a stationary post and said
guide paths consisting of arcuate guide grooves, and <br />
spring
means for causing said movable means to abut against said base plate
under resilient pressure thereby preventing said movable means from
being disengaged from said guide grooves.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
2. A tape loading apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein said lead-out pin fixed to said movable means engages the first
and third means of said stopper means and a projection fixed to said
movable means engages the second means of said stopper means.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
3. A tape loading apparatus as set forth in claim 2
wherein said first means has a V-like recess for receiving therein said
lead-out pin when said movable means comes to said first position.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
4. A tape loading apparatus as set forth in claim 3
wherein t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s1600/IMGH_04102.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s320/IMGH_04102.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>he upper portion of said tape lead-out pin engages said V-like
groove. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. A tape loading apparatus as set forth in claim 2
wherein said second means is formed with a reference surface, and said
projection is formed with a contacting surface with which said reference
surface makes contact when said movable means comes to said first
position, thereby preventing the movable means from moving in a
direction substantially perpendicular to the plane including said base
plate. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. An apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein said
second means comprises a concave recess for receiving therein said
projection with the upper surface of said projection engaging the upper
wall surface of said concave recess when said tape lead-out pin is
received in said V-like recess. <br />
<br clear="all" />
7. A tape loading apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein said tape lead-out mechanism further comprises a correcting post
mounted on said movable means, said correcting post ensuring that the
magnetic tape led-out from said cassette defines a predetermined angle
with respect to the central axis of said head cylinder when the magnetic
tape is wound around said head cylinder. <br />
<br clear="all" />
8. A tape loading apparatus as set forth in claim 7
wherein said third means has a U-like recess for snugly receiving
therein said lead-out pin. <br />
<br clear="all" />
9. A tape loading apparatus as set forth in claim 8
wherein the lower portion of said tape lead-out pin engages said U-like
recess. <br />
<br clear="all" />
10. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein
said first means has a V-like recess therein and said third means has a
U-like recess therein, both of said means being simultaneously and
positionally adjustable. <br />
<br clear="all" />
11. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein
said guide grooves are formed in said base plate, said movable means
being slidably disposed within said guide grooves. <br />
<br clear="all" />
12. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein
said driving means comprises a rotary ring. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
This invention relates in general to a magnetic recording
and reproducing apparatus such as a video tape recorder (hereinafter
referred to as recorder of t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s1600/IMGH_04091.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s320/IMGH_04091.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>he helical scanning type) in which a
magnetic tape contained in a tape cassette is drawn out and wound
helically around a head cylinder over a predetermined angular distance,
the head cylinder containing a plurality of rotating heads. In
particular, the invention concerns the structure of such a recorder
apparatus in which the magnetic tape is adapted to be automatically led
out from the tape cassette set in the apparatus and automatically loaded
on various mechanisms constituting the recording and reproducing
portions of the recorder. <br />
In a recorder apparatus of the helical
scanning type, it is required that the magnetic tape, as it is drawn out
from the tape cassette, be precisely wound around the head cylinder
which is inclined at a predetermined angle. To this end, the locations
as well as inclinations of guide posts positioned at the inlet and exit
sites of the magnetic tape relative to the head cylinder must be
carefully and accurately determined. <br />
Recently, there have been
developed VTR apparatus in which the magnetic tape is automatically led
out from the tape cassette and wound around the head cylinder with the
aid of tape lead-out pins. When these pins are intended to be used as
the tape guide posts after the tape has been loaded, they must be
fixedly held precisely at respective predetermined positions. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s1600/IMGH_04102.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s320/IMGH_04102.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a><br />
An
object of the invention is to provide a magnetic tape recording and
reproducing apparatus in which the tape lead-out pins serving for both
leading out the magnetic tape from a tape cassette set in the apparatus
and subsequently guiding the thus loaded magnetic tape can be positively
and fixedly held precisely at predetermined guide positions without any
movement in any direction. <br />
With the above object in view, there
is provided according to one aspect of the present invention, a magnetic
recording and reproducing apparatus of the rotating head type
comprising a base plate, a head cylinder of cylindrical shape mounted on
the base plate and containing rotating heads, movable bases mounted on
the base plate on each side of the head cylinder so as to be movable,
respectively, between first positions adjacent to the head cylinder and
second positions adjacent to a loaded magnetic tape cassette, tape
lead-out pins each mounted on each of the movable bases, driving means
for moving the movable bases between the first and second positions,
first stopper means adapted to engage with the movable bases (or
alternatively first members mounted respectively on the movable bases)
thereby to limit the movements of the movable bases at the first
position, second stopper means adapted to engage with the movable bases
(or alternatively second members mounted on the movable bases) thereby
to prevent movement of the movable bases in directions substantially
perpendicular to the plane of the base plate at the first positions, and
third stopper means adapted to engage with the movable bases (or
alternatively third members mounted on the movable bases) at the first
position thereby to prevent movements of the movable bases in lateral
directions substantially perpendicular to the moving directions of the
movable base. <br />
The above and other objects, features and
advantages of the invention will become more apparent from detailed
description of preferred embodiments of the invention taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a
perspective view showing schematically an example of a magnetic tape
cassette employed in a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus or
VTR apparatus according to the present invention, <br />
FIG. 2 is a top
plan view showing an embodiment of a magnetic recording and reproducing
apparatus according to the invention in a state before the magnetic
tape is loaded, <br />
FIG. 3 is a similar view to FIG. 2 and shows the same in a state after the tape cassette has been loaded, <br />
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a tape lead-out mechanism of a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, <br />
FIG. 5 is a side view of the tape leading-out mechanism shown in FIG. 4 with a portion shown in section, <br />
FIG. 6 is a front view of the same with a portion shown in section, <br />
FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view of the same, <br />
FIG. 8 shows the same in a side view with some portions shown in section, <br />
FIG.
9A is a perspective view of a stopper means employed in an embodiment
of a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus according to the
present invention, <br />
FIG. 9B is a top plan view of the same with a portion being broken away, <br />
FIG. 9C is a side view of the same with some portions shown in section, <br />
FIG. 9D is a bottom plan view of the same with some parts being omitted, <br />
FIG.
10 shows a front view of the stopper means mounted on a base plate of a
magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus with some portions broken
away, <br />
FIG. 11 is a partial sectional side view of the tape
lead-out mechanism and the stopper means to illustrate relations
existing therebetween, <br />
FIG. 12A is a top plan view showing
schematically the tape lead-out mechanism and the stopper means in the
state in which both are engaged with each other, <br />
FIG. 12B is a partial sectional side view of the same, <br />
FIG. 12C is a schematic bottom plan view of the same, <br />
FIG.
13 is a plan view showing a main portion of a magnetic recording and
reproducing apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention, <br />
FIG. 14 is a partially sectioned side view of the same, and <br />
FIG. 15 is a fragmental side view showing a portion of the structure shown in FIG. 13.<br />
<br />
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Referring
to FIGS. 1 and 2 which show a tape cassette to be employed in a
magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus such as a magnetic tape
recorder a tape cassette body 1 accommodating therein a tape supply reel
2 and a winding reel 3 on which is loaded a magnetic tape 4 suspended
under tension through guide posts 6, 5a and 5b. The tape 4 is partially
exposed to the exterior through an opening window portion formed in the
cassette body in one lateral side thereof. There are formed in the
window or open portion notches 7 and 8 for accommodating therein tape
lead-out pins or the like and a concave notch 9 for receiving therein a
capstan. The notches 7, 8 and 9 will also be described hereinbelow. The
magnetic tape 4 extends transversely across these notches 7, 8 and 9
under tension. When the tape cassette is not used, the window or opening
portion is covered by a cover member 1a which is pivotally mounted on
the cassette body 1 so as to expose partially the magnetic tape 4 when
the cassette is loaded in the recorder in a manner such as shown in FIG.
1. <br />
Referring to FIG. 2 which shows a magnetic tape recorder
according to the present invention in a top plan view with the top cover<br />
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removed, the aforementioned cassette body 1 is loaded on a base plate
10 in a predetermined position with the supply reel 2 fitted on a supply
reel supporting member 11 and the winding-on reel 3 fitted on an
associated supporting member 12. Reference numeral 62 denotes an erase
head; 63, a head for a control signal and an audio signal; 64, an
electric motor for a capstan 65; and 66, a pinch roller. Numerals I and
II denote generally a pair of magnetic tape lead-out mechanisms or
assemblies for leading out a magnetic tape 4 from the cassette 1 and for
winding it around a head cylinder 13 which is mounted on the supporting
base plate 10 in an inclined position. <br />
The construction of the
tape lead-out mechanism I will be described in detail with reference to<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
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FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. Reference numeral 14 denotes a base portion of
the tape lead-out assembly, which base has two smooth faces 15a and 15b
in parallel with each other. On the smooth surface 15a there is provided
a hub 16 having a diameter D and a pin 47.Mounted on the smooth
surface 15a of the base portion 14 at one end thereof is a projecting
piece 18 having a flat face 17 substantially flush with the plane of the
flat surface 15a. The flat face 17 may be lower than the flat surface
15a at a distance indicated by t in FIG. 5. In the illustrated
embodiment, the tolerance t is in the range of 0.02 to 0.05 mm and may
vary depending upon the precision required in a practical apparatus. The
width W of the projecting piece 18 is selected to be narrower than the
width T of a guide groove 19 provided in the base plate 10. In the case
of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the guide groove is of arcuate
shape having a predetermined radius. It is, however, noted that the
configuration of the guide groove is not restricted to such arcuate
shape but my be a segment having a parabolic shape or any other shape so
that the groove 19 extends from the notched portion 7 of the loaded
tape cassette 1 and passes by a side portion of the head cylinder 13.
The width T of the groove is selected substantially equal to the
diameter D of the hub 16 so that the latter is slidably engaged in the
former, as shown in FIG. 6. In this manner, the base portion 14 of the
lead-out assembly can be slidably guided on the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s1600/IMGH_04091.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s320/IMGH_04091.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> base plate 10 along the
guide groove 19. Further, because the width W of the projecting piece 18
is smaller than the width T of the guide groove 19 while the latter is
substantially equal to the diameter D of the hub, the base portion 14
can be pivoted to some degree about the hub 16 in the direction
indicated by arrow A--A', as is shown in FIG. 7. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSqzeG-db-PnstM4-Ix181oHCfhegjOeaFOGkiCPJQoJDqfYJqDxNY7pVApj4HAoEZu7GWC4rxJD1_Zu6qjEQ1FFmS8jU-0gYwO0gp3O3WTzF5XbqJx0S9wNx8NQBt3AFPPw7ygAsMlyU/s1600/JVC-VHS-HR-7700EK-TAPELOAD-5__VRMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSqzeG-db-PnstM4-Ix181oHCfhegjOeaFOGkiCPJQoJDqfYJqDxNY7pVApj4HAoEZu7GWC4rxJD1_Zu6qjEQ1FFmS8jU-0gYwO0gp3O3WTzF5XbqJx0S9wNx8NQBt3AFPPw7ygAsMlyU/s1600/JVC-VHS-HR-7700EK-TAPELOAD-5__VRMS.jpg" height="320" width="217" /></a>A vertical pin 20 is
anchored in the base portion 14 perpendicular to the flat and smooth
face 15a and projects for a short distance from the face 15a and for a
longer distance from the flat surface 15b. The vertical pin 20 engages
the magnetic tape 4 in the cassette 1, and after the tape has been led
out of the cassette, the pin 20 functions as a guide pin for defining
the running path of the tape 4. Reference numeral 21 denotes the fitting
portion of a correcting post 22 inclined at a predetermined angle θ
relative to the flat surface 15b. The fitting portion is fixedly secured
on the flat or smooth face 15b of the base portion 14 by means of a
screw 59 so that the axis of the post 22 intersects that of the
upstanding pin 20. The screw 59 is received in a mounting aperture slot
60 which is elongated in the transversal direction of the guide groove
19, as can be seen from FIG. 4. With such arrangement, when the screw 59
is loosened, it is possible to make the base fitting portion 21 of the
correcting post 22 pivot around the vertical lead-out pin within a
limited angular distance in the direction indicated by arrows B--B',
thereby providing a fine adjustment for positioning the correcting post
22. <br />
A leaf spring 23 having a forked end portion is mounted on a
seat 24 provided on the flat surface 15a of the tape lead-out base
portion 14 in the manner shown in FIGS. 5, 7 and 8 and causes the smooth
face 15a of the base portion 14 to abut against the top surface of the
base plate 10 under resilient pressure and to prevent the base portion
14 from being disengaged fr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s1600/IMGH_04102.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s320/IMGH_04102.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>om the guide groove 19. <br />
In the
foregoing, the construction of the tape lead-out mechanism I has been
described. It should be noted that the tape lead-out mechanism II has
the same structure as the mechanism I except that the geometrical
arrangement of the components and parts constituting the tape lead-out
mechanism II is symmetrical to that of the above described mechanism I
with respect to a center line extending therebetween, as can be seen in
FIG. 2, and that a correcting post 22' is inclined outwardly from a
vertical pin 20'. In other points the structure of the tape lead-out
mechanism or assembly II is substantially the same as that of the
mechanism I and therefore a detailed description thereof is unnecessary.
For a better understanding of the mechanism II, like reference numerals
each with a prime designate corresponding components or parts to that
in the mechanism I. <br />
The position of the tape lead-out mechanisms I
and II after the magnetic tape 4 has been pulled out of the cassette 1
are limited by associated stoppers 25 and 25'. Since these stopper 25
and 25' are also of the same structure except for the symmetrical
arrangement thereof, a detailed description will be provided only for
the stopper 25 by referring to FIGS. 2, 9A to 9D, and 10. <br />
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As can
be seen from these drawings, the stopper 25 is composed of a pair of
forwardly projecting plates 27 and 61 disposed in parallel and in
opposition to each other. The upper projecting plate 27 is formed with a
V-like notch 26, while the lower projecting plate 28 is formed with a
U-like notch 61. The disposition of these plates 27 and 61 is made in
such way that the axial line c--c' crossing through the center lines
a--a' and b--b' of the V- and U-like notches 26 and 28 extends
perpendicular to the upper surface of the base plate 10, as can be seen
from FIGS. 9B, 9D and 10. The width S of the U-like notch 28 is
substantially equal to the diameter of the vertical pin 20 described
herein before so that the pin 20 may be received in the U-like notch 28,
as indicated by the broken line in FIG. 9D. The stopper 25 is mounted
on the base plate 10 through a mounting arm 25a so as to be pivotable
around a stud 29 and is adapted to be fixedly secured at a predetermined
position by a screw 30 through an elongated slot 31 formed in the arm
plate 25a. The stopper 25 mounted on the base plate 10 may be pivoted
about the stud 29 to some degree in the direction Y--Y' (FIG. 2). The
stopper 25 has an inclined guide surface 32 which serves as a guide for
guiding the projecting piece 18 formed in the base portion 14 of the
tape lead-out mechanism I into a position where the projecting piece 18
is engaged in a recess 33 formed in the stopper 25, when the base
portion 14 has moved in the direction denoted by X during the tape
lead-out operation thereof, as is shown in FIG. 11. Since the structure
of the stopper 25' is symmetrical to the stopper 25, further description
of the stopper 25' is not needed. The components of the stopper 25'
corresponding to those of stopper 25 are denoted by like reference
numerals each attached to a prime. In this connection, it is to be noted
that the guide grooves 19 and 19' of the tape lead-out assemblies I and
II have, respectively, a predetermined curvature having center points
34 and 34', and that the studs 29, 29' for pivotably attaching the
mounting arms 25a, 25a' of the stopper 25 or 25' are respectively
positioned on lines z--z and z'--z' passing through the above mentioned
respective center points 34, 34' and each of the center positions 35,
35' of the tape lead-out pins 20, 20' when<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s1600/IMGH_04091.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s320/IMGH_04091.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> they are stationary engaged
in the V-like notchs 26, 26' of the stoppers 25, or 25'. In practice, it
is required to adjust the positions of the stoppers 25 and 25' to some
degree in either direction when the running path of the magnetic tape 4
and particularly, the envelope thereof is to be adjusted. To the end,
the centers of the V-like notches 26 and 26' may ideally be adjusted in
their positions along the curvatures of the grooves 19 and 19' during
the adjustment of the stopper 25 and 25'. However, such procedure is not
suitable for mass production of the apparatus. Alternatively, it is
proposed that the stoppers 25 and 25' be pivottably adjustable about the
mounting studs 29 and 29' so as to give substantially the same effect
as if they were displaced along the curvature of the guide grooves 19
and 19'. The degree of adjustment is within an extremely limited
rotation range, since, in practice, the adjustable range of the stopper
25 and 25' about the stud 29 or 29' is on the order of 1 mm. <br />
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Referring
to FIGS. 13 and 14 in combination with FIG. 2, reference numerals 37
and 36 indicate rotatable tape loading rings or disks coaxially disposed
together in a superposed relation below the base plate 10 by means of
associated rollers 38a, 38b, 38c, 38d, 38e and 38f. Each of the loading
rings 37 and 36 is formed with gear teeth 39 and 40 in the peripheral
portions thereof over predetermined angular ranges of β and γ,
respectively. The loading ring 36 is provided with a slide member 41
which is slidably moved in the longitudinal direction as guided by
guides pins 42 and 42' anchored on the ring 36 and received in engaging
slots 44 and 44', respectively, which slots 44 and 44' are formed in the
slide member 41. The member 41 is usually biased in the direction
indicated by arrow M by means of a tension spring 43 connected to one
end thereof. At the other end, the slide member 41 is provided with a
bent portion 45 which is formed with an elongated slot 46 of a
sufficiently large width to allow a slidable engagement with the pin 47
provided in the hub portion 16 of the tape lead-out assembly I. The
elongated slot 46 is required to compensate for the difference between
the rotating path of the loading ring 36 and the sliding path of the
tape lead-out mechanism I. In this connection<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCEaxInqZVg2ph2nZofs8fPc6_eeC1oJco32FOxETQx0p_GkTYMztnqpchUriYu-w6AjxPfLPTg6PhtuorlZ2RzwU9JrbSo0csk3P08yPXRBontQNVFdISc2o0L9iDJZalTEvKKxeNF44/s1600/IMGH_04108.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCEaxInqZVg2ph2nZofs8fPc6_eeC1oJco32FOxETQx0p_GkTYMztnqpchUriYu-w6AjxPfLPTg6PhtuorlZ2RzwU9JrbSo0csk3P08yPXRBontQNVFdISc2o0L9iDJZalTEvKKxeNF44/s320/IMGH_04108.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>, it will be appreciated
that the slot 46 and the guide pin 47 may be provided in the reversed
relation, i.e., the former may be formed in the loading ring 36, while
the latter may be mounted on the slide member 41. <br />
In a similar
manner, the loading ring 37 is provided with a slide member 48 adapted
to be guided by means of pins 49 and 49' received in associated slots
and urged in the direction N by means of a tension spring 50. As in the
case of the slide member 41, the member 48 is provided with a bent
portion 51 which is formed with an elongated slot 52 having a sufficient
large width to allow a slidable engagement with the pin 47' provided in
the hub portion 16' of the tape lead-out mechanism II. <br />
Reference
numeral 53 denotes a spur gear meshed with the toothed peripheral
portion 39 of the loading ring or disk 37. Another spur gear 54 is
engaged with both the spur gear 53 and the toothed peripheral portion 40
of the loading ring or disk and adapted to be rotated by a loading
motor (not shown) by way of a worm 55 and a worm gear 56 shown in FIG.
15. In more detail the arrangement is such that the loading rings or
disks 36 and 37 are rotated in opposite directions upon the rotation of
the loading motor in either direction. Referring to FIG. 13, a limit
switch 57 is provide for terminating<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s1600/IMGH_04091.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s320/IMGH_04091.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> the loading operation. In more
detail, the switch 57 is adapted to engage with a cam portion 58 formed
in the loading ring 36 at the end of the rotation of the loading rings
36 and 37 over respective predetermined angular ranges, thereby
interrupting a power supply to the loading motor to stop rotation of the
loading rings 36 and 37. <br />
The tape loading operation of the
above-described apparatus will now be described. When a tape cassette
such as shown in FIG. 1 is loaded in a magnetic tape recorder having the
above-mentioned structure, the cassete is lowered into the body of the
recorder by means of an elevation mechanism, which itself is known to
those skilled in the art, to such a position that the vertical tape
lead-leadingout pins 20 and 20' as well as correcting posts 22 and 22'
may be received in the notched recesses 7 and 8 formed in the tape
cassette body 1. The capstan 65 is received in the notched recess 9.
Refer to FIG. 2. In this manner, the tape lead-out mechanisms I and II
come to positions in which they engage with the loading rings 36 and 37,
as shown in FIG. 2. <br />
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The rotation angle α of each of the loading rings
36 and 37, which angle is attained when the cam portion 58 has come to
the position to actuate the limit switch, is selected to be greater than
the angle ∠ PQR, where P is the geometrical center point of the
vertical pin 20 or 20' located in the notched recesses 7 and 8 formed in
the tape cassette, as is shown by the solid line in FIG. 2, Q is the
common center of the rotation of the loading rings 36 and 37, and R is
the geometrical center position of the upstanding pin 20 or 20'
stationarily engaged in the V-like recesses 26 or 26' of the stopper 25
or 25' which are represented by broken lines 35 and 35' in FIG. 2. <br />
In
the reproduction mode, when an associated push button (not shown) is
pressed down, the loading motor is energized to start the rotation of
the loading rings 36<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s1600/IMGH_04102.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3igdnAMK-afOeDsxZ7nUXWS58q_qdTHZ9lvDwx8zg0TWnwIhD2NiNEatjp7cFl5GGSNFBrJYSUSHrEZLvDY0horRo4gA7JA9ANAV_JqeY9ku8dR3a44x1fmG74X2tVRdXfuiRHx-SNY/s320/IMGH_04102.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a> and 37 in the clockwise and counter-clockwise
directions, respectively, as the result of which the tape lead-out
mechanism I is slidably moved along the guide groove 19 in the direction
X, while the tape lead-out mechanism II is guided by the groove 19' in
the direction Y. In the meantime, the magnetic tape 4 is drawn out from
the cassette 1 by means of the vertical lead-out pins 20 and 20' as well
as the correcting posts 22 and 22' and contact is made with the
peripheral surface of the head cylinder 13. When the tape lead-out pins
have attained the position where they are engaged in the V-like notches
26 and 26' as well as the U-like notches 28 and 28' of the associated
stoppers 25 and 25', as shown in FIG. 3, <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRJ08WBmYwMnCa80TVu6m44Tw34pzu8yiHQ0Z8JdqL-7svZwOiZDYxttHKgQyWN38OzkyNxqKY_A4TnJqtFC2b0ATS-PvdL-vwaU1FRqwMFaH1OrQguCBxOML8w8IsVPayyR6v__YyPQ/s1600/JVC-VHS-HR-7700EK-TAPELOAD-3__VRMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRJ08WBmYwMnCa80TVu6m44Tw34pzu8yiHQ0Z8JdqL-7svZwOiZDYxttHKgQyWN38OzkyNxqKY_A4TnJqtFC2b0ATS-PvdL-vwaU1FRqwMFaH1OrQguCBxOML8w8IsVPayyR6v__YyPQ/s1600/JVC-VHS-HR-7700EK-TAPELOAD-3__VRMS.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a>the accompanying rotational
movements of the sliding members 41 and 48 mounted on the loading rings
36 and 37, respectively, are stopped, and thereafter only the loading
rings 36 and 37 are permitted to rotate until the cam 58 actuates the
limit switch 57 thereby terminating the lead-out operation. During this
phase of operation, the tension springs 43 and 50 are resiliently
expanded as the loading rings 36 and 37 are rotated, whereby the
restoring forces of the thus distorted springs 43 and 50 will press the
vertical pins 20 and 20' against the V-like grooves 26 and 26' of the
stoppers through the slide members 41 and 48. In this manner, the
vertical pins 20 and 20' are securely held against the V-like grooves 26
and 26' of the stoppers 25 and 25' under the resilient forces of the
tension springs 43 and 50. In this state, the loading motor is
deenergized and the loading rings 36 and 37 will stop at the attained
positions without being returned to the original position, because of
the provision of the worm 55 and worm gear 56 meshed with each other.
Subsequently, a plunger 68 is actuated to press the idler roll 66 to the
capstan 65 thereby causing the magnetic tape 4 to run for the
reproducing operation. <br />
It should be mentioned here that the head
cylinder 13 is inclined relative to a vertical line perpendicular to the
plane of the base plate 10 at an angle equal to the angle of the
correcting posts 22 and 22' inclined relative to the same vertical line
so that the magnetic tape 4 supplied from the source reel 2 and wound
around the winding reel 3 is perfectly contacted closely with the
peripheral surface of the rotating head cylinder. As will be seen from
FIG. 3, when the loading of the magnetic tape 4 has been completed, the
magnetic tape 4 runs from the supply reel 2 to the winding reel 3 <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s1600/IMGH_04091.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s320/IMGH_04091.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>by way
of the guide posts 6 and 5a, a tape tensioning pin 70, an auxiliary
lead-out pin 71, a stationary pin 72, the erasing head 62, the vertical
pin 20, the correcting post 22, the rotating head cylinder 13, the
correcting post 22', the other pin 20', the head 63 for control and
audio signals, the capstan 65 and the guide post 5b. The tape is
eventually wound on the winding reel 3. <br />
When the magnetic tape 4
is led out from the cassette 1, the vertical pins 20 and 20' as well as
the correcting pins 22 and 22' will serve as the guide pins for sliding
the tape 4 from the cassette 1 and then serve as the positioning pins
for ensuring that contact is made by the magnetic tape 4 with the
peripheral surface of the head cylinder 13, when the pins are pressed
against the stoppers 25 and 25'. Through these pins 20, 20' and posts
22, 22' of the tape lead-out mechanisms I and II are driven by the
annular loading rings 36 and 37 to lead out the magnetic tape 4, it will
be appreciated that the curvature of the moving path, which corresponds
to that of the guide groove 19 or 19' for the magnetic tape leading-out
mechanisms I and II, is not required to coincide with the curvature of
the loading ring 36 or 37 due to elongated slots 46, 52 provided in the
bent portions 45, 51. Thus, according to the teaching of the present
invention, a ring of a small diameter can be employed for the loading
rings 36 and 37. Additionally, when it is compared with the hitherto
known arrangement in which the tape lead-out assemblies I and II are
rotated by means of rotating arms, the use of the loading rings as in
the case of the illustrated embodiment of the present invention allows
other mecha<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ls_T9_FbmXIieo4pMWpTnFvdBqlioagmUiAbsiJedlueXZfKZACUu1s295xG2yM2ME20EaKob5uhmbM1jlq7jbkjLvgRLRvw-MJTHX_ypEalLAxSqU83DAGGfnV9yxCZ_k5BpJ8YU0o/s1600/IMGH_04110.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ls_T9_FbmXIieo4pMWpTnFvdBqlioagmUiAbsiJedlueXZfKZACUu1s295xG2yM2ME20EaKob5uhmbM1jlq7jbkjLvgRLRvw-MJTHX_ypEalLAxSqU83DAGGfnV9yxCZ_k5BpJ8YU0o/s320/IMGH_04110.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>nisms required in the recorder to be installed in space
available at the center portion of the loading rings, which
advantageously leads to a miniaturization of the overall size or
dimension of the recorder. Furthermore, the arrangement is such that the
pair of loading rings 36 and 37 are driven by a single loading motor
through a pair of meshed spur gears 53 and 54, thus the paired loading
rings 36 and 37 can be rotated at an equal speed in the opposite
directions with a simplified driving structure. <br />
Referring to FIG.
2, the auxiliary tape lead-out pin 71 is anchored to a rotatable arm 74
which is adapted to be swung about a stud 73 through a suitable driving
means (not shown). Upon inserting the tape cassette 1, the pin 71 is
positioned at the notched recess 7 of the cassette 1 and adapted to be
rotated for a predetermined angular distance during the tape loading
operation (FIG. 2) thereby assuring close contact of the magnetic tape 4
with the erasing head 62. <br />
The tension pin 70 is mounted on a
tension arm 76 pivoted about a stud 75. Before the magnetic tape has
been completely loaded, the arm 76 is enforcedly held in a position in
which the tension pin 70 is not yet in contact with the magnetic tape 4,
as is shown by a solid line in FIG. 2. After the completed tape loading
operation, the arm 76 is released from the above restrained state.
Then, the tension pin 70 will bear on the led-out tape 4 to serve
thereafter as the tension pin. <br />
Next, referring <br />
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to FIGS. 12A, 12B
and 12C, a description will be provided of the manner in which the
magnetic tape lead-out mechanism I is positively brought into engagement
with the stopper 25. As will be appreciated from the foregoing
description, the tape lead-out mechanism I, is moved with the rotation
of the loading ring 36 while the hub portion 16 slides in the guide
groove 19 without chattering. Accordingly, the tape lead-out mechanism I
will approach the stopper 25 as guided by the groove 19 and the
vertical pin 20 will at first engage in the V-like notch 26 of the
projection 27. At that time, the pin 20 will not undergo any lateral
movements and be positively positioned at the center of the V-like notch
since the vertical pin 20 has been stationarily positioned in the
V-like notch 26. Under such a condition, any further force which causes
the mechanism I to move upwardly can be suppressed by projection 18 of
the tape lead-out mechanism I which will bear against the upper surface
of the concave recess 33 formed in the stopper 25 sp as to be held at
this position. The lower portion of the vertical pin 20 is then
prevented from being moved laterally as it is snugly fitted in the
U-like groove 28 formed in the lower projection 61. In this manner the
vertical tape lead-out pin 20 is restricted at the end position of the
groove 19 against movement in any direction by means of the cooperating
V-like groove 26, U-like groove 28 and upper surface of the concaved
portion 33, whereby the pin 20 is positioned correctly and precisely
perpendicular to the plane of the base plate 10. Thus, in either
operation of the recorder in the reproducing or the recording mode, the
magnetic tape 4 is accurately placed in contact with the peripheral
surface of the rotating head cylinder 13 by means of the vertical tape
lead-out pin 20. The same will of course apply to the function of the
other pin 20'. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s1600/IMGH_04091.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVemiag5PpCo6BDzJkAbO8YCAd9j71XYPhQIwrj9Vn4WKvFW40w9Yi1WLOsIFGFZ3x9uq610iRGGU-Kfpj_w98c0cSV1lROFW5PUaxHQgQETlh6689mHTPgU0yXhMrVcFrlHqYnwsmhCs/s320/IMGH_04091.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><br />
When a button (not shown) for stopping the
operation of the recorder is depressed, the tape unloading condition is
set up, whereby the pins 20 and 20' are returned to and restored to the
original positions.FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-20732351482732642912011-11-07T18:00:00.000-08:002016-02-12T11:48:50.636-08:00PHILIPS VR2022S YEAR 1982.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: small;">The PHILIPS VR2022 was the second of the Philips V2000 VCR's to be sold in the UK.
Like it's predecessor, the VR2020 it had the destinctive
look which was to become the hall-mark of V2000 VCR's. All machines were top
loaders but with a difference. The cassette housing was hinged from the rear
so that in the open position it would glide up and open rather than pop up
like the mechanisms used in some other formats. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"> Like all V2000 VCR's this
model used Dynamic Track following which meant that there was no external
tracking control. The tracking was performed electronically and the video
heads followed the correct path guided by the action of the piezo-electric
crystals they were mounted on. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> The PHILIPS VR2022 video featured Philips unique
design philosphy which meant VCR operation could be quite different from ways
of Japanese videos on the market at the same time. One of the positive points
was the inclusion of a key-pad on the front panel which allowed direct entry
of time and date during clock/timer setting. An oddity was the omission of a
timer-record switch. There was no need for one as the VCR would simply go
into timer record at the appropiate time if it was left with an appropiate
tape in it. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Another nice use of the key-pad was a goto function which
allowed quick access to any part of the cassette. The VCR featured picture
search and reveiw modes were new for its time but did not a picture still
mode. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> This model was also marketed in the UK under the PYE brand name.
</span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">General Construction</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">
On the plus side these VCR's were construted in a modular fashion with
each printed circuit board carrying out a distinct function.
On the down side, these many PCB are connected together using plugs,
sockets and wire links which are prone to failure. The electronics
inside the VCR's is by todays standard fairly straight forward with
many discrete componenets being used together to perform the complex
functions required. This means getting hold of components to repair
electrical problems is by and large still possible. However this good
news is more than wiped out by the fact that it is now near impossible
to get hold of mechanical parts such as pressure rollers, capstan motors
and video heads. For the most part it is a case of having to break up
several machines to get one working.
</span>Video heads for V2000 machines are now rare and extremely difficult to
obtain.
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Specifications</span></h1>
<table style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="50%"><h4 align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">System</span></h4>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video recording system
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">V2000, Rotary two-head helical scanning
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video Signal
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">CCIR standards, PAL colour
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Aerial input
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">75-ohm, asymmetrical aerial socket
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Channel coverage
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">UHF: Western European<br /> channels band IV/V
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">471.25-855.25 Mhz</span>
</dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">(Up to 99 programmes can be preset.)
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">RF output signal
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">UHF channels E30 to E43 (variable)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">75 ohms, unbalanced
</span><br />
<h4 align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">Video</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Horizontal resolution
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Luminance 3MHz ( -20db)<br />
Chroma 600khz (-26db)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">B/W:312 lines
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video S/N
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Better than 44dB CCIR
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;"> 421-2 annex III
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Drop-Out compensation
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;"> > 16db, 5 lines max
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio frequency response
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">50Hz to 10,000Hz </span><nobr><span style="font-size: small;">( 8db )</span></nobr>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio S/N
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Approx 50dB DIN 45500
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Inputs and outputs</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video input
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">VIDEO IN: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">1.0 V (p-p)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">75 ohms, unbalanced,
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">sync negative
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Video output
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">VIDEO OUT: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">1.0 V (p-p)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">75Ohms, unbalanced,
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">sync negative
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio inputs
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">AUDIO IN: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd></td><td valign="top" width="50%">
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Audio outputs
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">AUDIO OUT: Via A-V adaptor
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Tuner input sensitivity
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;"> < 120 µ V Band IV > V
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Tape transport</span></h4>
</dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">Tape speed 24.40 mm/sec.
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Maximum recording time
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">2 x 4 hours 0 min. (with VCC-480 cassette)
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Fast forward/rewind time
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">180 sec. (with VCC-480)
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Timer</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Clock
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">LED
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Time indication
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">24-hour cycle
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Timer setting Only for recording
</span></dt>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Power backup
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">incorporating self charging circuit
</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">General</span></h4>
</dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Power requirements
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">240v AC, 50-60 Hz
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Power consumption
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">75W ( 15W standby )
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Dimensions
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Approx. 540 x 365 x 365 mm (w/h/d)
</span></dd><dd><span style="font-size: small;">including projecting parts and controls
</span></dd>
<dt><span style="font-size: small;">Weight
</span></dt>
<dd><span style="font-size: small;">Approx. 17.5 kg net
</span></dd></dl>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Video 2000 was developed jointly by
Philips and Grundig as a replacement for their ageing VCR, VCR-LP and
SVR format machines and as a direct competitor to VHS and BETA. It
boasted a flip-over cassette fractionally bigger than a VHS cassette,
which could record up to 4 hours on each side. It also used a system of
"Automatic" tracking with it's Dynamic Track Following (DTF) system.
This meant that the tracking was always 100% perfect even on still pause
and picture search modes. It achieved this by having the video heads
mounted on piezo electric actuators which followed the tracks as they
were scanned.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> The first Video 2000 format machine from
Philips was the VR2020 of 1980. This was a pretty basic machine even by
1980 standards, but it sold in reasonable numbers. The first Grundig
V2000 machine was the model 700 "2x4", which was launched at pretty much
the same time*. The Grundig machine was slightly smaller and lighter
than the Philips, but had a virtually identical basic set of features. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Superficially the first generation
Philips Video 2000 machines resembled their earlier relatives, the VCR
and VCR-LP machines (N1500, N1700 etc.) They were roughly the same size
and weight as their older relatives and had the same "slopey front"
styling, however, inside they were far more advanced. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The new machines
were operated with all-electronic soft-touch buttons, and a
microprocessor was used to control the tape transport, the clock, the
counter and the timer. All the machines featured a "Goto" button whereby
a specific tape-counter number could dialled in and the machine would
speed off and find it. There was a problem with this because the tape
had to have been initially rewound to the beginning if the counter was
to be relied on to find a specific program. If the counter had gone
backwards beyond zero or had gone past 9999, then the machine would wind
the tape the wrong way to get to the specific number. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Although none of
the VR2020, VR2021 or VR2022 had a remote control facility as standard,
they could all be converted to remote control with a box that plugged
into the back of the machine and a little infra-red receiver which
clipped into the front.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Of the Philips VR2020 there were several
badge engineered versions from manufacturers such as ITT, Pye etc. Bang
and Olufsen made a version of the VR2020 called the 8800, but this
looked significantly different from the Philips original. It had a
remote control receiver built in as standard, but, strangely, it also
had a modified audio response to suit B&O's then current range of
televisions.etc.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Soon after the VR2020 came the Philips
VR2021 and <b>VR2022</b>. Although the VR2021 had an identical feature set to
the VR2020, it had more in common electronically with the VR2022 which
had extra "Trick-play" facilities such as noise-free picture search and
still pause. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> These two newer machines also used much nicer looking
chrome on the front panel instead of aluminium which tended to corrode
easily. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>There was briefly a stereo version of the VR2022 called the
<span style="color: red;">VR2022S but this was only available in certain European countries and
not in the UK.</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Next came the VR2023 and VR2024. These
machines resembled the 3 Philips Video 2000 machines before them,
although some of the timer controls were now covered by a little flap
and the search and still pause (and an extra slow-motion button) were on
separate buttons below the standard controls. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">These two new machines
also featured a remote control interface as standard. The difference
between the VR2023 and the VR2024 was that the latter model was a linear
stereo version of the VR2023, making it the first
(universally-available) stereo Video 2000 machine. Philips soon
discovered a problem with the front panels of these two machines: the
microprocessor that controlled the buttons would sometimes lock-up if
two buttons were pressed in quick succession which meant that if the
problem occurred, the machine had to be unplugged from the mains for a
few seconds before any further commands could be given.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The next Philips Video 2000 machine to
appear was the VR2025 and this was to be Philips' first front loading
Video 2000 machine. However, it was merely a Grundig "2x4 Stereo" with a
slightly different colour scheme and a Philips badge. No real attempt
was made to disguise this machine; it even had the classic Grundig
unfathomable timer, and peculiar tape transport legends such as "Tape"
which meant "Stop" and "Cassette" which meant "Eject". </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Later came a second generation of Philips
Video 2000 machines including a battery operated portable model. These
were all much smaller than their first generation relatives and
culminated in Philips' top models, the VR2350 "Matchline" and the VR2840
which featured linear stereo audio and a long-play mode (XL or
eXtra-Long) to provide a staggering 16 hours from a single tape, before
the format was discontinued in 1985.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">As a point of interest, Grundig made a
very cheap Video 2000 machine (model 1600) which didn't have Dynamic
Track Following at all, instead it used an "automatic tracking" system
like many VHS machines of the day. This was okay to replay tapes
recorded on itself but was famously awful when it came to replaying
tapes recorded on another machine.</span><br />
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.)</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s1600/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5721585787694646258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFKLT2ej6FFPDTvCg1YAPJdl6cHoegajYc6KCBc98qQSeefQupk3OnLNjy2kcJI7Vx0yuGV-o-rNlKDBFyWyfUHBEEqKIDPDhKI3LmGJ846X5ZscXChTaEs2Fjt9IlPA3xM2jacH7hQj4/s320/PHILIPS-ADVERT1979-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 226px;" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips is one of the largest </span><span style="font-style: italic;">electronics
companies in the world. In 2009, its sales were €23.18 billion. The
company employs 115,924 people in more than 60 countries.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips
is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles
(formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances
and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly
Philips Medical Systems).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The
company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of
Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light
bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives
as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company
started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known
worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic
valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer
Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their
electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco
brand name).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s1600/anton+philips.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566216731996475298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtG4pVtG-Vb0IbC99roUBrtCuK-Egzo_xq9bcM5KqYOa3NDxo2n8RmgfatMOEsl2D0GKZI6Pbqd4sfQ_pS0TSwTBkQYNw0JD2xrCp0U8fnVmPtGgz-m_U9hv9lEjGVtZCIJNjWz9Hpij4/s320/anton+philips.jpg" style="float: left; height: 304px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 200px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In
December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the
Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of
"disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling
80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity
investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts &amp; Co. (KKR),
Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a
process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a
separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic
options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a
letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were
speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone
entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then
that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the
most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and
the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those
involved with Semiconductors".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In its more than 115 year history, this co</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">unts
as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company.
Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the
transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the
electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and
building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such,
Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over
the past 50 years.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Agreeing
to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell
the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest
decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they
had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium
headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the
Semiconductors Division.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">On
1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new
semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Coinciding
with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced
that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus
becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).</span><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">PHILIPS</span> FOUNDATION:<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s1600/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231051095713186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7FPyYehMxZ4eyzASqvoFrdvXfo-MniNerO1brUbJuQvQaU9YCcT5esW08TBtbKkQ-gHkKlQs1bFvZ3dEh5KqvDTrDMIxH-4Y8T46zQz7c2HIMG1DQQ-byTKBhVcLOsSZ97VECN9tO9A/s320/MAIN-EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 41px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 348px;" /></a>The
foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips
established Philips &amp; Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The
company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of
the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe.
Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first
research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the
x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has
only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to
enrich people’s everyday lives.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In
the early years of Philips &amp;; Co., the representation of the
company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial
letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on
the glass of metal filament lamps.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
One
of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips
used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as
marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row
of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the
Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The
now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the
packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an
early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while
the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the
radio waves would travel.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>
stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring
this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle
emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At
this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the
company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent
Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of
other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the
combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield
emblem.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1938, the Philips
shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the
basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the
wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced
today.<br />
<br />
<b>The first steps of CRT</b> production by
Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips
Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics
laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe,
just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and
oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started
experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on
this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of
television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon
developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT
production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube
in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into
CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's
for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in
1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated
tubes like storage CRT's.<br />
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked
on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees
managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has
to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their
main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large
medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small
Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray
Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop
these new products was too big.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>28 of September 2012</b>,
Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube
factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so
much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland
about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115
years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and
acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic
decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of
years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.<br />
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gerard Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s1600/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229378365198642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Fzi3KLjN448h4f8kZtbfYyx08g5QZjPEKL7ohL2fl4Ksk2iqLiuVt6WAgRdAS74IPJRontU_eCItpzC5fYoE3lE59X1S78QUSA5HZ793wYZgobVf3uLVRgS894uNkyuk7P-SXZRBop4/s320/GERARD-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Gerard
Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27,
1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder
(with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family
business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed
the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips'
Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation,
Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Gerard
was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 –
12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active
in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands;
he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
Gerard
Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was
the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in
Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated
the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.<br />
<br />
Gerard
was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into
the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz
Otten.<br />
<br />
<br />
Gerard and his brother Anton
supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the
Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they
founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department
developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anton Philips</span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s1600/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753229383836616514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIyiMor0Nh3291BEDOXOWia1797dFJyt8GEDAvFZi11yb2Wb-dNonS7CsGxh18y7LkGOYk2ud26IN4R96N27cyi5pxxQ5hNfLi1f5eWyHVmc7nsB95xZiInAyuujs8StV5cdepYIu8UI/s320/ANTON-PHILIPS.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="150" /></a>Anton
Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7,
1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with
his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He
served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Early life and education<br />
<br />
Anton
was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David
Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in
the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He
was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years
older.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Career<br />
<br />
In
May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son
Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business.
In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips
Electronics N.V.<br />
<br />
During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increas<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a>e
sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several
countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.<br />
<br />
Anton
(and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In
Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities,
such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the
best-known example.<br />
<br />
Anton Philips brought his son Frits
Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times.
Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to
escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War
II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.<br />
<br />
His
son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the
occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of
Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews
by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them
evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.<br />
<br />
Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Marriage and family<br />
<br />
Philips
married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30,
1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:<br />
<br />
*
Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925
to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:<br />
o Diek Otten<br />
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips<br />
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)<br />
*
Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married
firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G.
Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married
thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November
8, 2005). They had the following children:<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on
February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja,
March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without
issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3,
1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to
Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise,
August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella
Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December
12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 –
Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and
wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at
Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes,
Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux,
without issue<br />
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre,
September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan
François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem
Pieter<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s1600/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5753231408203006162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy_jGohnEBmabsttjb5Go0qSuroylgrT3qhV6EQw9mCtud7KhZbH-YysoYvxrw2fAy36KXgSaaNrp3KHAjs0hX5__Q3FE5KNHoYyU5lpeIQCwqzg4EW0xYKtjNCQ3A6RDSq9Wa0EA9ww/s320/EMBLEM-PHILIPS.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 120px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 120px;" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;">(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)</span><br />
<br />
FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-79100385391953570432011-11-07T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.211-08:00PHILIPS VR2022S CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>PHILIPS VR2022S VIDEO 2000 Reversable video cassette: </b></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>A reversible video cassette
for portable video devices is described, said cassette having two
housing halves (7, 8), mounted displaceably for changing the distance
between the winding spools. The housing halves are connected to each
other by two flat guide parts (13, 14) arranged in parallel. The two
housing halves are releasably locked by two catch hooks (17, 18)
associated with the guide parts.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
VIDEO -WENDEKASSETTE PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Video-Wendekassette in Form eines im wesentlichen
quaderf·ormigen K·orpers mit zwei darin drehbar gelagerten Wickelspulen
f·ur das Magnetband und einer an einer schmalen L·angsfl·ache
vorgesehenen ·Offnung mit teilweise zur·uckgesetzter Geh·ausewand zur
freiliegenden Magnetbandf·uhrung, wobei die Kassette vorzugsweise aus
zwei verriegelbaren im wesentlichen geschlossenen Halbteilen besteht,
die zur Ver·anderung des Wickelspulenabstandes sowie zur Vergr·osserung
der freiliegenden Magnetbandl·ange verschiebbar gelagert sind, d a d u r
c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Verbindung der
verschiebbaren Kassetten<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPXMXjSHVJZJjgPyuXxfdxHjk_tX4aumxA5EQUy_Sj8jhiZexd9Aym3tmt75lGSGf9aqcGLFLz1giwRdZTSuA9WP0FcPtrs_MI-0FlVZRYJ_y1NWp6T6MmfH03ujBc4GnKIIQ-gs2OmBE/s1600/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPXMXjSHVJZJjgPyuXxfdxHjk_tX4aumxA5EQUy_Sj8jhiZexd9Aym3tmt75lGSGf9aqcGLFLz1giwRdZTSuA9WP0FcPtrs_MI-0FlVZRYJ_y1NWp6T6MmfH03ujBc4GnKIIQ-gs2OmBE/s320/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-1.jpg" height="320" width="226" /></a></div>
-Halbteile (7,8) durch zwei flache
F·uhrungsteile (13, 14) erfolgt, die in parallel angeordneten
F·uhrungsnuten (19, 20), die sich in den beiden ·ausseren schmalen
L·angsfl·achen (15, 16) der Geh·ausehalbteile befinden, eingelegt sind,
und die Verriegelung der beiden Halbteile durch zwei seitenversetzt den
F·uhrungsteilen zugeordnete Sperrhaken (17, 18) erfolgt. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Video-Wendekassette nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e
k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die F·uhrungsteile (13, 14) aus schmalen
bandartigen Metallstreifen bestehen. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. Video-Wendekassette nach den Anspr·uchen 1 und 2, d a
d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die F·uhrungsteile aus
antimagnetischem Federstahlband bestehen. <br />
<br clear="all" />
4. Video-Wendekassette nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e
k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der aus Kunststoff einst·uckig
gefertigte Sperrhaken (17, 18) aus einem Hakenteil (22), einem Lagerauge
(23) und einem Verbindungssteg (24) besteht, wobei der Verbindungssteg
eine Schr·agfl·ache (27) aufweist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. Video-Wendekassette nach den Anspr·uchen 1 und 4, d a
d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der Sperrhaken mittels
einer Druckfeder (25) in einer die beiden Kassetten-Geh·ausehalbteile
verriegelnden Lage gehalten wird. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. Video-Wendekassette nach einem der Anspr·uche 1 bis
5, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t dass die Verriegelung der
beiden Kassetten-Halbteile durch Eintauchen wenigstens eines Stiftes (9,
10) in die Kassette aufgehoben wird, wobei der Stift auf die
Schr·agfl·ache (27) des Sperrhaken-Verbindungssteges (24) trifft und den
Haken aus einem Sperrzahn (26) hebt. <br />
<br clear="all" />
7. Video-Wendekassette nach Anspruch 6, d a d u r c h g e
k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass f·ur jeden Sperrhaken ein Stift zur
Entriegelung in die Kassette eintaucht. EMI11.1 <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
VIDEO -WENDEKASSETTE BESCH<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>REIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft eine
Video-Wendekassette in Form eines im wesentlichen quaderf·ormigen
K·orpers mit zwei darin drehbar gelagerten Wickelspulen f·ur das
Magnetband und einer an einer schmalen L·angsfl·ache vorgesehenen
·Offnung mit teilweise zur·uckgesetzter Geh·ausewand zur freiliegenden
Magnetbandf·uhrung, wobei die Kassette vorzugsweise aus zwei
verriegelbaren im wesentlichen geschlossenen Halbteilen besteht, die zur
Ver·anderung des Wickelspulenabstandes sowie zur Vergr·osserung der
freiliegenden Magnetbandl·ange verschiebbar gelagert sind.<br />
Es sind
Magnetbandkassetten bekannt, bei denen die Bandwickelspulen mit einem
bestimmten Abstand nebeneinander in einem Kassettengeh·ause angeordnet
und die Wickelspulen von aussen ·uber ger·ateseitig angeordnete
Antriebsmittel antreibbar sind. Weiterhin sind auch Kassetten bekannt,
die eine Ver·anderung des Abstandes der Band wickelspulen erm·oglichen.
Derartige Kassetten finden insbesondere bei Videoger·aten Anwendung. Bei
Ger·aten dieser Art werden von Seiten des Benutzers, je nach
Verwendungszweck, differenzierte Anforderungen gestellt.<br />
So wird
z. B. zwischen netzabh·angigen Heimger·aten und netzunabh·angigen, also
batteriebetriebenen, tragbaren Ger·aten unterschieden. Hierbei spielt
insbesondere das Gewicht und die Gr·osse der unterschiedlichen Ger·ate
eine erhebliche Rolle. So ist die Gr·osse des Ger·ates in erheblicher
Weise von der Gr·osse der Kassette abh·angig.<br />
Bei einem tragbaren
Videoger·at, das beispielsweise die Bildaufzeichnung mit Hilfe einer
Videokamera erm·oglichen soll, ist eine lange Aufnahmedauer, wie sie bei
einem Heimger·at gew·unscht ist, nicht erforderlich. Dagegen spielen
jedoch das Gewicht und die Gr·osse bei einem tragbaren Videoger·at eine
erhebliche Rolle.<br />
Aus den unterschiedlichen Anforderungen eines
Benutzers an ein Video-Heimger·at einerseits und ein tragbares
batteriebetriebenes Videoger·at andererseits ergeben sich zwangsl·aufig
abweichende Kassettengr·ossen mit unterschiedlicher Spieldauer. Der
naheliegende Wunsch, dass die kleinere, f·ur tragbare Videoger·ate
geeignete Kassette, auch auf einem f·ur gr·ossere Kassetten
eingerichtetem Heimger·at abgespielt werden soll, ist schwerlich zu
realisieren.<br />
Es ist zwar bereits eine Kassettenkonstruktion
bekanntgeworden, bei der auch kleinere Kassetten in einem
Video-Heimger·at f·ur gr·ossere standardisierte Kassetten abgespielt
werden k·onnen, die daf·ur erforderliche Konstruktion ist jedoch recht
kompliziert und damit teuer.<br />
So werden gem·ass diesem Stand der
Technik Zahnrad·ubersetzungen erforderlich, mit deren Hilfe der
Bandwickelabstand ausgeglichen wird.<br />
Ein weiteres
Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel zur Anpassung einer kleineren Kassette in ein
Heimger·at, das nur f·ur eine gr·ossere Kassette geeignet ist, sieht
vor, dass die Wickel spulen in einer besonderen Lagereinrichtung
schwenkbar gelagert sind. So k·onnen die Wickel spulen mit einem
kleineren Abstand in ein kleineres Kassettengeh·ause und nach
Verschwenken in ein gr·osseres Kassettengeh·ause eingesetzt werden. Eine
Ausf·uhrung dieser Art ist ebenfalls aufwendig und erfordert vom
Benutzer ein besonderes technisches Geschick.<br />
Eine diese Nachteile
teilweise vermeidbares Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel einer Kassette zur
Ver·anderung des Wickelspulenabstandes sieht vor, die Wickel spulen in
getrennten, zueinander verschiebbaren Geh·ausehalbteilen unterzubringen.
Die beiden Geh·ausehalbteile werden hierbei durch einen als
Hohlzylinder ausgebildeten F·uhrungsabschnitt in einer festen
Bewegungsbahn gef·uhrt.<br />
Nachteilig ist hierbei, dass die F·uhrung
der beiden Geh·ausehalbteile keinerlei Anpassung der auseinander
gezogenen Kassetten-Geh·ausehalbteile an die Lage des im Heimger·at
ver·anderten Wickelspulenantriebs erm·oglicht.<br />
Der Erfindung liegt
die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine relativ kleine Video-Wendekassette f·ur
tragbare Videoger·at zu schaffen, die mit geringem technischen Aufwand
auch in einem f·ur gr·ossere standardisierte Kassetten vorgesehenem
Video-Heimger·at abgespielt werden kann, wobei sich der
Wickelspulenabstand in der Kassette dem Spulenantrieb im Heimger·at
zwangsl·aufig anpasst.<br />
Die L·osung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt erfindungsgem·ass durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Massnahmen.<br />
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen ergeben sich aus den Unteranspr·uchen.<br />
Die
Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungsfiguren
beispielsweise erl·autert. Es zeigt: Fig. 1 eine perspektivisch
dargestellte Video-Wendekassette mit abgenom mener Abdeckung und
verriegelten Kassetten-Halbteilen, Fig. 2 eine perspektivisch
dargestellte Video-Wendekassette nach Fig. 1 mit auseinandergezogenen
Kasset ten-H<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgICdmTJ8r0OmcafuagFcuMdxR3rwTy-RaOoxVDQUq2zJtts6xFz5ofggF1dXOu7wBaw1YqJCrHoqVtRoOC0le0_2RykBCHNZYvFEHLdR8vOj1z6iEYuEejdmUGiEidSjpsUGTAfSzZTF8/s1600/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgICdmTJ8r0OmcafuagFcuMdxR3rwTy-RaOoxVDQUq2zJtts6xFz5ofggF1dXOu7wBaw1YqJCrHoqVtRoOC0le0_2RykBCHNZYvFEHLdR8vOj1z6iEYuEejdmUGiEidSjpsUGTAfSzZTF8/s320/VIDEO2000-CASSETTE-2.jpg" height="320" width="226" /></a></div>
albteilen, Fig. 3 eine schematische Draufsicht auf eine
Video-Wendekassette mit aus einandergezogenen Kassetten-Halb teilen nach
Fig.2, wobei ein Be reich der Kassetten-Halbteile mit aufgebrochener
Geh·ausewand ge zeichnet ist und Fig. 4 eine vergr·osserte Darstellung
eines des f·ur die Verriegelung der Kas setten-Halbteile vorgesehenen
Sperr hakens.<br />
Die Figur 1 zeigt eine perspektivisch dargestellte
Video Wendekassette 1 - kurz Kassette genannt - mit einer von der
Kassette abgehommenen Abdeckung 2. Die Abdeckung ist f·ur den normalen
Verwendungsfall der Kassette in einem tragbaren Videoger·at stets auf
der Kassette aufgesetzt und sch·utzt das sonst freiliegende Magnetband
3. Beim Einlegen der Kassette in ein tragbares Videoger·at wird die
Abdeckung automatisch seitlich abgeklappt, und das Magnetband ist f·ur
den Zugriff von ger·ateseitig vorhandenen Ausziehstiften (nicht
gezeichnet) freiliegend. Die Kassette 1 weist die Form eines im
wesentlichen quaderf·ormigen K·orpers auf mit zwei darin drehbar
gelagerten Magnetband-Wickelspulen 4, 5. An einer schmalen L·angsfl·ache
der Kassette ist eine ·Offnung mit teilweise zur·uckgesetzter
Geh·ausewand 6 zur freiliegenden Nagnetband- f·uhrung vorgesehen.<br />
Die
Kassette selbst besteht aus zwei im wesentlichen geschlossenen
Halbteilen 7, 8. Die einzelnen Kassetten-Halbteile 7, 8 bestehen
wiederum aus zwei fast vollst·andig geschlossenen Halbschalen, die
zusammengeschraubt oder nach einer der sonst bekannten Verbindungsformen
haltbar zusammengef·ugt sind. Beide Kassettenhalbteile 7, 8 sind
verriegelbar und k·onnen durch Eindringen von zwei Stiften 9, 10
(strichpunktiert gezeichnet) in an der Kassette vorgesehenen
F·uhrungsbohrungen 11, 12 gel·ost werden. Die Kassettenhalbteile sind
sodann auf einen vorgesehenen Abstand auseinanderzuziehen.<br />
In der
Figur 2 ist die Kassette im auseinandergezogenen Zustand gezeichnet. Die
Verbindung der beiden verschiebbaren Kassetten-Halbteile 7, 8 erfolgt
·uber zwei flache F·uhrungsteile 13, 14. Die F·uhrungsteile sind
parallel und in geringem Abstand zu den ·ausseren schmalen
L·angsfl·achen 15, 16 der Kassetten-Halbteile angeordnet. Die
Verriegelung der Kassettenhalbteile erfolgt im geschlossenen Zustand der
Kassette ·uber die den F·uhrungsseiten zugeordneten Sperrhaken 17, 18.
Die beiden F·uhrungsbohrungen 11, 12 zur Entriegelung der Sperrhaken 17,
18 liegen im Teilungsbereich der beiden Kassetten-Halbteile 7, 8 und
bestehen somit aus den vier Bohrungsh·alften 11', 11" und 12', 12''.<br />
Aus
der Figur 3 sind weitere Einzelheiten ·uber die Ausgestaltung der
Sperrhaken und der Lagerung der F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 in den
Kassetten-Halbteilen 7, 8 zu erkennen. Die F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 sind in
F·uhrungsnuten 19, 20, die sich im Inneren der Kassetten-Halbteile
befinden, gelagert. Um sicherzustellen, dass sich die Kassetten
Halbteile 7, 8 nicht nur in Haupterstreckungsrichtung (s. waagerechte
Pfeilangabe) der Kassette 1 gegeneinander verschieben lassen, sondern
auch in begrenzter Weise senkrecht hierzu (s. senkrechte Pfeilangabe)
ausweichen k·onnen, sind die F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 aus schmalem
Federbandstahl gefertigt.<br />
Die Bandwickelspulen 4, 5 in der
ausgezogenen Kassette k·onnen sich somit der Lage der im Heimger·at
befindlichen und gegen·uber dem tragbaren Videoger·at unterschiedlichen
Antriebselementen voll anpassen. Zur Begrenzung der Auszugsl·ange der
Kassette weisen die F·uhrungsteile 13, 14 Begrenzungsnasen 21 auf.<br />
Die Figur 4 zeigt einen vergr·ossert gezeichneten Ausschnitt des Sperrhakens aus einem Kassetten-Halbteil.<br />
Der
Sperrhaken 18 besteht aus einem Hakenteil 22, einem Lagerauge 23 und
einem Verbindungssteg 24. Eine Druckfeder 25, die auf dem
Verbindungssteg des Sperrhakens aufgesetzt ist und sich im Geh·ause des
Kassetten-Halbteils abst·utzt, sorgt f·ur den n·otigen
Verriegelungsdruck bei zusammengeschobenen Kassetten-Halbteilen. Im
verriegelten Zustand beider Halbteile 7, 8 liegt das Sperr
haken-Hakenteil 22 des einen Halbteils in einertrSperr- zahn 26 des
anderen Halbteils. ·Uber eine Schr·agfl·ache 27, die sich am
Sperrhaken-Verbindungssteg befindet, kann ·uber das Auftreffen eines in
die Kassette eintauchenden Stiftes 9, 10 die Verriegelung des
Sperrhakens aufgehoben werden. Das Hakenteil 22 des Sperrhakens weist in
bekannter Weise eine Anlaufschr·age auf ·Uber einen Lagerstift ist der
Sperrhaken 18 im Kassetten-Halbteil drehbar gelagert.</div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>
PHILIPS VR2022S VIDEO 2000 Magnetic tape cassette with pivoting cover:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>A magnetic tape cassette of the "flip-over" type having side-by-side
reels in a housing between two parallel main walls, an exposed run of
tape along a front of th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Pm_ECpeI5d5IXzLCrqRE-GoskveuLGn8pVHJkXJXWBYQWujcG-MKvX10FrjeFxNrJRHmGwRIO2YEv3pAhFb_mHEpBCN_DtejhUVsFQb72Gk7oopm1JA3gsEj2rjepyio_aEv6jJQa8/s1600/IMGH_04118.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>e cassette housing, and a pivoting cover for the
exposed run of tape. A single cassette cover covers the entire front of
the housing, and has a pivoting arm at each side which is journalled to
the cassette housing sidewalls such that the cover can be opened from
its closed position in either direction to two different open positions,
by pivoting toward the one or toward the other main wall of the
housing. A movable slide may also cover openings which provide access
behind the stretch of tape. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsOSCpnWN4eKFr9RNDfmcC9jjTLomJqMMZji_CI-Jfl-vb8ZObj3AgKCdoPlDwY_aUJedyyKlcyhb7yM5xNeJt0bk2l5rzzAALSBK0Q-jCaeo5nkAxcbOwiKxJoegoDkDtE5k4FiaASc/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-1__VRM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsOSCpnWN4eKFr9RNDfmcC9jjTLomJqMMZji_CI-Jfl-vb8ZObj3AgKCdoPlDwY_aUJedyyKlcyhb7yM5xNeJt0bk2l5rzzAALSBK0Q-jCaeo5nkAxcbOwiKxJoegoDkDtE5k4FiaASc/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-1__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a> 1. A magnetic tape cassette comprising<br />
<br />
a housing, having first and second plane parallel main walls, two side walls connected to the main walls, a rear, and a front having an opening between said main walls,<br />
<br />
two adjacent reel hubs rotatably arranged between said main walls;<br />
<br />
a length of magnetic tape having respective ends connected to the reel hubs, a portion of said length being stretched along said front opening for cooperation with parts of a magnetic tape apparatus, and<br />
<br />
cover means, connected to and pivotable relative to the housing about an axis parallel to said main walls and the cassette front, between a closed position and an open position,<br />
<br />
wherein said cover means comprises a single cassette cover arranged to substantially cover the entire front of the housing when in the closed position, and connecting means for pivotally connecting said cover to the housing for movement from the closed position to a first open position by pivoting in a first direction toward the first main wall, and to a second, different open position by pivoting in a second direction toward the second main wall.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. A cassette as claimed in claim 1, wherein<br />
<br />
said cover comprises two pivoting arms having free ends, said arms extending along respective side walls of the cassette housing toward the housing rear when in the closed position, and<br />
<br />
said connecting means includes pivotal bearing means disposed midway between said main walls near said free ends, for connecting the cover to said side walls such that the cover is pivotable about a single axis in both directions.<br />
<br />
<br />
3. A cassette as claimed in claim 1, further comprising resilient means for loading said cassette cover relative to other parts of the cassette, for holding the cover in a stable balanced position in its first and in its second open position for any orientation of the cassette relative to the direction of the force of gravity.<br />
<br />
4. A cassette as claimed in claim 1, wherein<br />
<br />
said cover comprises two pivoting arms having free ends, said arms extending along respective side walls of the cassette housing toward the housing rear when in the closed position,<br />
<br />
said connecting means includes pivotal bearing means disposed midway between said main walls near said free ends, for connecting the cover to said side walls, and<br />
<br />
the pivotal bearing means comprises first pivotal bearing means for pivoting the cover in the first direction about a first pivotal axis, and second pivotal bearing means for pivoting the cover in the second direction about a second pivot axis, spaced from the first axis, the first pivotal bearing means and axis being disposed nearer the first main wall, and the second pivotal bearing means and axis being disposed nearer the second main wall.<br />
<br />
<br />
5. A cassette as claimed in claim 4, wherein<br />
<br />
said first pivotal bearing means includes respective first bearing journals disposed on the respective pivoting arms of the cassette cover, the second pivotable bearing means includes second bearing journals disposed on the respective pivoting arms, and the cassette housing includes stops for engaging the second bearing journals to limit the pivotable movement of the cover in its first pivoting direction, and stops to engage the first bearing journals to limit the pivotable movement of the cover in its second pivoting direction.<br />
<br />
<br />
6. A cassette as claimed in claim 4, wherein<br />
<br />
the first pivotable bearing means comprise first bearing journals and parts of the cassette which define first bearing recesses for receiving the first bearing journals, and<br />
<br />
the second pivotable bearing means comprises second bearing journals and parts of the cassette which define second bearing recesses for receiving the second bearing journals,<br />
<br />
each of said bearing recesses having an opening at its circumference to allow movement of the first bearing journals out of the first bearing recesses when the cover is pivoted about the second pivoting axis, and to allow movement of the second bearing journals out of the second bearing recesses when the cover is pivoted about the first pivoting axis.<br />
<br />
<br />
7. A cassette as claimed in claim 4, wherein<br />
<br />
the bearing journals are disposed on the pivoting arms of the cover,<br />
<br />
the housing side walls include arcuate first guide slots, which each terminate in the respective openings in the circumference of the first bearing recesses, for guiding the first bearing journals with play when the cassette cover is pivoted in its second pivoting direction; and second guide slots, which each terminate in the respective openings in the circumference of the second bearing recesses, for guiding the second bearing journals with play when the cassette cover is pivoted in its first pivoting direction,<br />
<br />
each of said guide slots having an end remote from the associated bearing recess terminating at a portion of the housing side wall, said side wall portion being one of said stops for limiting pivotable movement of the cover.<br />
<br />
<br />
8. A cassette as claimed in claim 6, wherein<br />
<br />
parts of the cassette define arcuate first guide slots, which each terminate in the respective openings in the circumference of the first bearing recesses, for guiding the first bearing journals with play when the cassette cover is pivoted in its second pivoting direction, and<br />
<br />
parts of the cassette define arcuate second guide slots, which each terminate in the respective openings in the circumference of the second bearing recesses, for guiding the second bearing journals with play when the cassette cover is pivoted in its first pivoting direction.<br />
<br />
<br />
9. A cassette as claimed in claim 8, wherein<br />
<br />
the bearing recesses have an at least partly circular cross-section with a diameter equal to the maximum transverse dimension of the associated bearing journal plus the play,<br />
<br />
the bearing journals have an elongate shape, with a width dimension which is smaller than the length dimension, and<br />
<br />
the arcuate guide slots have a width dimension which is adapted to the width dimension of the associated bearing journal and is smaller than the diameter of the associated bearing recess so as to prevent movements of the cassette cover other than in the first or the second pivoting direction in every position of the cassette cover.<br />
<br />
<br />
10. A cassette as claimed in claim 9, wherein<br />
<br />
said bearing journals are disposed on the pivoting arms of the cover, and the guide slots are located in the housing side walls, and<br />
<br />
each side wall of the housing further includes mounting slots extending in the direction of the bearing recesses and intersecting the guide slots at intersections, for mounting the bearing journals in the bearing recesses, said mounting slots each having an open entry side to allow unimpeded entry of the bearing journal into the mounting slot and having a bottom with a profile which extends between a first level at which there is play between the cassette cover and the cassette housing, and a second level at which the cassette cover has an interference fit between the respective bearing journals and the bottoms of the mounting slots.<br />
<br />
<br />
11. A cassette as claimed in claim 1, each main wall having at least one cut-out which extends to the cassette front, to permit passage of an element of a cassette apparatus behind the stretched portion of the tape and withdrawal of the tape from the housing at the front,<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Pm_ECpeI5d5IXzLCrqRE-GoskveuLGn8pVHJkXJXWBYQWujcG-MKvX10FrjeFxNrJRHmGwRIO2YEv3pAhFb_mHEpBCN_DtejhUVsFQb72Gk7oopm1JA3gsEj2rjepyio_aEv6jJQa8/s1600/IMGH_04118.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Pm_ECpeI5d5IXzLCrqRE-GoskveuLGn8pVHJkXJXWBYQWujcG-MKvX10FrjeFxNrJRHmGwRIO2YEv3pAhFb_mHEpBCN_DtejhUVsFQb72Gk7oopm1JA3gsEj2rjepyio_aEv6jJQa8/s320/IMGH_04118.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a><br />
wherein the cassette further comprises first and second slide plates disposed respectively near the first and second main walls, and means for mounting said slide plates to the housing for movement between a closing position nearer the front of the cassette and a retracted position nearer the rear of the cassette, in the closing position each slide plate at least partly closing the respective cut-out openings in the respective main wall, in the retracted position the slide plate being clear of said respective cut-out openings.<br />
<br />
<br />
12. A cassette as claimed in claim 11, wherein<br />
<br />
said two slide plates are parts of a single slide member which is bodily movable between a retracted position and a closing position, said member further including two side walls which extend along the side walls of the cassette housing and which interconnect the slide plates.<br />
<br />
<br />
13. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, wherein<br />
<br />
said slide member consists of a unitary plastic molding.<br />
<br />
<br />
14. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, wherein<br />
<br />
the slide member consists of two identical parts each having snap-connection means for interconnecting said identical parts through a snap connection, each of said identical parts being a unitary plastic molding.<br />
<br />
<br />
15. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, wherein<br />
<br />
said cover comprises two pivoting arms having free ends, said arms being disposed on the outside of the cassette housing, and extending along respective side walls of the cassette housing toward the housing rear when in the closed position, the slide member being arranged such that in the closed position of the cassette cover the slide member side walls cover the pivoting arms.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><br />
16. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, comprising resilient means for urging the cassette cover and the slide member toward each other, for holding the cassette cover in a stable balanced position under the influence of the resilient urging in its first and in its second open positions for any orientation of the magnetic tape cassette relative to the direction of the force of gravity.<br />
<br />
17. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, wherein<br />
<br />
each slide member side wall includes a portion prolonged to the rear of the cassette housing, so arranged that in the closing position of the slide member each side wall of the said member extends beyond the location of rear edges of the side plates when the slide member is in the more retracted position.<br />
<br />
<br />
18. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, wherein<br />
<br />
said slide member and said housing include cooperating stop means for preventing a slide member, mounted on the housing, from sliding off the housing in the absence of the cassette cover.<br />
<br />
<br />
19. A cassette as claimed in claim 18, wherein<br />
<br />
said cooperating stop means are arranged so that when the slide member is in its closing position a portion of said slide member abuts a portion of the cassette housing, and wherein said cassette includes resilient means which act both on the cassette housing and the slide member for urging the slide member toward the closing position, whereby in the closing position said stop means transmits the resilient load from the slide member to the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
<br />
20. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, wherein<br />
<br />
said slide member and said cassette cover include cooperating parts for causing the cassette cover to pivot toward the closed position from either one of the two open positions.<br />
<br />
<br />
21. A cassette as claimed in claim 20, wherein<br />
<br />
the slide member and the cassette cover include cooperating latching means for preventing the cassette cover from moving to a open position when the slide member is in the closing position.<br />
<br />
<br />
22. A cassette as claimed in claim 21, wherein<br />
<br />
each of the side walls of the slide member has an edge remote from the rear of the cassette housing arranged to be clear of the cassette cover, at least at locations disposed near the main walls of the housing, for engagement by an element of a cassette holder when the cassette is inserted into a cassette apparatus, so as to move the slide member to its more retracted position.<br />
<br />
<br />
23. A cassette as claimed in claim 22, wherein<br />
<br />
each of said edges of the slide member side walls includes a notch located midway between the main walls of the housing, and the cassette cover includes lateral projections for engaging the respective notch when the cassette cover is closed.<br />
<br />
<br />
24. A cassette as claimed in claim 12 wherein,<br />
<br />
at the location of the side walls of the slide member when this member is in its more retracted position, each of the side walls of the housing has a curved profile having a radius of curvature substantially equal to the distance between the two housing side walls, so arranged that the slide member may undergo at least limited twisting relative to the cassette housing whereby one side wall of the slide member becomes disposed nearer the rear of the cassette housing than the other slide member side wall, without jamming of the slide member on the housing.<br />
<br />
<br />
25. A cassette as claimed in claim 12, comprising resilient means for urging the slide plates toward their closing positions, said resilient means acting both on the cassette housing and on the slide plates.<br />
<br />
26. A cassette as claimed in claim 25, wherein<br />
<br />
said two slide plates are parts of a single slide member which is bodily movable between a retracted position and a closing position, said member further including two side walls which extend along the side walls of the cassette housing and which interconnect the slide plates,<br />
<br />
said slide member further including a connecting member halfway between the member side walls, behind the stretched tape portion, and<br />
<br />
said resilient means for loading the slide member toward the closing position comprises a pressure spring bearing against the connecting member and the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
<br />
27. A cassette as claimed in claim 26, wherein said slide member and the connecting member together consist of a unitary plastic molding.<br />
<br />
28. A cassette as claimed in claim 26, wherein<br />
<br />
the slide member consists of two identical parts each have snap-connection means for interconnecting said identical parts through a snap connection, each of said identical parts being a unitary plastic molding, and<br />
<br />
said connecting member is formed by identical parts of said two identical parts.<br />
<br />
<br />
Description:<br />
<br />
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
1. Field of the Invention<br />
<br />
The invention relates to a magnetic tape cassette which is adapted to cooperate, in a first position and in a reversed second position, with parts of a cassette recording and/or playback apparatus (hereinafter referred to as a cassette apparatus); and more particularly to a cassette having first and second adjacently disposed reel hubs, which are rotatable about parallel spaced first and second axes of rotation in a cassette housing; a length of magnetic tape having a first end connected to the first reel hub and having a second end connected to the second reel hub, so as to enable it to be wound from the first reel hub to a reel on the second reel hub and back from the second reel hub to a reel on a first reel hub, and having a stretched tape portion along a front opening of the cassette housing for cooperation with parts of a cassette apparatus; and cover means connected to the cassette housing and pivotable relative thereto about a pivoting axis which is parallel to the main walls between a closed position and an open position. In the closed position, the cover extends along the front of the cassette housing, to at least partly cover the stretched portion of the magnetic tape and thus protect the magnetic tape against inadvertent damaging when the magnetic tape cassette is not placed on a cassette apparatus. The open position, when the magnetic tape cassette is placed on a cassette apparatus, allows parts of the cassette apparatus to cooperate with the stretched portion of the magnetic tape.<br />
<br />
Magnetic tape cassettes in a variety of versions have gained a high degree of popularity in various fields of application. This may be attributed to the high vulnerability of the magnetic tape medium when not accommodated in a cassette. The magnetic tapes commonly used in magnetic tape equipment for the consumer market and also for many semiprofessional and professional uses have a thickness dimension which is very small in comparison with the width dimension. The thickness dimensions generally range between 15 and 40 um, while the width for the more customary magnetic tapes varies roughly between 12 and 25 mm. The magnetic tapes consist of a plastic foil which on one side is provided with a finely dispersed magnetizable material, and has an extremely high degree of flexibility. The magnetic tape cassette affords protection against damaging of the delicate and vulnerable magnetic tape, so that the ease of handling the magnetic tape medium is substantially improved.<br />
<br />
For many simple applications it suffices if the front of the cassette is at least partly closed and is provided with openings for the passage into the cassette of parts of a cassette apparatus, such as a recording/playback head, an erase head and a pressure roller. Such a cassette is for example the so-called Compact Cassette, also referred to as the Philips cassette, which is generally used for audio purposes. With this cassette the magnetic tape need never be removed from the housing, so that the front may be partly closed and thus affords adequate protection of the magnetic tape against inadvertent touching. While dust can reach the magnetic tape through the openings, this seldom presents a problem in that tape application.<br />
<br />
Still other known cassettes are intended for use with a cassette apparatus which includes a device for partly withdrawing the magnetic tape from the cassette housing and bringing the portion of the magnetic tape thus removed from the cassette housing into contact with the magnetic heads. For audio applications this enables a better guidance of the magnetic tape during its transport from the one reel to the other along the magnetic heads to be obtained, so that higher quality standards in respect of signal recording and reproduction can be achieved than with the previously mentioned Compact Cassette, in which the lace-up is determined by components of the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
In known magnetic video tape equipment for home-entertainment use, which to date are always equipped with rotary magnetic heads which write obliquely oriented closely spaced tracks on the magnetic tape, the magnetic tape should also be withdrawn from the cassette housing. The front of the cassette housing must then be free of wall portions which could interfere with the withdrawal of the magnetic tape from the cassette housing. As a result of the absence of wall portions at the front the likelihood of the magnetic tape being touched inadvertently increases. This likelihood is further increased because the cassette apparatus customarily includes a device for withdrawing the magnetic tape from the cassette housing. Such a device enters the cassette housing through the main walls behind the magnetic tape and should engage the back side of the magnetic tape during withdrawal. Therefore, cut-outs which extend to the front are necessary in the main walls of the cassette. These cut-outs expose the edges of the magnetic tape, which exposure greatly increases the likelihood of the magnetic tape being damaged.<br />
<br />
Another aspect of cassette design is that, when magnetic tape cassettes are used on equipment which enables higher quality audio recording and reproduction or which enables video signals to be recorded and reproduced, dust should be prevented from reaching the magnetic tape as far as possible, because dust may affect the high quality of recording and reproduction.<br />
<br />
Therefore many magnetic tape cassettes are provided with movable cover means in order to protect the stretched portion of the magnetic tape which extends along the fro<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>nt of the magnetic tape cassette when the magnetic tape cassette is not located on a cassette apparatus.<br />
<br />
2. Description of the Prior Art<br />
<br />
Magnetic tape cassettes which are suitable for use on a cassette apparatus in a first position only and which are consequently not suitable for cooperating with the apparatus in a reversed or "flipped over" second position, so-called non-reversible cassettes, present fewer problems in respect of the protection of the magnetic tape, because only one of the two main walls need be provided with cut-outs for withdrawal of the magnetic tape from the cassette. Such a cassette is for example known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,172. A cassette cover closes the front of the cassette housing if the cassette is removed from a cassette apparatus. On its side which faces the rear of the cassette the cassette cover has an additional ridge which covers the back side of the magnetic tape when the cassette cover is closed. Although one of the main walls of the cassette has a comparatively large opening this still provides satisfactory protection of the magnetic tape. However, dust can still rather easily reach the magnetic tape, and the tape can readily be damaged by the ridge if the stretched portion of the magnetic tape in the cassette is not sufficiently taut.<br />
<br />
In the case of reversible magnetic tape cassettes this solution cannot be adopted. If the housing of a reversible magnetic tape cassette has cut-outs in the main walls for withdrawal of the magnetic tape from the magnetic-tape cassette, the cut-outs should be formed in both main walls. From German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,552,063, to which U.S. Pat. No. 4,021,006 corresponds, a reversible magnetic tape cassette of this type is known, having two cassette covers which partly extend along the front of the cassette housing: a first cassette cover on the side near the first main wall of the cassette housing, and a second cassette cover on the side near the second main wall of the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Pm_ECpeI5d5IXzLCrqRE-GoskveuLGn8pVHJkXJXWBYQWujcG-MKvX10FrjeFxNrJRHmGwRIO2YEv3pAhFb_mHEpBCN_DtejhUVsFQb72Gk7oopm1JA3gsEj2rjepyio_aEv6jJQa8/s1600/IMGH_04118.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Pm_ECpeI5d5IXzLCrqRE-GoskveuLGn8pVHJkXJXWBYQWujcG-MKvX10FrjeFxNrJRHmGwRIO2YEv3pAhFb_mHEpBCN_DtejhUVsFQb72Gk7oopm1JA3gsEj2rjepyio_aEv6jJQa8/s320/IMGH_04118.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a> cassette housing. When the cassette covers are closed a part of the first cassette cover is situated in the plane of the first main wall and a part of the second cassette cover is situated in the plane of the second main wall. At the front of the magnetic tape cassette perpendicular to these parts, half-height front cover portions extend parallel to the rear of the cassette housing, and are thus perpendicular to the first-mentioned parts of the cassette covers. The first cassette cover is pivotable about a first pivoting axis disposed near the first main wall of the cassette housing and the second cassette cover is pivotable about a second pivoting axis disposed near the second main wall of the cassette housing. The two pivoting axes are parallel to each other and parallel to the main walls. The two cassette covers also have gear-segments which engage with each other. When the one cassette cover is pivoted the second cassette cover is thus pivoted simultaneously and to the same extent. Each cassette cover covers the front of the cassette housing over half its height.<br />
<br />
When this known magnetic-tape cassette is placed on a cassette apparatus, a unit on the deck of the cassette apparatus partly opens the two cassette covers, after which the magnetic heads are brought into contact with the magnetic tape through the slot between the two cassette covers. The magnetic tape cassette has cut-outs in the main walls for bringing the magnetic tape into contact with two pressure rollers by means of two capstans on either side of the magnetic head, which capstans are situated behind the magnetic tape.<br />
<br />
A disadvantage of this known cassette is that both in the first and in the second position of the magnetic tape cassette on a cassette apparatus the two cassette covers must be opened. One of the two cassette covers is then always pivoted into a position in which it moves toward and faces the cassette apparatus. In the cassette apparatus the magnetic tape cassette should therefore be supported in such a way that there is sufficient clearance between the main wall of the magnetic tape cassette which faces the cassette apparatus and the parts of the apparatus near that wall. Another drawback is that the opened cassette covers constitute an obstruction to the device which withdraws the magnetic tape from the cassette, unless the cassette covers are opened very far. This last alternative demands a still greater clearance. Otherwise both sides adjacent the cassette covers must have cut-outs formed which open towards the front, as in the known cassette, so that the magnetic tape is exposed at these locations. The spaced required above the cassette for the opened cassette cover is comparatively large, because the cassette cover portion which is disposed in the main wall also pivots upwards. This is a drawback because the overall height of a cassette apparatus should be minimized for obvious reasons.<br />
<br />
Therefore, the known magnetic tape cassette is less suitable for application where the magnetic tape is to be withdrawn from the cassette housing. Moreover, unless openings are formed in the main walls of the cassette housing on both sides of the cassette covers for the passage of the tape withdrawal elements of a cassette apparatus, which means that there will be locations on both sides of the cassette covers where the magnetic tape can be touched and damaged, the two cassette covers should be pivoted into their open positions before the magnetic tape cassette is moved to an operating position over the withdrawal elements of the cassette apparatus. However, for thus swinging open the cassette covers before the magnetic tape consists is completely in its operating position, the known magnetic tape cassette is less suitable because of the actuation elements for the cassette covers which are then required. Further, the part of the cassette cover which faces the deck of the cassette apparatus and which is situated at the front of the cassette housing constitutes an obstruction for the withdrawal elements even if the cassette covers are swung open very far.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
It is the object of the invention to provide a magnetic tape cassette which may be inverted or flipped over, and which provides good protection against dust or accidental touching when closed, but does not require excessive clearance between the cassette and the apparatus.<br />
<br />
Covers<br />
<br />
In accordance with the invention a single cassette cover substantially covers the entire front of the cassette housing; and on both sides the cassette cover is provided with pivoting arms which extend along the side walls of the cassette housing toward the rear of the cassette housing in the closed position, from its closed position the cassette cover being pivotable into either of two different open positions, one towards the first main wall of the cassette housing and the other towards the second main wall of the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
In the cassette in accordance with the invention the entire front of the cassette housing is covered, so that if the main walls have cut-outs which extend to the front of the cassette housing, the tape is protected to some extent against inadvertent touching. As the cassette cover is movable in either of two pivoting directions, a magnetic tape cassette is obtained which on its side which faces a cassette apparatus has no obstacles which impair placing of the cassette on the cassette apparatus or the insertion of elements of the apparatus into the cassette. Above the magnetic tape cassette a certain clearance is required for the swung-open cassette cover. However, this clearance may be comparatively small and need not be greater than the height dimension of the magnetic tape cassette, but may even be smaller.<br />
<br />
In most cassette equipment, the magnetic tape cassette is not placed directly onto the deck by hand, but is slid into a movable cassette holder, after which the cassette holder is moved towards the deck. The magnetic tape cassette in accordance with the invention is particularly suitable for such applications, because the movement of the magnetic tape cassette towards the deck allows provisions to be made on the deck for opening the cassette cover during the movement of the cassette holder. The cassette cover which is thus opened during the movement of the cassette holder does not impede insertion into the magnetic tape cassette of elements such as capstans, pressure rollers, magnetic tape retaining elements or elements for withdrawing the magnetic tape from the cassette.<br />
<br />
Single Pivot<br />
<br />
In a simple embodiment of the invention pivotal bearing means are disposed midway between the first and the second main wall and the cassette cover is pivotable in its first and its second pivoting directions about a single pivoting axis midway between the two main walls. This embodiment reduces the likelihood of the cassette cover touching the portion of the magnetic tape which is tensioned along the front of the magnetic tape cassette, during the pivotal movement of the cover, if the pivoting axis is situated somewhat to the rear of the magnetic tape cassette.<br />
<br />
Double Pivot<br />
<br />
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the pivotal bearing means comprise a first pivotal bearing means disposed nearer the side of the first main wall for pivoting the cassette cover in its first pivoting direction about a first pivoting axis which is also nearer the side of the first main wall, as well as a second pivotal bearing means disposed nearer the side o<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>f the second main wall for pivoting the cassette cover in its second pivoting direction about a second pivoting axis which is likewise nearer the side of the second main wall. This embodiment has the advantage that the distance between the stretched portion of the magnetic tape, which extends along the front of the magnetic tape cassette, and the inner side of the cassette cover, which faces the magnetic tape, can be reduced and that moreover the pivoting axes can be situated nearer the front of the cassette housing, without the risk of the magnetic tape being damaged. Thus smaller cassette dimensions are obtained. A further advantage of this embodiment is that the cassette cover can be pivoted into a position in which the front side of the cassette cover extends parallel to the main walls of the cassette housing without occupying much room in the apparatus, so that optimum accessibility of elements of the cassette apparatus to the magnetic tape is obtained.<br />
<br />
Bearing constructions which enable a component to be pivoted into two different pivoting directions about two different parallel pivoting axes are known. Examples of these are the known hinge construction for swing doors, while there are also constructions comprising crosswise arranged straps.<br />
<br />
A simple bearing construction which is suitable for a magnetic tape cassette is obtained with an embodiment of the invention in which the first pivotal bearing means include fist bearing journals as well as parts of the magnetic tape cassette which define first bearing recesses which receive the first bearing journals, and the second pivotal bearing means include second bearing journals as well as parts of the magnetic tape cassette which define second bearing recesses which receive the second bearing journals. These bearing recesses each have an opening at their circumference to allow movement of the first bearing journals out of the first bearing recesses during pivotal movement of the cassette cover about the second pivoting axis, and to allow movement of the second bearing journals out of the second bearing recesses during pivotal movement of the cassette cover about the first pivoting axis.<br />
<br />
In this embodiment it is necessary to prevent the cassette cover in its closed or swung open positions, or during its pivotal movement, from becoming detached from the cassette housing by movement of the bearing journals out of the bearing recesses. In a further preferred embodiment parts of the magnetic tape cassette define arcuate first guide slots which each terminate in the respective openings in the circumference of the first bearing recesses, for guiding the first bearing journals with play during the pivotal movement of the cassette cover in its second pivoting direction; and parts of the magnetic tape cassette define arcuate second guide slots which each terminate in the respective openings in the circumference of the second bearing recesses, for guiding the second bearing journals with play during the pivotal movement of the cassette cover in its first pivoting direction. These parts of the magnetic tape cassette consist of parts of the side walls of the cassette housing if the bearing journals are disposed on the pivoting arms of the cassette cover, or consist of parts of the pivoting arms if the bearing journals are disposed on the side walls of the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
The two guide slots intersect each other midway between the two main walls of the cassette housing. At the location of the intersection there is a possibility that a bearing journal does not move in the corresponding guide slot, so that the cassette cover could assume a wrong position. It is therefore advantageous to use an embodiment in which the bearing recesses have an at least partly circular cross-section with a diameter equal to the maximum transverse dimension of the associated bearing journal plus the play; the bearing journals have an elongate shape with a width dimension which is smaller than the length dimension; and the arcuate slots have a width dimension which is adapted to the width dimension of the associated bearing journal and is smaller than the diameter of the associated bearing recess. This embodiment prevents movements of the cassette cover other than in the first or the second pivoting direction in every position of the cassette cover, by cooperation of the bearing journals and parts of the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
If the bearing journals are disposed on the pivoting arms and the guide slots are disposed in the side walls of the cassette housing, in another preferred embodiment providing a simple mounting of the cassette cover, each side wall of the cassette housing has mounting slots which extend in the direction of the bearing recesses and which intersect the guide slots at intersections, for mounting the bearing journals in the bearing recesses. The mounting slots each have an open entry side to allow unimpeded entry of the bearing journal into the mounting slot, and furthermore have a bottom with a profile which extends from a level at which there is play between the cassette cover and the cassette housing to a level at which the cassette cover is slightly bent by an interference fit between the bearing journals and the bottom of the mounting slots. Thus, when the cassette cover is being mounted, the cassette cover is slightly bent until the bearing journals engage with the bearing recesses, after which the bearing journals snap into the bearing recesses as a result of the resilient action of the cassette cover itself.<br />
<br />
In order to obtain well-defined open positions of the cassette cover in a magnetic tape cassette of the types described above having first and second pivoting axes, according to another preferred embodiment of the invention in which the bearing journals are disposed on the pivoting arms of the cassette cover, the cassette housing is provided with stops which are adapted to cooperate with the second bearing journals so as to limit the pivotal movement of the cassette cover in its first pivoting direction, and with stops which are adapted to cooperate with the first bearing journals so as to limit the pivotal movement of the cassette cover in its second pivoting direction. In the embodiment in which guide slots for the bearing journals are formed in the side walls of the magnetic tape cassette, each of the guide slots at its end which is remote from the corresponding bearing recess may terminate at a portion of the side wall of the cassette housing, which portion functions as one of the stops which is adapted to cooperate with the bearing journals so as to limit the pivotal movements of the cassette cover.<br />
<br />
Slide Plates<br />
<br />
The invention is suitable both for audio and for video cassettes, both when they are not provided with cut-outs in the main walls which are open towards the front of the cassette housing and when such cut-outs are provided. However, it is a further object of the invention to provide a magnetic tape cassette having maximum fields of application. For such an objective it is necessary to form large cut-outs in the main walls of the cassette housing to permit the passage of elements of cassette apparatus of different types. In the case in which large cut-outs in the main walls of the cassette housing extend to the front, there is an increased risk of the magnetic tape being damaged and of dust and dirt penetrating into the interior of the cassette.<br />
<br />
An embodiment of the invention, which satisfies this object, includes a first and a second slide plate respectively disposed near the first and second main walls, each slide plate being movable between a retracted position nearer the rear of the cassette housing and a closing position nearer the front of the cassette housing. Each slide plate leaves the respective openings in the corresponding main wall clear in its retracted position, and closes these openings at least partly and preferably completely in the closing position. Thus it is possible to provide magnetic tape cassettes which, once they have been removed from the cassette apparatus, are almost completely closed, except of course for the openings in the main walls for the passage of drive spindles for the magnetic tape reels; but which, once they have been placed on a cassette apparatus, first of all have a fully open front, and secondly also provide satisfactory access behind (to the back side of) the magnetic tape to allow passage of elements of a cassette apparatus through the cut-outs in the main walls.<br />
<br />
An embodiment is preferred in which the two slide plates are part of a single slide member which is bodily movable between the retracted position and the closing position, which member also includes two side walls which extend along the side walls of the cassette housing and which interconnect the slide plates. The slide member may then be formed as a unitary component which is integrally manufactured from a plastic. These embodiments have the advantage that easy guidance and journalling of the slide plates on the cassette housing is assured.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, according to another preferred embodiment, the slide member comprises two identical parts which are integrally manufactured from a plastic, which parts are provided with snap-connection means and are interconnected thereby through a snapped connection. As the two parts of the slide member are identical only one tool is required for manufacturing the slide member. The advantage of this embodiment mainly resides in the simplified mounting of the slide member. By using the snapped connection, the member can readily be mounted on the cassette housing after the magnetic tape reels and the cassette cover have been mounted in and on the cassette housing respectively. If the two pivoting arms of the cassette cover are located on the outside of the cassette housing, in a still further preferred embodiment the side walls of the slide member cover the pivoting arms in the closed position of the cassette cover. Thus, the pivoting arms are well protected when the magnetic tape cassette is removed from a cassette apparatus, so that the comparatively vulnerable bearing means of the cassette cover are protected against mechanical dam<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>aging. Moreover, a magnetic tape cassette is thus obtained with a clean-cut and smooth appearance, because the bearing constructions are covered by the side walls of the slide member.<br />
<br />
Spring Restraints<br />
<br />
For specific uses of the magnetic tape cassette in accordance with the invention it may be of importance that, once a cassette cover is open, it does not swing back to its closed position under the influence of gravity. An embodiment of the invention which is of interest in this respect includes resilient means which load the cassette cover relative to other parts of the magnetic tape cassette, the cassette cover being in a stable balanced position under the influence of the resilient load in its first and in its second open position for any orientation of the cassette relative to the direction of the force of gravity. The resilient means may for example act on the cassette cover and on the slide member and urge these components towards each other. Leaf spring constructions are also possible which cooperate with non-round bearing journals of the cassette cover. However, it is not always desirable to subject the cassette cover to a resilient load, because the bistable positions which the cassette cover can assume under the influence of the resilient menas require that the cassette apparatus include means for closing the cassette cover against the resilient load.<br />
<br />
Comparatively simple means on the cassette apparatus are sufficient for moving the slide plates. Since the slide plates slide over the main walls of the cassette housing they are easily opened during the operation of inserting the magnetic tape cassette into a cassette holder. Preferably, resilient means are provided which act both on the cassette housing and on the slide plates so as to urge the slide plates towards their closing positions. With the aid of these resilient means the slide plates are always automatically moved towards their closed positions when the magnetic tape cassette is removed from the cassette apparatus. Moreover, the resilient means enable automatic ejection or at least partial ejection of a magnetic tape cassette from a cassette holder.<br />
<br />
Accommodating the resilient means in the magnetic tape cassette may be a problem in view of the limited space which is available. When a slide member which is bodily movable is used, an embodiment is therefore of interest which makes optimum use of the space available in a magnetic tape cassette. In this embodiment the first and the second slide plates of the slide member are interconnected halfway between its two side walls and behind the magnetic tape by means of a connecting member, and the resilient means for loading the slide member towards the closed position comprise a pressure spring between the connecting member and the cassette housing. Thus, in the cassette housing a space exists halfway between its side walls and between the two circular reels, which can readily accommodate a helically wound pressure spring, so that the available and generally unused room can be utilized. A further advantage of this embodiment is that owing to the connection between the two slide plates at a location between the two side walls of the slide member the slide member is given a higher rigidity. If the slide member consists of a unitary component which is integrally manufactured from a plastic, it is advantageous to manufacture the slide member and the connecting member together as a single integrally manufactured component. As the connecting member is located behind the magnetic tape, mounting of such a slide member may be difficult. In an embodiment which overcomes this problem the unit comprising the slide member and the connecting member is made of two identical parts which are integrally manufactured from a plastic and provided with snap-connection means, the parts being interconnected by a snapped connection. After the magnetic tape reels have been mounted in the cassette housing and, as the case may be, also after mounting the cassette cover, the slide member can be fitted onto the cassette housing by moving the two parts of the slide member towards each other in a direction perpendicular to the main walls of the cassette housing and interconnecting them by means of a snapped connection. Subsequently, the pressure spring can be mounted between the cassette housing and the slide member.<br />
<br />
Cover/Slide Movement<br />
<br />
When a bodily movable slide member is used, in yet another preferred embodiment the slide member and the cassette cover are provided with cooperating parts for pivoting the cassette cover towards its closed position, no matter which of its two open positions the cassette cover occupies. The advantage of this embodiment is that the movement of the slide member to its closing position and the pivotal movement of the cassette over from an open position to its closed position can proceed in a single operation, when the slide member is moved towards its closing position. Furthermore, it is advantageous if the slide member and the cassette cover are provided with cooperating latching means which prevent the cassette cover from moving to the open position when the slide member is in the closing position. Thus, the cassette cover will always stay closed as long as the slide member is in its closing position.<br />
<br />
For moving the slide member and subsequently opening the cassette cover when the magnetic tape cassette is placed on the cassette apparatus, in yet another preferred embodiment the edge of each of the side walls of the slide member remote from the rear of the cassette housing is arranged to be clear of the cassette cover, at least at locations which are disposed near the main walls. This edge may then be used as a stop means for moving the slide member to its retracted position when the magnetic tape cassette is placed in a cassette holder of the cassette apparatus. For opening the cassette cover after the cassette has been inserted and for moving the slide member in the cassette holder, in a different preferred embodiment the corresponding edge of each of the side walls of the slide member which is remote from the rear of the cassette housing has a recess formed at a location midway between the main walls of the cassette housing. The cassette cover is then provided with lateral projections which engage the recesses when the cassette cover is closed. These projections may be used to open the cassette cover by engaging elements on a cassette apparatus during movement of the cassette holder to an operating position.<br />
<br />
In a magnetic tape cassette in accordance with the invention each of the slide plates will have a length dimension which is roughly equal to the distance between the side walls of the cassette housing; and transverse thereto, a width dimension which is substantially smaller. This occurs because the width dimension must be limited so that when the slide plate is in its retracted position the plate does not interfere with the drive means for the magnetic tape reels. The comparatively great length/width ratio of the slide plates is apt to cause the plates to jam if a slide plate or a slide member does not perform a purely translational movement between its closing position and its retracted position, but rather twists slightly about an axis parallel to the axes of rotation of the magnetic-tape reels. Since jamming of the slide plates or the bodily movable slide member is obviously undesirable, in another preferred embodiment of the invention each of the side walls of the cassette housing, at the location of the side walls of the slide member when this member is in its retracted position, is provided with a curved profile with a radius of curvature which is substantially equal to the distance between the two side walls of the cassette housing. This profile enables the slide member to twist a little relative to the cassette housing, such that one side wall of the slide member is nearer the rear of the cassette housing than the other side wall of the slide member, without the slide member becoming jammed on the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
In a different embodiment which is adapted to eliminate jamming effects, each of the side walls of the slide member comprises a portion which protrudes towards the rear of the cassette housing, so arranged that in the closing position of the slide member each side wall of the slide member extends beyond the location occupied by those sides of the slide plates of the slide member facing the rear of the cassette housing when the slide member is in its retracted position. That lo<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>cation, as previously stated, is dictated by the fact that the slide plates should not interfere with the drive means for the magnetic tape reels. However, the side walls of the slide member may extend further towards the rear of the cassette housing, so that a favorable ratio is obtained between the length of the slide member and its width at the location of the side walls. A further advantage is the improved appearance obtained by the use of the protruding portions, when the slide member is in the closed position; that is, the outward appearance viewed at a main wall is not spoiled by a stepwise change required because of the thickness of the slide member.<br />
<br />
In many cases, especially if the slide member is loaded towards its closing position by resilient means, it is advantageous if the slide member and the housing are provided with cooperating stop means to prevent a slide member, once it has been mounted, from sliding off the cassette housing when the cassette cover has not yet been mounted or has been removed. This embodiment provides greater ease of handling the magnetic tape cassette during assembly. In addition, if the cassette includes resilient means for loading the slide member towards the closing position, a further advantage is obtained from this embodiment if, while the slide member is in the closing position, the stop means engage the slide member and transmit at least the greater part of the resilient load imposed by the resilient means to the cassette housing. When this embodiment is used the cassette cover, and thus the bearing means for the pivotal movements of the cassette cover, are not loaded by the resilient means.<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING<br />
<br />
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the drawing, in which:<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a view at a first main surface of a magnetic tape cassette having a cassette cover which is pivotable about a single axis,<br />
<br />
FIG. 2 is a side view at the cassette cover of the magnetic tape cassette in accordance with FIG. 1,<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a view at a second main surface of the cassette of FIG. 1.<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 is a side view of the magnetic tape cassette in accordance with the preceding Figures,<br />
<br />
FIG. 5 is a detail of FIG. 4, showing the cassette cover swung open in a first pivoting direction, and a dashed line showing the cassette cover in a second open position in a second pivoting direction,<br />
<br />
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 1, but of a magnetic tape cassette having a cassette cover pivotable about two pivoting axis and a slide member for closing the openings in the main walls,<br />
<br />
FIG. 7 is a front view of the magnetic tape cassette of FIG. 6,<br />
<br />
FIG. 8 is a view in accordance with FIG. 6, but now at a different main surface of the magnetic tape cassette,<br />
<br />
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the cassette in accordance with FIGS. 6 to 8, the slide member being in its closing position and the cassette cover being in its closed position,<br />
<br />
FIG. 10 is similar to FIG. 9, but with the slide member in its retracted position and the cassette cover opened in a first pivoting direction,<br />
<br />
FIG. 11 is similar to FIG. 10, but with the cassette cover opened in a second pivoting direction,<br />
<br />
FIG. 12 is a partial exploded view of a magnetic tape cassette in accordance with FIGS. 6 to 11,<br />
<br />
FIG. 13 shows a detail of one of the side walls of the cassette in accordance with FIGS. 6 to 12, the position of the bearing journals being shown relative to the bearing recesses and the guide slots when the cassette cover is closed,<br />
<br />
FIG. 14, shows the same detail as FIG. 13, but with the cassette cover opened in a first pivoting direction,<br />
<br />
FIG. 15 is a sectional view in accordance with the arrows XV--XV in FIG. 14,<br />
<br />
FIG. 16 is a cross-section across the center of the slide member and in accordance with the arrows XVI--XVI in FIG. 12,<br />
<br />
FIG. 17 is a partial cross-section in accordance with the arrows XVII--XVII in FIG. 16,<br />
<br />
FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 are views of a connecting member for interconnecting the slide plates of the slide member in the magnetic tape cassette in accordance with FIGS. 6 to 12,<br />
<br />
FIG. 21 shows an integrally manufactured plastic version of a slide member for a magnetic tape cassette in accordance with FIGS. 6 to 12,<br />
<br />
FIG. 22 shows a slide member consisting of two plastic components which have been snapped together for the magnetic tape cassette in accordance with FIGS. 6 to 12,<br />
<br />
FIG. 23 shows a detail of one of the snap connections for interconnecting the parts of the slide member in accordance with FIG. 22,<br />
<br />
FIG. 24 and FIG. 25 illustrate the principle of an embodiment in which a slide member and a cassette cover are loaded relative to each other by means of a tension spring, FIG. 24 representing the situation with the cassette cover closed and FIG. 25 the situation with the cassette cover open,<br />
<br />
FIG. 26 is similar to FIG. 8, but with the slide member in a twisted position,<br />
<br />
FIG. 27 is a similar view as in FIG. 9 of a modified embodiment, with a slide member which has portions protruding towards the rear of the cassette housing,<br />
<br />
FIG. 28 is a view at a main wall of the magnetic tape cassette in accordance with FIG. 27,<br />
<br />
FIG. 29 schematically shows a part of a cassette apparatus with a hinged cassette holder containing a cassette in accordance with the invention, the slide member being moved into its more retracted position during insertion of the cassette, and<br />
<br />
FIG. 30 is similar to FIG. 29, but with the cassette holder in its operating position and the cassette cover being opened by means provided on the deck of the cassette apparatus.<br />
<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br />
<br />
Single Pivot<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsOSCpnWN4eKFr9RNDfmcC9jjTLomJqMMZji_CI-Jfl-vb8ZObj3AgKCdoPlDwY_aUJedyyKlcyhb7yM5xNeJt0bk2l5rzzAALSBK0Q-jCaeo5nkAxcbOwiKxJoegoDkDtE5k4FiaASc/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-1__VRM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsOSCpnWN4eKFr9RNDfmcC9jjTLomJqMMZji_CI-Jfl-vb8ZObj3AgKCdoPlDwY_aUJedyyKlcyhb7yM5xNeJt0bk2l5rzzAALSBK0Q-jCaeo5nkAxcbOwiKxJoegoDkDtE5k4FiaASc/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-1__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>The magnetic tape cassette 1 in accordance with FIGS. 1 to 3 is adapted to cooperate with a cassette apparatus in a first position, as is shown in FIG. 1, and in a reversed second position, as shown in FIG. 3. As is customary with such so-called reversible cassettes, the two main walls are provided with designations "1" and "2" respectively, for the user. The magnetic tape cassette has a first and a second adjacently disposed reel hub 2 and 3 respectively, which are rotatable about parallel spaced axes of rotation, not shown. These hubs each have a central opening 4 and 5 respectively for engagement by a reel hub drive spindle which belongs to the cassette apparatus. Around the central openings 4 and 5 a number of openings 6 and 7 respectively are formed for a reel hub carrier pin of the cassette apparatus. The cassette 1 housing includes a first main wall 8 and, parallel thereto, a main wall 9. The main wall 8 has a first opening 10 coaxial with the first reel hub 2 to allow passage of a reel drive spindle, and a similar second opening 11 for the second reel hub 3. The second main wall 9 has corresponding first and second openings 12 and 13 respectively. The main walls 8 and 9 are interconnected by side walls 14 and 15 at their short sides, and by a rear wall 16. The reel hubs 2 and 3 have reel flanges 17 and 18 respectively. A length of magnetic tape 19 is connected to the reel hubs 2 and 3 at its two ends, so as to enable it to be wound back and forth between the first reel 2 and the second reel 3. Near a front opening 20, opposite the rear 16 of the cassette, a portion 21 of the tape 19 is stretched in a position where it can be engaged by parts of a cassette apparatus. To keep the stretched tape position 21 taut along the front of the cassette housing two guide rollers 22 and 23 are located between the two main walls 8 and 9 of the cassette housing. In the main wall 8 three cut-outs 24, 25 and 26 are formed, which are open towards and extend to the front opening 20 of the cassette housing, for the passage of components of a cassette apparatus behind the stretched tape portion 21 and to allow withdrawing the magnetic tape from the cassette housing. The main wall 9 has a corresponding cut-outs 27, 28 and 29 which also extend to the front opening 20.<br />
<br />
A cassette cover 30 is connected to the cassette housing and is pivotable relative thereto about a pivoting axis 31 parallel to the main walls, between a closed position, shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, and an open position which is obtained by a pivotal movement in a pivoting direction towards a main surface of the cassette housing. The cassette cover covers substantially the entire front opening 20 of the cassette housing.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0K6ZxYw4NpjLsSoBZyZz9SUKM5AogVJV2RxcBL5iIlVESqyz2-hIYVzL_pnu6kAfOa5B70W5LRcRUcK2xalCtMftjJkyqOibgvRWIDhcr6FXovYjUhnmx9BMt7YTJy-nHN2QhEGsg6Ak/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-2__VRM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0K6ZxYw4NpjLsSoBZyZz9SUKM5AogVJV2RxcBL5iIlVESqyz2-hIYVzL_pnu6kAfOa5B70W5LRcRUcK2xalCtMftjJkyqOibgvRWIDhcr6FXovYjUhnmx9BMt7YTJy-nHN2QhEGsg6Ak/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-2__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
On both sides the cassette cover is provided with pivoting arms 32 and 33 having free ends 34 and 35 respectively, the arms extending along the respective side walls 14 and 15 of the cassette housing, toward the housing rear when in the closed position. The pivoting arms have free ends 34 and 35 respectively which face the rear 16 of the cassette housing in the closed position. The side walls 14 and 15 of the cassette housing and the pivoting arms 32 and 33 of the cassette cover 30 are provided with pivotal bearing means which cooperate with each other near the free ends 34 and 35 of the pivoting arms 32 and 33. As is shown in FIG. 5 the cassette cover 30 is pivotable from its closed position into two different opened positions. Solid lines in FIG. 5 represent a first open position of the cassette cover 30, which is reached by pivoting the cassette cover in a first pivoting direction indicated by an arrow 36 towards the first main wall 8 of the cassette housing. Dashed lines represent a second open position of the cassette cover reached by pivoting the cassette cover in a second pivoting direction in accordance with an arrow 37 towards the second main wall 9. The main wall 8 has slots 38 and 39 which are open towards the front 20 of the cassette housing for the passage of the pivoting arms 32 and 33 when the cassette cover 30 is pivoted in its first pivoting direction 36. The main wall 9 has corresponding slots 40 and 41 for pivoting in the second pivoting direction 37. The bearing means for the pivotal bearing of the cassette cover comprise two bearing journals 42 and 43 near the free ends 34 and 35 of the pivoting arms 32 and 33 and corresponding recesses in the side walls 14 and 15 of the cassette housing. An example of such a recess is the recess 44 in FIGS. 4 and 5.<br />
<br />
The bearing journals 42 and 43 have a square cross-section and the recess 44 as well as the corresponding recess, not shown, in the side wall 15 of the cassette housing has a semicircular cross-section. In the side walls at the location of the bearing journals 42 and 43 leaf springs 45 provide a simple spring restraint for loading the bearing journals towards the rear 16 of the cassette housing. Because of the resilience of the leaf springs loading the square cross-section of the bearing journals of the cassette cover, the cassette cover will be held in a stable balanced position, both in its closed position and in its two open positions for any orientation of the magnetic tape cassette relative to the direction of the force or gravity.<br />
<br />
Double Pivots<br />
<br />
FIGS. 6 to 20<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFhX3zOxMIVw-n4cOwio6UI1WkuyVjDYi6QjKTcM9bSL1CtKTc02Jjc_GFBiGx-jgNO5Q1MP96ADPh9siRbJBA9aKHuO-OFf7AWoy-pWtjK-0pnC1TycTyjav0Olxu3RE8mfmUurDDVaI/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-3__VRM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFhX3zOxMIVw-n4cOwio6UI1WkuyVjDYi6QjKTcM9bSL1CtKTc02Jjc_GFBiGx-jgNO5Q1MP96ADPh9siRbJBA9aKHuO-OFf7AWoy-pWtjK-0pnC1TycTyjav0Olxu3RE8mfmUurDDVaI/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-3__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a> relate to a different embodiment of the invention. The magnetic tape cassette 47 is largely identical to the magnetic tape cassette 1 of FIGS. 1 to 5. The cassette includes reel hubs 48 and 49 with central openings 50 and 51 and additional openings 52 and 53 arranged around the central openings. The cassette housing comprises a first main wall 54 and a second main wall 55 with first openings 56 and 57 respectively, and with second openings 58 and 59 respectively, for the reel hubs 48 and 49. The main walls 54 and 55 are interconnected by side walls 60 and 61 and a rear wall 62. Opposite the rear wall there is located a front opening 63, see FIGS. 10 to 12. The cassette housing accommodates a magnetic tape 64 with a stretched tape portion 65 near the front 63.<br />
<br />
A cassette cover 66 substantially covers the entire front 63 of the cassette housing. On both sides the cover 66 has pivoting arms 67 and 68 which extend along the sides walls 60 and 61 and which have free ends 69 and 70. In the closed position the arms 67 and 68 extend toward, and the free ends face, the rear 62 of the cassette housing. The side walls 61 and 62 and the pivoting arms 67 and 68 have cooperating pivotal bearing means near the free ends 69 and 70 of the pivoting arms. The cassette cover 66 is pivotable from its closed position, see FIGS. 6 to 8, into two different open positions; namely, a first open position, by pivoting in a first pivoting direction 71 (FIG. 10) towards the first main wall 54, and a second open position, by pivoting in a second pivoting direction 72 (FIG. 11) towards the second main wall 55 of the cassette housing.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQXgNEu0Cnk6CXPh07qlQe7bRoUWwxedcV8HyFlN5Su_FSCu8lvBquRHLHBy3S_mY3Em8K6UY__h0zvKj-CjZD_IUjwcM6pl6PuyRm2_LFZL8rA8BUY9QFsxRWWrKO50UizTvO5HbQMSo/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-5__VRM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQXgNEu0Cnk6CXPh07qlQe7bRoUWwxedcV8HyFlN5Su_FSCu8lvBquRHLHBy3S_mY3Em8K6UY__h0zvKj-CjZD_IUjwcM6pl6PuyRm2_LFZL8rA8BUY9QFsxRWWrKO50UizTvO5HbQMSo/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-5__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>In the magnetic tape cassette 47 the pivotal bearing means comprise first pivotal bearing means situated nearer the 66 in its first direction 71 about a first pivoting axis 73 which is situated nearer the side of the first main wall 54; and second pivotal bearing means situated nearer the side of the second main wall 55, for pivoting the cassette cover in the second pivoting direction 72 about a second pivoting axis 74 spaced from the first axis and situated nearer the side of the second major wall. The first pivotal bearing means comprise first bearing journals 75 and 76 formed on the arms 67 and 68 respectively as well as parts of the cassette housing side walls 60 and 61 which define first bearing recesses 77 which receive the first bearing journals. For clarity, only the first bearing for cooperation with the bearing journal 75 is shown, in FIGS. 11 and 12. The second pivotal bearing means comprise second bearing journals 78 and 79 also formed on the arms 67 and 68 respectively, and parts of the cassette housing side walls 60 and 61 which define second bearing recesses 80 for receiving these bearing journals. Similarly, only the second bearing recess for receiving the bearing journal 78 is shown in FIGS. 10 and 12.<br />
<br />
Each of the bearing recesses has an opening at its circumference, for moving the bearing journals 75 and 76 out of the corresponding bearing recesses when the cassette cover is pivoted about the second pivoting axis 74 and for moving the bearing journals 78 and 79 out of the corresponding bearing recesses when the cassette cover 66 is pivoted about the first pivoting axis 73.<br />
<br />
Actuate first guid<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUHhUxZMwCXtPs7P8qb-RVMT1EYg_JjXbhi5IcoWUDJf0-jWDG334g_ecIvmVBRDPvBbL2OxX72oXRwW7ENwn0G6621wncOi5wcvEGGh-hZrLxPfJY1exMq0drWUTLjwZAPD9SSm9U98/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-6__VRM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUHhUxZMwCXtPs7P8qb-RVMT1EYg_JjXbhi5IcoWUDJf0-jWDG334g_ecIvmVBRDPvBbL2OxX72oXRwW7ENwn0G6621wncOi5wcvEGGh-hZrLxPfJY1exMq0drWUTLjwZAPD9SSm9U98/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-6__VRM.jpg" height="217" width="320" /></a>e slots 81 (only one shown in FIGS. 11 and 12) each terminate in the respective opening in the circumference of the first bearing recesses 77 for guiding the first bearing journals 75 and 76 with play when the cassette cover 66 is pivoted in its second pivoting direction 72. Arcuate second guide slots 82 (again, only one shown) each terminate in the respective opening in the circumference of the second bearing recesses 80 for guiding the second bearing journal 78 with play when the cassette cover 66 is pivoted in its first pivoting direction 71.<br />
<br />
As is in particular apparent from FIGS. 13 to 15 the bearing recesses 77 and 80 have, as shown, an at least partly circular cross-section with a diameter equal to the length (maximum transverse dimension) L of the associated bearing journals 75 or 78 plus some play. The bearing journals have an elongated shape with a width dimension T which is smaller than the length dimension L. The arcuate guide slots have a width dimension W which is adapted to the width dimension T of the associated bearing journal and which is smaller than the diameter of the associated bearing recess. In this way movements of the cassette cover 66 other than in the first or the second pivoting directions 71 and 72 are prevented in any position of the cassette cover by cooperation of the bearing journals and the parts of the side walls 60 and 61 which surround the bearing recesses. The bearing journals are also arcuate, so that they always engage with the associated guide slots in a comparatively accurate manner.<br />
<br />
The side walls 60 and 61 also have mounting slots 83 to 86 for mounting the bearing journals in the bearing recesses. FIGS. 13 and 14 show that the mounting slots 83 and 84 respectively intersect the guide slots 82 and 81 at the location of the intersections C1 and C2 respectively. The mounting slots each have an open entry side for the free entry of the bearing journal into the mounting slots. The bottom of each mounting slot has a profile which extends between a level N1 at which there is play between the cassette cover 66 and the cassette housing, and a level N2 at which the cassette cover is slightly bent by forces between the bearing journals and the bottoms of the mounting slots. As is apparent in particular from the detailed section view (FIG. 15) of the slots shown in FIG. 14 t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLmLz81BmGcxP62NpUg5n_u3wcsqpUFHp1S0cV0SQQAu7R1cY4ghzH7oCRHAOrbLZI4pNdgJGiFufv75y_reaRWWjS3juFYzLae646MS1CErj-opuOqZB6XN3jesXpYngXy6qFn7-bVhA/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-7__VRM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLmLz81BmGcxP62NpUg5n_u3wcsqpUFHp1S0cV0SQQAu7R1cY4ghzH7oCRHAOrbLZI4pNdgJGiFufv75y_reaRWWjS3juFYzLae646MS1CErj-opuOqZB6XN3jesXpYngXy6qFn7-bVhA/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-7__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>he cassette cover in its first open position is prevented from moving in a direction other than the pivoting direction by cooperation of the first bearing journals (such as the bearing journal 75) with the walls of the associated first bearing recesses 77. At the same time the second bearing journals, such as the bearing journal 78, engage the side walls of the second guide slots 82 in the pivoted position of the cassette cover. The levels N1 and N2 of the mounting slots have been selected in such a way that, if a bearing journal is situated at the location of an intersection C1 and C2, it is guided by the side walls of the relevant guide slot.<br />
<br />
In order to limit the pivotal movements of the cassette cover 66 the side walls 60 and 61 of the cassette housing are provided with stops which cooperate with the bearing journals. It can be seen from FIGS. 13 and 14 that the guide slots 82 and 81 are closed at the ends 87 and 88 which are remote from their respective bearing recesses 80 and 77. At these locations ungrooved portions of the side walls 60 and 61 of the cassette housing constitute stops for the bearing journals.<br />
<br />
Both main walls 54 and 55 of the magnetic tape cassette 47 have cut-outs 89 and 90 which extend to (open towards) the front opening of the cassette housing for the pasage of elements of a cassette apparatus behind the stretched tape portion 65. In order to minimize the penetration of dust into the magnetic tape cassette, even when the cassette cover is open, the cassette is provided with a closed front wall 91 at the rear of the cut-outs 89 and 90. The wall 91 has two openings 92 and 93, at a location of two tape guide rollers 94 and 95 respectively, just large enough to permit withdrawing the magnetic tape 64.<br />
<br />
Slide Plates<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s1600/IMGH_04070.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5p5vhZ2lrVcrvWsa2Ljv4gtW1dDd-hkgowE8IDi2mSefSofoXbNbgK4o9W8Y3WkexAS02yHlC7fEshTlFnalXGHnIrZX-Do39r07uyiJwH5twB6voE2MlX7RQIP4SqRmDAOVxJVrhRCQ/s320/IMGH_04070.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
Near the first and near the second main wall there are respectively located a first slide plate 96 and a second slide plate 97, which are slidable between a retracted position (FIGS. 10, 11) nearer the rear 62 of the cassette housing and a closing position (FIGS. 6-9) nearer the front 63 of the cassette housing. In the retracted position the slide plates 96 and 97 leave the cut-outs 89 and 90 in the corresponding main walls 54 and 55 free. In the closed position the cut-outs are completely closed.<br />
<br />
The two slide plates 96 and 97 form part of a single slide member 98 (hereinafter referred to as slide 98) which is bodily movable between a retracted position (see FIGS. 10 and 11) and a closing position (see FIGS. 6 to 9). The slide 98 includes the two slide plates 96 and 97 as well as two side walls 99 and 100 which extend along the side walls 60 and 61 of the cassette housing and which interconnect the slide plates.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6b0B6SXYNPR-3Ibpo3EZQOqSEZntBEAU6ICAT2Kz9sESEGT4WD3sUsBxmRTEYRaRR1bkufv2ALlzG4QUDnUd10hzPVvZ1PsVbEttxkgYNuAwrxyAalah2I_w295cH1n34prNFBG4Z7BA/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-8__VRM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6b0B6SXYNPR-3Ibpo3EZQOqSEZntBEAU6ICAT2Kz9sESEGT4WD3sUsBxmRTEYRaRR1bkufv2ALlzG4QUDnUd10hzPVvZ1PsVbEttxkgYNuAwrxyAalah2I_w295cH1n34prNFBG4Z7BA/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-8__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a><br />
In this preferred embodiment, the slide 98 is manufactured from a plastic as a unitary molding. It is alternatively possible to use a two-part slide 101 as shown in FIG. 22, which comprises slide plates 102 and 103 and side walls 104 and 105. This slide comprises two identical unitary molded plastic parts, the one part comprising the slide plate 102 and the side wall 104 and the other part the slide plate 103 and the side wall 105. The parts are connected to each other by means of snap connections. FIG. 23 shows a cross-section across the snap-connection means, which connect the slide plate 102 to the side wall 104. The connection means comprise a pin 106 with a thickened frustoconical upper end 107. At the location of the pin 106 the slide plate 102 has a hole 108, and counterbore 109 which receives the conical end 107 of the pin 106. This conical end has a diameter which is slightly larger than the hole 108, so that when the slide plate 102 is mounted on the side wall 104 the conical end is slightly elastically deformed as it passes through the hole 108 until the counterbore 109 is reached. The slide 101 operates in an identical manner as the slide 98.<br />
<br />
In the magnetic tape cassette 47 the two pivoting arms 67 and 68 of the cassette cover 66 are located outside the cassette housing. When the slide 98 is in its closing position the arms 67 and 68 are covered by the side walls 99 and 100 of the slide, so that when the magnetic tape cassette is removed from a cassette apparatus the pivoting arms and thus the bearing means are satisfactorily protected against mechanical damage. Moreover, a clean-cut appearance is thus obtained.<br />
<br />
Spring Restraint<br />
<br />
The complete slide 98 is loaded towards its closing position by a pressure spring 110 (FIGS. 6 and 8). For this purpose the slide plates 96 and 97 are interconnected by a connecting plate 111 halfway between the side walls 99 and 100, behind the stretched tape portion 65. The pressure spring 110 is fitted around a pin 112 extending rearward from the plate 111, and bears against the connecting plate 111 and against the bottom of a blind hole 113 in the cassette housing midway between its side walls 60 and 61 (FIG. 12). The connecting member, also see FIGS. 18 to 20, not only serves as a point of attachment for the pressure spring 110, but also stiffens the slide 98. Without this stiffening, the comparatively thin slide plates 96 and 97 can readily be bent. The connecting plate 111 has two slots 114 and 115 which engage two ridges 116 and 117 on the rear center of the slide plates 96 and 97.<br />
<br />
Instead of a slide 98 with a separate connecting plate 111, it is alternatively possible to employ a slide 118 which is integrated with a connecting plate 119, as shown in FIG. 21. The slide plates 120 and 121, as well as the side walls 122 and 123, the connecting plate 119 and the pin 124 extending from the plate are integrally manufactured from a suitable plastic by injection molding. When such a slide is used the various components of the cassette must be assembled in such a sequence that the stretched tape portion 65 along the front of the cassette does not obstruct fitting of the slide. In order to facilitate the mounting of the pressure spring a pin may be used which is substantially shorter then the pin 124. Instead of the pin a local recess in the surface of the connecting plate may be used in order to prevent undesired lateral movements of the end of the pressure spring.<br />
<br />
The two-part slide 101 in accordance with FIG. 22 enables the slide to be mounted after the magnetic tape has been placed in the cassette housing. This slide comprises a connecting plate 125 consisting of two parts 125A and 125B, which are integral with the slide plate 102 and the slide plate 103 respectively. The part 125B is connected to the slide plate 102 by a snap connection of the type of FIG. 23 and the part 125A is connected to the slide plate 103 by means of a similar snap connection. The pin 173 also consists of two parts, but is otherwise the same as the pin 124 described in the preceding paragraph.<br />
<br />
Cover/Slide Movement<br />
<br />
The pressure spring 110 ensures that the slide 98 is normally in its closing position when the cassette is not placed on a cassette apparatus, and thus covers the openings 89 and 90 in the main walls of the cassette housing. In its closing position the slide also covers any other openings in the main walls, such as the customary locating openings 126 to 129 (FIGS. 6 and 8) for locating the cassette relative to a cassette apparatus with the aid of locating pins provided on the deck of the apparatus. However, the pressure spring 110 also has another function, namely the closure of the cassette cover 66 when the slide 98 is moved to its closing position. For this purpose the slide 98 and the cassette cover 66 are provided with cooperating parts which cause the cassette cover to pivot to its closed position from either of its two open positions. As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the edges of the pivoting arms 67 and 68 and parts of the slide plates 96 and 97 engage in a sliding fashion to provide this cooperation.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Pm_ECpeI5d5IXzLCrqRE-GoskveuLGn8pVHJkXJXWBYQWujcG-MKvX10FrjeFxNrJRHmGwRIO2YEv3pAhFb_mHEpBCN_DtejhUVsFQb72Gk7oopm1JA3gsEj2rjepyio_aEv6jJQa8/s1600/IMGH_04118.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Pm_ECpeI5d5IXzLCrqRE-GoskveuLGn8pVHJkXJXWBYQWujcG-MKvX10FrjeFxNrJRHmGwRIO2YEv3pAhFb_mHEpBCN_DtejhUVsFQb72Gk7oopm1JA3gsEj2rjepyio_aEv6jJQa8/s320/IMGH_04118.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a><br />
The slide 98 and the cassette cover 66 are provided with a cooperating latch for preventing the cassette cover 66 from moving to an open position if the slide 98 is in its closing position, so that a magnetic tape cassette which has been removed from an apparatus cannot readily be opened. This is possible only after at least partly moving back the slide 98 toward its retracted position against the force of the pressure spring 110. The latching means again are formed by the edges of the pivoting arms 67 and 68 of the cassette cover 66 and parts of the slide plates 96 and 97 of the slide 98, namely those parts of the slide plates which, when the slide is in its closing position, cover the pivoting arms 67 and 68 together with the side walls 99 and 100. The latching means also include two projections 130 and 131 on either side of the cassette cover 66, which engage corrsponding notches in the walls 99 and 100 of the slide 98.<br />
<br />
As is clearly shown especially in FIG. 7 and also in FIG. 9 the cassette cover 66 leaves the front edges 132 and 133 of the side walls 99 and 100 of the slide 98, which are remote from the rear 62 of the cassette housing, free at locations which are disposed nearer the main walls 54 and 55 of the cassette housing. This has been done to provide an abutment for moving the slide 98 to its retracted position when the magnetic tape cassette is placed in a cassette holder of a cassette apparatus, as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30. These figures show a part of a cassette apparatus 134 in cross-section at the location of a cassette holder 135. The cassette holder is pivotable about a hinge pin 136 and is thus movable from a cassette insertion position shown in FIG. 29 to an operating position shown in FIG. 30.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5T3mxvUgx55WHr6lPI0CXzlljUV3e137IqNKfbwZjGGt990DavKsznTkhwJBqkVs7Fc_gKQK0Z2H1-liYmnENFkWuIJI64tdf-a5GeqpNczU9DCLH4YC-zKZpPfC1m_r9_O9H6cdRtkA/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-12__VRM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5T3mxvUgx55WHr6lPI0CXzlljUV3e137IqNKfbwZjGGt990DavKsznTkhwJBqkVs7Fc_gKQK0Z2H1-liYmnENFkWuIJI64tdf-a5GeqpNczU9DCLH4YC-zKZpPfC1m_r9_O9H6cdRtkA/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-12__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
At its front the cassette holder 135 has a cassette insertion opening. By means of tension springs 139 levers 138 urge a cassette against a partly open bottom plate 140, which is provided with upward projections 141 at each side. During insertion of a cassette these projections engage the front edges 132 and 133 of the slide 98. When the cassette 47 is inserted into the cassette holder 135 the slide 98 is thus readily moved from its closing position to its more retracted position.<br />
<br />
The side walls 99 and 100 of the slide 98 have notches 142 and 143 which can receive the lateral projections 130 and 131 of the cassette cover in the closed position. As described above, these projections and notches latch the cassette cover in its closed position. However, the projections also enable simple opening of the cassette cover after the cassette has been inserted into a cassette holder of a cassette apparatus. For this purpose a cassette apparatus 134 may include a cover opener 144 which is mounted to the deck of a cassette apparatus 134 by a pin 146 slidable in a slotted hole 147 against upward force of a spring 145. In FIG. 29 the slide 98 already occupies its more retracted position, so that the cassette cover 66 can be pivoted. The cassette cover is pivoted when the cassette holder 135 is moved downwards, during which movement the top of the cover opener 144 engages the projection 130 on the cassette cover 66. The opposite projection 131 can similarly be engaged by a symmetrically located cover opener.<br />
<br />
FIG. 26 is similar to FIG. 8 except that the side wall 100 of the slide 98 is now moved towards the more retracted position, while the side wall 99 is still in a position corresponding to the closing position of the slide. In such a situation the slide 98 can readily become jammed on the cassette housing. In order to prevent such an undesired situation the side walls 60 and 61, at the location of the side walls 99 and 100 of the slide 98 when they are in their more retracted positions, have been given a curved profile P with a radius of curvature R which is substantially equal to the distance between the two side walls 60 and 61 of the cassette housing. Thus, at least a limited twisting of the position of the slide 98 relative to the cassette housing is possible without the slide becoming jammed on the cassette housing. For the sake of simplicity FIG. 26 only shows a single radius R, i.e. of the profile P of the side wall 60.<br />
<br />
Another embodiment which prevents jamming of the slide is shown in FIGS. 27 and 28. These figures show a magnetic tape cassette 148 which is substantially identical to the magnetic tape cassette shown in FIGS. 6 to 12, except for a slightly different shape of the slide member and <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7hLKeX0MZABT310Qx38MRUDOVBR7P3q6i4PqxKWGFtOEJpaQovU5pjTN_SwHx5WTsAkYWZ50EGoXGiIcoOegvUd73tbD_WDQBJTN8hjrZ2uzCMXJp-7MkmT61dVKOFijh7bGHNvB2dXc/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-11__VRM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7hLKeX0MZABT310Qx38MRUDOVBR7P3q6i4PqxKWGFtOEJpaQovU5pjTN_SwHx5WTsAkYWZ50EGoXGiIcoOegvUd73tbD_WDQBJTN8hjrZ2uzCMXJp-7MkmT61dVKOFijh7bGHNvB2dXc/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-11__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>the side walls of the cassette housing. For simplicity, only the differences of the cassette 148 will be described in full detail. It comprises a bodily movable slide member 149 with side walls 150, 151 having prolonged portions 153 and 154 respectively, which extend toward the rear 152 of the cassette housing. In the closing position of the slide each side wall of the slide 149 extends rearward beyond the location of the rear edges 155 and 156 of the slide plates when the slide 149 is in its more retracted position. This location is near two ridges 157 and 158 on the cassette housing. The side walls 159 and 160 of the magnetic tape cassette 148 have corresponding grooves 161 for guiding the prolonged portions of the side walls of the slide 149. The prolonged portions 153 and 154 not only prevent the slide 149 from becoming jammed, but, as is shown in FIG. 28, a smoother appearance of the cassette is obtained, which is aesthetically desirable.<br />
<br />
In the cassette 47 the slide 98 and the cassette housing are provided with cooperating stop means to prevent a slide, once mounted, from sliding off the cassette housing, when the cassette cover 66 has not yet been mounted or has been removed. The slide has two inwardly facing bosses 162 and 163 (see FIGS. 12, 16 and 17), and the side walls 60 and 61 of the housing have grooves 164 in which the bosses may move (only one groove shown, in FIGS. 9 and 12). As shown in FIG. 12, the end 165 of the groove 164 serves as a stop for the boss 162. The side wall 61 has a similar groove and end stop for the boss 163. These ends are located so that the bosses abut the respective ends in the closing position of the slide 98. As a result, in the closing position the pressure of the spring 110 is transmitted to the side walls 60 and 61 of the cassette housing by the bosses 162 and 163. The cassette cover 66 and, in particular, the bearing journals 75 to 79 are not loaded by the pressure spring 110 in the closing position of the slide 98, because there is always some clearance between the cassette cover 66 and the slide 98 in its closing position.<br />
<br />
Alternative Spring Restraint<br />
<br />
FIGS. 24 and 25 schematically show a part of a magnetic tape cassette which is largely identical to the magnetic tape cassette in accordance with FIGS. 6 to 12, but which includes resilient means for loading the cassette cover and the slide member relative to eac<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-PzXCoBMfgYGDheAtypF3iFfOHBfDv_9PvP9_rIVwWF469WNqXu1oRREFsRbCC_cT4Cv-8gnCjhtzff8kSiSLsR6QaQWLMPQnxFf0mRwY7RTKE9YovVt_fRNwXpcecdnZj7TsiECpCM/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-10__VRM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-PzXCoBMfgYGDheAtypF3iFfOHBfDv_9PvP9_rIVwWF469WNqXu1oRREFsRbCC_cT4Cv-8gnCjhtzff8kSiSLsR6QaQWLMPQnxFf0mRwY7RTKE9YovVt_fRNwXpcecdnZj7TsiECpCM/s1600/PHILIPS-V2000-CASS-10__VRM.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>h other. A cassette cover 166 is shown, having a pivoting arm 167 which is journalled on a side wall 168 of the magnetic tape cassette. Furthermore, the cassette includes a slide 169, on which a pin 170 is located. The side wall 167 of cassette cover 136 carries a pin 171. Between the two pins a tension spring 172 is mounted. The bearing arrangement of the pivoting arm 167 includes two bearing journals 173 and 174, bearing recesses 175 and 176, as well as guide slots 177 and 178.<br />
<br />
In the situation shown in FIG. 24 the cassette cover 166 is in the closed position and the slide 169 is in the closing position. The slide 169 is pulled towards the cassette cover 166 by the tension spring 172, the assembly being in a stable balanced position. Similarly, in the situation of FIG. 25, in which the cassette cover 166 is in one of its open positions and the slide 169 has been moved into its more retracted position, the cassette cover 166 is in a stable position under the influence of the force exerted on it. The connecting line between the pins 177 and 171 extends on such a side of the bearing journal 173 that the cassette cover tends to swing open further. However, this is prevented by abutment of the bearing journal 174 with the end of its guide slot 178. By suitably dimensioning the spring 172, allowance being made for the weight of the cassette cover 166, the cassette cover is in a stable balanced position for any orientation of the cassette relative to the force of gravity.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">PHILIPS VR2022S VIDEO2000 </span><span style="font-size: small;">Recording and/or reproducing apparatus:</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b>A magnetic ta<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
pe recording and/or reproducing apparatus suitable for
cooperation with a magnetic tape (1) accommodated in a cassette (10) is
provided with a tape guide device (18) which comprises two substantially
cylindrical tape guides (19, 20) each mounted on one of two movable
supports (21, 22) for withdrawing a portion of the tube from the
cassette and wrapping it around a tape guide drum (2). For moving the
two supports there is provided a wire drive arrangement (38) which
comprises two alternately rotatable wire drums (39, 40) and three wires
(41, 42, 43), the first wire (41) passing from the first write drum (39)
to the first support (21), the second wire (42) passing from the first
support to the second support (22) and the third wire (43) passing from
the second support to the second wire drum (40). For simultaneously
moving the two supports from their rest positions to their operating
positions the first wire drum (39) can be driven and for simultaneously
moving the supports from their operating positions to their rest
positions the second wire drum (40) can be driven. (FIG. 1). <br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s1600/IMGH_04125.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s320/IMGH_04125.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b>1. A recording and/or
reproducing apparatus for a record carrier in the form of a tape which
is accommodated in a cassette which comprises at least one opening for
the withdrawal of a portion of the record carrier from said cassette and
which cassette can be supported on the apparatus, which apparatus is
provided with a tape guide drum around whose circumferential surface can
be wrapped the portion of the record carrier which has been withdrawn
from the cassette, and with a tape guide device which is adapted to
withdraw a portion of the record carrier from the cassette and wrap said
portion of the record carrier around the tape guide drum, which tape
guide device comprises two substantially cylindrical tape guides which
are each arranged on an associated one of two movable supports in the
apparatus, which supports are movable between a rest position, in which
the tape guides engage behind the record carrier contained in the
cassette at the location of the opening therein, and an operating
position, in which the tape guides keep the portion of the record
carrier which is moved by the tape guides when the supports are moved
from their rest positions to their operating positions, wrapped around
the tape guide drum, there being provided a wire drive arrangement for
moving the two supports, which arrangement comprises a rotatable wire
drum and two wires which each act on one of the two supports
substantially in the direction of movement of the support from its rest
position to its operating position and one of which passes to the
rotatable wire drum via a wire guide, so as to be wound onto said wire
drum, characterized in that the wire drive arrangement comprises two
rotatable wire drums for winding in one wire each, the first wire which
acts on a first one of the two supports substantially in the direction
of movement of said support from its rest position to its operating
position passing to a first one of the two wire drums, in that the
second wire which acts on the second one of the two supports
substantially in the direction of movement of said support from its rest
position to its operating position passes to the first support and acts
on this support substantially in the direction of movement thereof from
its operating position to its rest position, in that a third wire
passes from the second of th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>e two wire drums to the second support and
acts on this support substantially in the direction of movement thereof
from its operating position to its rest position, and in that for moving
the two supports from their rest positions to their operating positions
the first wire drum can be driven and for moving them from their
operating positions to their rest positions the second wire drum can be
driven. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in
that each of the two supports takes the form of a sliding member and is
movably guided along a guide between its rest position and its operating
position, and in that the wire which acts on the first support passes
along the guide for the first support and the wire which acts on the
second support passes along the guide for the second support.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in
that the second wire in its path between the two supports is divided so
as to for<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s1600/IMGH_04138.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s320/IMGH_04138.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>m two separate wire sections, in that a pair of rotatable
transmission drums is provided at the location of this division, which
pair comprises two drums of different diameter coaxial with each other
and are connected to each other and in that the two wire sections each
run onto an associated one of the two transmission drums and is
connected thereto, one of the wire sections running onto the associated
transmission drum in the clockwise direction and the other in the
counterclockwise direction, and in order to obtain different travels for
the two supports the wire section which passes to the support having a
greater travel is connected to the transmission drum having a greater
diameter, and the wire section which passes to the support having a
smaller travel is connected to the transmission drum having a smaller
diameter. <br />
<br clear="all" />
4. An apparatus as claimed in any of the preceding
claims 1, 2, or 3, characterized in that the two wire drums are
journalled in the apparatus so as to be coaxial with each other and are
rotatable relative to each other, in that the first wire and the third
wire each run onto an associated one of the two wire drums and is
connected thereto, one of these two wires running onto the associated
wire drum in the clockwise direction and the other in the
counterclockwise direction, in that for winding in the wires connected
to the two wire drums said drums can be driven in opposite directions of
rotation, and in that there is provided a spring which acts between the
two wire drums and urges the two wire drums relative to each other in
opposite directions of rotation. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in
that the spring takes the form of a flat spiral spring which is
substantially coaxial with the wire drums. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. An apparatus as claimed in claims 4, characterized in
that for driving the two coaxial wire drums there is provided a common
motor drive arrangement whose direction of rotation is reversible.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3wTDaxjvipZOoTk7T6xedLAq4dOeCZy4qzt2CGsvqzD3Re-5kectZuk8NSHcTNse7cj5ybqXylxajqsWf8sbpt-6iL3u5jJdKfLuAQ2xOoj2chEtQUslmI7xBV_jUzhsIKhFaqsgj-0/s1600/IMGH_04135.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3wTDaxjvipZOoTk7T6xedLAq4dOeCZy4qzt2CGsvqzD3Re-5kectZuk8NSHcTNse7cj5ybqXylxajqsWf8sbpt-6iL3u5jJdKfLuAQ2xOoj2chEtQUslmI7xBV_jUzhsIKhFaqsgj-0/s320/IMGH_04135.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6, characterized in
that the drive arrangement comprises a synchronous motor whose direction
of rotation is reversible, which motor drives a rotatably journalled
drive member which is coaxial with the two wire drums, and in that
between the drive member and each of the two wire drums there is
arranged a respective one of two unidirectional coupling devices which,
depending on the direction of rotation of the synchronous motor,
establish a driving connection between the drive member driven by the
synchronous motor and one or the other of the two wire drums.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, characterized in
that each of the two unidirectional coupling devices comprises a driving
projection which projects from the drive member, a coupling projection
which projects from a disc which is rigidly connected to the respective
wire drum, and a coupling disc which is coaxial with the drive member
and which is journalled so as to be rotatable relative to said drive
member and the wire drums, which coupling disc comprises a coupling
projection for coupling said driving projection to the coupling
projection on the disc which is rigidly connected to the respective wire
drum. <br />
<br clear="all" />
9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, characterized in
that for the synchronous motor there is provided a control circuit,
which comprises a manually-actuated first switching device which can be
switched between two switching positions, for connecting the synchronous
motor to an a.c. supply voltage, in one of which switching positions
the synchronous motor rotates in a first direction for driving the first
wire drum so as to move the supports from their rest positions to their
operating positions, and in the other of which switching positions the
synchronous motor rotates in a second direction, which is opposite to
the first direction, for driving the second wire drum, so as to move the
supports from their operating positions to their rest positions, the
control circuit further comprising a second switching device which can
be actuated when the supports are in their operating positions, which
device disconnects the synchronous motor from the a.c. supply voltage
and connects it to a d.c. holding voltage when the supports are in their
operating positions. <br />
<br clear="all" />
10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, characterized in
that for positioning the two tape guides when the supports are in their
operating positions there is provided on<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>e positioning device for each
tape guide and when the supports are in their operating poisitions the
tape guides are each urged into the respective positioning device by
means of a separate pressure device which is movable against the action
of a return spring from a disengaged position to an engaged position, in
that for moving each pressure device to its engaged position a wire
guide roller is rotatably journalled on each pressure device, in that
the first wire passes round each wire guide roller so as to urge the
respective pressure device in the direction of its engaged position, and
in that for each pressure device there is provided a separate
disengagabe latching device which prevents the pressure device from
moving to its engaged position when the respective support is out of its
operating position and which is disengaged when the respective support
is in its operating position, and further characterized in that one of
the two pressure devices comprises a switching lever which is pivotably
journalled on said device, which lever under the influence of a
retaining spring is retained against a stop on said one of the pressure
dev<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s1600/IMGH_04125.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s320/IMGH_04125.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>ices and on which lever the wire guide roller on said one of the
pressure devices is rotatably journalled, the switching lever, when said
one of the pressure devices is in its engaged position, being kept in a
switching position by cooperation between the first wire and said wire
guide roller in which position the switching lever is disengaged from
the stop against the action of the retaining spring and in that the
switching lever is coupled to the second switching device of the control
circuit for the synchronous motor, which when the switching lever is in
its switching position keeps the synchronous motor connected to its
d.c. holding voltage. <br />
<br clear="all" />
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in
that for positioning the two tape guides when the supports are in their
operating positions there is provided one positioning device for each
tape guide and when the supports are in their operating positions the
tape guides are each urged into the respective positioning device by
means of a separate pressure device which is movable against the action
of a return spring from a disengaged position to an engaged position, in
that for moving each pressure device to its engaged position a wire
guide roller is rotatably journalled on each pressure device, in that
the first wire passes round each wire guide roller so as to urge the
respective pressure device in the direction of its engaged position, and
in that for each pressure device there is provided a separate
disengagable latching device which prevents the pressure device from
moving to its engaged position when the respective support is out of its
operating position and which is disengaged when the respective support
is in its operating position. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ze-219jGc9KMV-IGVO_QbFygQO2TvpgGRuvOL6HLxqUd6kqJxOiiXWbosyhL0e3x-a2t-86ctlGB2bvaHK8NhNfIFtnijMIUAKi68yzsAPkuuwsS9mtAJEdskpxEci0V3vvNTLQnJjg/s1600/IMGH_04140.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ze-219jGc9KMV-IGVO_QbFygQO2TvpgGRuvOL6HLxqUd6kqJxOiiXWbosyhL0e3x-a2t-86ctlGB2bvaHK8NhNfIFtnijMIUAKi68yzsAPkuuwsS9mtAJEdskpxEci0V3vvNTLQnJjg/s320/IMGH_04140.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11, characterized
in that the two pressure devices each comprise a pressure slide, the two
slides being movable parallel to each other, and on each slide an
essentially U-shaped pressure member being pivotably journalled for
cooperation with the respective tape guide, and in that for the two
pressure devices there is provided a single disengagable latching device
which is common to the two pressure devices and acts between the two
pressure slides. <br />
<br clear="all" />
13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in
that the wires are coupled to the supports by detachable coupling
means. <br />
<br clear="all" />
14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, characterized
in that for freely positioning each tape guide when the associated
support is in its operating position the detachable coupling means
between each wire and the respective support has some lost motion
relative to the support. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
The invention relates to a recording and/or reproducing
apparatus for a record carrier in the form of tape which is accommodated
in a cassette which comprises at least one opening for the withdrawal
of a portion of the record carrier from said cassette and which cassette
can be supported on the apparatus, which a<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s1600/IMGH_04138.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s320/IMGH_04138.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>pparatus is provided with a
tape guide drum around whose circumferential surface can be wrapped the
portion of the record carrier which has been withdrawn from the
cassette, and with a tape guide device which is adapted to withdraw a
portion of the record carrier from the cassette and wrap said portion of
the record carrier around the tape guide drum, which tape guide device
comprises two substantially cylindrical tape guides which are each
arranged on an associated one of two movable supports in the apparatus,
which supports are movable between a rest position, in which the tape
guide engage behind the record carrier contained in the cassette at the
location of the opening therein, and an operating position, in which the
tape guides keep the portion of the record carrier which is moved by
the tape guides when the supports are moved from their rest positions to
their operating positions, wrapped around the tape guide drum, there
being provided a wire drive arrangement for moving the two supports,
which arrangement comprises a rotatable wire drum and two wires which
each act on one of the two supports substantially in the direction of
the movement of the support from its rest position to its operating
position and one of which passes to the rotatable wire drum via a wire
guide so as to be wound in by said wire drum. Such an apparatus is known
from Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 29.705/1978. <br />
In
this known apparatus the supports for the tape guides take the form of
levers which are pivotably journalled in the apparatus, one of two
wires, which can jointly be wound onto a single rotatable wire drum,
each time acting on said levers for moving said levers from their rest
positions to their operating positions, and each time one return spring,
which takes the form of an expander spring, acting on said levers for
moving them from their operating positions back to their rest positions.
When the wire drum is driven the two wires are wound onto said drum,
the levers being pivoted against the action of the return springs. Since
in this known apparatus the wires are jointly wound onto a single wire
drum, it is not unlikely that the wires interfere with each other
adversely, which may result in a non-uniform movement of the two
supports and thus of the tape guides. This may result in the tape-like
record carrier being subjected to a non-uniform load when it is
withdrawn from the cassette. In the known apparatus the wires should be
adapted to each other accurately in respect of their lengths in order to
ensure that the two supports reach their operating positions at the
same time. The use of return springs makes it necessary that when the
wires are wound up in order to move the supports to their operating
positions the drive means for the wire drum has to overcome the return
force of the return springs, which demands an extra effort. The two
return springs may exert different return forces, which again may result
in the two supports being subjected to a non-uniform load. If return
springs are employed, steps must be taken to ensure that said springs do
not cause an abrupt return of the supports to their rest positions,
because in the case of such an abrupt or jerky movement of the supports
and the tape guides arranged thereon a correct return of the record
carrier is not guaranteed. <br />
It is the object of the invention to
provide a recording and/or reproducing apparatus of the type mentioned
in the preamble, which mitigates the said pr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s1600/IMGH_04125.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s320/IMGH_04125.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>oblems and in which the
supports are moved from their rest positions to their operating
positions and, conversely, from their operating positions to their rest
positions, in a particularly uniform and reliable manner. To this end
the invention is characterized in that the wire drive arrangement
comprises two rotatable wire drums, for winding in one wire each, the
first wire which acts on a first one of the two supports substantially
in the direction of movement of said support from its rest position to
its operating position passing to a first one of the two wire drums, in
that the second wire which acts on the second one of the two supports
substantially in the direction of movement of said support from its rest
position to its operating position, passes to the first support and
acts on this support substantially in the direction of movement thereof
from its operating position to its rest position, in that a third wire
passes from the second of the two wire drums to the second support and
acts on this support substantially in the direction of movement thereof
from its operating position to its rest position, and in that for the
movement of the two supports from their rest positions to their
operating positions the first wire drum can be driven and for the
movement from their operating positions to their rest positions the
second wire drum can be driven. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>By providing two wire drums,
which are adapted to wind in only one wire each, it is ensured that the
two wires are each wound onto or unwound from one wire drum without
adversely interfering with each other. This promotes a uniform winding
or unwinding of the wires, so that winding or unwinding will not impair
the movement of the supports. By interconnecting the two supports, which
are essentially arranged in the apparatus so as to be movable
independently of each other, by means of a wire, said supports are
functionally coupled to each other in an advantageous manner, resulting
in more precisely coordinated uniform movements of the two supports.
These provisions ensure that the tape guides arranged on the supports
perform smooth, coordinated and uniform movements; so that the tape-like
record carrier, which in practice is very thin and therefore
particularly vulnerable, is drawn from the cassette and subsequently
wrapped around the tape guide drum, or alternatively returned into said
cassette, in a particularly gentle manner. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s1600/IMGH_04129.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s320/IMGH_04129.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
In order to move the
supports, which are essentially arranged in the apparatus so as to be
movable independently of each other but which are functionally coupled
to each other by the second wire, from their rest positions to their
operating positions the first wire drum is driven and the first wire is
wound onto this drum, the third wire being unwound from the second wire
drum, which can then rotate substantially without being braked, so that
this unwinding is effected practically without any counteraction. In
order to move the supports from their operating positions to their rest
positions, the second wire drum is driven in a reverse sense and the
third wire is wound onto said drum, the first wire being unwound from
the first wire drum, which can then also rotate substantially without
being braked, so that this unwinding is also effected practically
without any counteraction. Thus, for driving each of the two wire drums
only one power source is required, which provides only the power
necessary for moving the supports and for overcoming the friction
effects, the movement of the supports being in no way effected against
external return forces. Therefore, the desired result can be obtained
with comparatively moderately dimensioned drive means for the wire
drums, which in view of low costs and a low power consumption is to be
regarded as an advantage. <br />
The fact that the supports, which are
functionally coupled to each other by means of a wire, are not only
positively driven jointly into their operating positions by driving the
first wire drum, but also positively driven into their rest positions by
driving the second wire drum, furthermore has the advantage that it is
always ensured that the two supports occupy their operating positions in
the first-mentioned case and their rest positions in the second case.
This arrangement allows accurate switching of any switches that have to
be operated at the instant at which the supports reach their rest
positions. Thus a switch may be operated to switch off the drive of the
second wire drum. <br />
As is known from the said Japanese Patent
Application Publication No. 29.705/1978, the two supports may simply
take the form of levers, which are pivotably journalled on a spindle
which is rigidly mounted on the apparatus. However, it is found to be
advantageous if each of the two supports takes the form of a sliding
member and<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> is movably guided along a guide between its rest position and
its operating position and if the wire which acts on the first support
passes along the guide for the first support and the wire which acts on
the second support passes along the guide for the second support. The
wires which act on the supports then require little additional space in
the apparatus, because they extend along the guides themselves which
were provided already for the supports. In this respect it is to be
noted that in the case of guides having an arbitrary geometry, wires
which pass along the guides for the supports are particularly suitable
for driving the supports, because the wires can readily adapt to any
geometry. If the guides for the supports are very long, actuation by
means of wires has a further advantage, because a wire drive arrangement
is suitable for covering greater path lengths, i.e., the lengths of the
paths of travel of the two supports. <br />
If the path lengths of the
two supports between their rest positions and their operating positions
are equal, the first, the second and the third wire are each moved over
the same wire length when the two supports are moved. For certain
reasons of design, for example, due to limited space being available, it
may be necessary that the travels of the two supports should be
different. In that case the second wire in its path between the two
supports may be divided so as to form two separate wire sections, a pair
of rotatable transmission drums being provided at the location of this
division, which pair comprises two transmission drums of different
diameter which are coaxial with each other and are connected to each
other, the two wire sections each running onto an associated one of the
two trans<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>mission drums and each being connected thereto, one of the wire
sections running onto the associated transmission drum in the clockwise
direction and the other in the counterclockwise direction, whilst in
order to obtain different travels for the two supports the wire section
which passes to the support having a greater travel is connected to the
transmission drum having a greater diameter and the wire section which
passes to the support having a smaller travel is connected to the
transmission drum having a smaller diameter. Thus, by very simple means,
a compensation is obtained for the different travels of the supports
and thus of the wires acting on the supports, because as a result of the
different diameters of the two transmission drums a greater length of
wire is wound onto or unwound from one of said transmission drums than
is unwound from or wound onto the other of said transmission drums
respectively at the same time. <br />
Between their connected ends, the
wires may be guided by means of wire guides which, for example may take
the form of rollers with circumferential grooves for engagement with the
wires. In order to ensure that always a satisfactory guidance of the
wires is obtained, the wires should always be sufficiently tensioned. In
this respect it is found to be advantageous if the two wire drums are
journalled in the apparatus so as to be coaxial with each other and are
rotatable relative to each other, if the first wire and the third wire
each run onto an arronated one of the two wire drums and is connected
thereto, one of there two wires onto the associated wire drum in the
clockwise direction and the other in the counterclockwise direction, if
for winding in the wires connected to the two wire drums, said drums can
be driven in opposite directions of rotation, and if there is provided a
spring which acts between the two wire drums and urges the two wire
drums relative to each other in opposite directions of rotation. Thus it
may be ensured by means of the spring that between the wire drum a
force is sustained of a magnitude such that the wires between the two
wire drums are kept sufficiently taut. The spring may take the form of a
flat spiral spring which is substantially coaxial with the wire drums.
This provides a simple and compact construction, and such a spiral
spring may have a flat spring characteristic so that comparatively large
relative movements of the two wire drums are permitted, without the
force exerted on the two wire drums by the spring increasing
excessively. <br />
The two wire drums may be driven by a common motor
drive arrangement whose direction of rotation is reversible. This yields
a low-cost and compact embodiment. <br />
The drive means may comprise a
d.c. motor. However, the drive arrangement may advantageously comprise a
synchronous motor whose direction of rotation is reversible<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s1600/IMGH_04125.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s320/IMGH_04125.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>, which
motor drives a rotatably journalled drive member which is coaxial with
the two wire drums, and between the drive member and each of the two
wire drums there being arranged a respective one of the two
unidirectional coupling devices which, depending on the direction of
rotation of the synchronous motor, establish a driving connection
between the drive member driven by the synchronous motor and one or the
other of the two wire drums. A synchronous motor has an essentially
constant driving torque, which has the advantage that even if a support
is blocked the driving torque does not increase, so that damaging or
breaking of the wires is avoided. Moreover, when a synchronous motor is
switched off it exhibits practically no run-out, so that braking of the
wire drums driven by the synchronous motor by separate means after said
motor has been switched off is not necessary. <br />
For the
unidirectional coupling devices it is for example, possible to use
so-called freewheel mechanisms. However, it is found to be advantageous
if each of the two unidirectional coupling devices comprises a driving
projection which projects from the drive member, a coupling projection
which projects from a disc which is rigidly connected to the respective
wire drum, and a coupling disc which is coaxial with the drive member
and which is journalled so as to be rotatable relative to said drive
member and the wire drums, which coupling disc comprises a coupling
projection for coupling said driving projection to the coupling
projection on the disc which is rigidly connected to the respective wire
drum. Such a coupling device is of a very simple construction and may
operate in a troublefree and reliable manner. <br />
For a simple
control of the synchronous motor a control circuit may be provided,
which comprises a manually-actuated first switching device which can be
switched between two switching positions for connecting the synchronous
motor to an a.c. supply voltage, in one of which switching positions the
synchronous motor rotates in a first direction for driving the first
wire drum so as to move the supports from their rest positions to their
operating positions and in the other of which switching positions the
synchronous motor rotates in a second direction, which is opposite to
the first direction, for driving the second wire drum so as to move the
supports from their operating positions to their rest positions, the
control circuit further comprising a second switching device which can
be actuated when the supports are in their operating positions, which
device disconnects the synchronous motor from the a.c.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a> supply voltage
and connects it to a d.c. holding voltage when the supports are in their
operating positions. By connecting the synchronous motor to a d.c.
holding voltage when the supports are in their operating positions said
motor is substantially held stationary, so that the first wire drum is
also held stationary and thereby ensures that the supports are retained
in their operating positions. Thus, a separate latching device for
latching the first wire drum after the supports have reached their
operating positions may be dispensed with. <br />
If the two supports
are in their operating positions, the two tape guides arranged on the
supports are also in their operating positions. To achieve an exact tape
path it is essential that the tape guides then occupy an accurately
defined position. For positioning the two tape guides when the supports
are in their operating positions there may be provided one positioning
device for each tape guide and when the supports are in their operating
positions the tape guide may each be urged into the respective
positioning device by means of a separate pressure device which is
movable against the action of a return spring from a disengaged position
to an engaged position, and for moving each pressure device to its
engaged position a wire guide roller may be rotatably journalled on each
pressure device, the first wire passing round each wire guide roller so
as to urge the respective pressure device in the direction of its
engaged position, and for each pressure device there may be provided a
separate disengagable latching device which prevents the pressure device
from moving to its engaged position when the respective support is out
of its operating position and which is disengaged when the respective
support is in its operating position. In this way the wire drive
arrangement provided for moving the support may also be used for moving
the pressure devices, so that a separate drive arrangement for the
pressure devices may be dispensed with. <br />
For a simple construction
the two pressure devices may each comprise a pressure slide, the two
slides being movable parallel to each other, and on each slide an
essentially U-shaped pressure member being pivotably journalled for
cooperation with the respective tape guide, there being provided a
single disengagable latching device which is common to the two pressure
devices and acts between the two pressure slides. In this way a compact
arrangement may be obtained. <br />
One of the two pressure devices may
comprise a switching lever which is pivotably journalled on said device,
which lever under the influence of a retaining spring is retained
against a stop on said one of the pressure devices, and on which lever
the wire guide roller on said one of the pressure devices is rotatably
journalled, the switching lever, when said one of the pressure devices
is in its engaged position, being kept in a switching position by
cooperation between the first wire and said wire guide roller, in which
position the switching lever is disengaged from the stop against the
action of the retaining spring and the switching lever being coupled to
the second switching device of the control circuit for the synchronous
motor, which when the switching lever is in its switching position
ensures that the synchronous motor remains connected to its d.c. holding
voltage. In this way it is ensured that the synchronous motor, which is
connected to the d.c. holding voltage and which is thus held
stationary, not only keeps the supports in their operating positions but
also keeps the pressure devices in their engaged positions, so that
separate retaining devices for retaining the pressure devices in their
engaged positions may be dispensed wi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>th. <br />
The connections between
the supports and the wires may, for example, be established by permanent
clamping connections. However, it is found to be advantageous to
provide detachable couplings. In this way it may be ensured that the
supports can be mounted in a simple manner and may be removed, for
example, for the purpose of cleaning. For the detachable coupling a
pin-and-slot-connection may be used. This pin-and-slot-connection may,
for example, comprise a lug which is attached to the wire and a pin
which projects from the support and which engages with the lug.
Alternatively, a coupling element may be rigidly connected to the wire
and the support may be formed with a coupling recess, in which the
coupling element engages. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcoxMYrLn4_DIJsnM3zhxaKlELbeaOTK49LL13PFoTo4JPJ7LWoVknVTEsax8p6QRkcOb4yiO9Q7UfCKV_-1CdRQ2lXpl1U4O1EjU8JjGkLvAFz2663B2up_oSldQT56oRjqEw5_DBD0/s1600/IMGH_04134.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcoxMYrLn4_DIJsnM3zhxaKlELbeaOTK49LL13PFoTo4JPJ7LWoVknVTEsax8p6QRkcOb4yiO9Q7UfCKV_-1CdRQ2lXpl1U4O1EjU8JjGkLvAFz2663B2up_oSldQT56oRjqEw5_DBD0/s320/IMGH_04134.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In this respect it is found to be
advantageous in an apparatus in which, when the supports are in their
operating positions, the two tape guides can be positioned with the aid
of positioning devices into which the tape guides are pressed by means
of pressure devices, if the detachable coupling between each wire and
the respective support has some lost motion relative to the support in
order to allow the respective tape guide to be positioned freely when
the support is in its operating position. This ensures that the tape
guides arranged on the supports can be positioned without being
influenced or impeded by the wires which act on the supports under
tension. <br />
The invention will be described in more detail with
reference to the drawings, which show two embodiments to which the
invention is not limited. In the drawings:<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a schematic
plan view showing the parts which are relevant to the invention, of a
recording and/or reproducing apparatus for a record carrier in the form
of a tape which is accommodated in a cassette, which apparatus for
wrapping the record carrier around a tape guide drum comprises two tape
guide pins each arranged on a support in the form of a sliding member,
the two sliding members, which are movable between a rest position and
an operating position by means of a wire drive arrangement being shown
in their rest position. <br />
FIG. 2 shows the apparatus of FIG. 1 with the sliding members in their operating positions, <br />
FIG.
3 is a cross-section through one of the two sliding members in its
operating position, taken on the line III--III in FIG. 2, <br />
FIG. 4
is a cross-section through a detail of the apparatus in accordance with
FIGS. 1 and 2 taken on the line IV--IV in FIG. 1, <br />
FIG. 5 is a cross-section through a detail of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2 on the line V--V in FIG. 1, <br />
FIG. 6 is a cross-section through a detail of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2 taken on the line VI--VI in FIG. 1, <br />
FIG. 7 shows the same detail as FIG. 6 in a cross-section taken on the line VII--VII in FIG. 2. <br />
FIG. 8 represents a control circuit for a synchronous motor employed in the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2, <br />
FIG.
9 is a schematic plan view showing the parts which are relevant for the
invention, of an other recording and/or reproducing apparatus, in which
the tape guides take the form of rollers and the supports for the tape
guide rollers take the form of pivotable levers, which are shown in
their rest positions, and <br />
FIG. 10 shows the apparatus of FIG. 9 with the levers in their operating positions.<br />
<br />
<br />
FIGS.
1 and 2 schematically represen<br />
ts a recording and/or reproducin<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>g
apparatus which is adapted to record and/or reproduce wide-band signals,
in particular television signals, on a magnetizable record carrier 1 in
the form of a magnetic tape, which is hereinafter referred to as "a
tape". The apparatus comprises an only schematically represented tape
guide drum 2, around whose circumferential surface the tape 1 can be
wrapped over an angle of essentially 180° along a helical path. Inside
the tape guide drum 2 two rotatable magnetic heads 3 and 4 are arranged
which are schematically represented by dotted lines, and which cooperate
with the tape 1 which has been wrapped around the drum 2, through a gap
(not shown) which is formed in the drum and which divides the drum 2
into two drum sections. The magnetic heads scan the tape during its
transport in accordance with tracks which extend obliquely relative to
the longitudinal direction of the tape, the magnetic heads being adapted
to record or reproduce television signals on the tape. For the
transport of the tape 1 which has been wrapped around the tape guide
drum 2 the apparatus comprises a tape drive capstan 5, against which the
tape can be pressed by means of a pressure roller 6 which is arranged
in the apparatus so as to be movable in a manner not shown. <br />
The
apparatus furthermore comprises a stationary magnetic head 7, by means
of which a track which extends along the tape 1 in the longitudinal
direction thereof can be scanned and an audio signal associated with the
television signal can be recorded or reproduced. In addition to the
magnetic head 7 there is provided a further stationary magnetic head 8,
by means of which the same track can be scanned as is scanned by the
magnetic head 7 and which is adapted to erase audio signals recorded in
this track. A further stationary magnetic head 9 has been provided for
simultaneously erasing the television signals recorded in the oblique
tracks and the associated audio signal recorded in a longitudinal track.
<br />
As can be seen in FIG. 1, the tape 1 is accommodated in a
rectangular cassette 10 which can be supported on the apparatus, which
cassette comprises <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s1600/IMGH_04125.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHqvHAQwIRqr5xqpgMYpKF3QABDDBIUXhSyYFUpvcdI1T2r5vei7cChJRlr7wWRKf0jc2NhqpyFqSYlSk5WHkyZfMJlLG_P2Y2hmD1ELrlfkiJ0X1l0kYWjequTovyHhwE-sMtid0mGs/s320/IMGH_04125.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>two major walls and four side walls and which
contains two rotatably journalled and rotatably drivable reels 11 and 12
which are arranged adjacent one another and on which the tape 1 is
wound. The tape 1 is passed from the reel 11, which serves as supply
reel, to a first guide roller 13, from there along the side wall
designated 14 to a guide roller 15, and then to the reel 12, which
serves as a take-up reel. The cassette 10 is formed with an opaning 16
in the side wall 14, through which opening a portion of the tape 1 can
be withdrawn from the cassette to be wrapped around the tape guide drum
2. In its middle the opening 16 continues as a trough-shaped recess 17
in each major wall of the cassette. <br />
In order to withdraw the tape
from the cassette 10 and wrap it around the tape guide drum 2, and at
the same time bring the tape into operative contact with the magnetic
heads 7, 8 and 9 and with the capstan 5, the apparatus is provided with a
tape guide device 18, which comprises two substantially cylindrical
tape guides 19 and 20 in the form of pins. It is obvious that the tape
guides may alternatively take the form of rollers. The tape guide pins
19 and 20 are each arranged on one of two movable supports 21 and 22 in
the apparatus. The supports 21 and 22 are movable between a rest
position, shown in FIG. 1, in which the tape guide pins 19 and 20 are
located inside the trough-shaped recesses 17 in the major walls of the
cassette 10 and engage behind the tape 1 accommodated in the cassette at
the location of the opening 16 in said cassette, and an operating
position, shown in FIG. 2, in which the tape guide pins 19 and 20 keep
the tape, which is pulled out of the cassette by the pins when the
supports are moved from their rest positions to their operating
positions, wrapped around the tape guide drum 2. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBG6p-F1uIDcWI5PknHmAoEWlqk7wMeQRAIhnSb58Q2dfgkXR6bCj0zqbNDW4kxrGY_j3qRuM8oavzaJUtvAyqZcTKo_U4tEEgzfM4fvstdcWV1muMy-QRd9Hna44fq3frIhnTKrxbGI4/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBG6p-F1uIDcWI5PknHmAoEWlqk7wMeQRAIhnSb58Q2dfgkXR6bCj0zqbNDW4kxrGY_j3qRuM8oavzaJUtvAyqZcTKo_U4tEEgzfM4fvstdcWV1muMy-QRd9Hna44fq3frIhnTKrxbGI4/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-2.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>In the present
case each of the two supports 21 and 22 consists of a sliding member
which has the form of a substantially rectangular block and which is
movably guided between its rest position and its operating position
along a guide 23 and 24 respectively for said members. For reasons of
economy of space the guide 23 for the sliding member 21 has a greater
curvature and a greater length than the guide 24 for the sliding member
22, so that the sliding member 21 covers a greater path length between
its rest position and its operating position than the sliding member 22.
The guides 23 and 24 are constituted by guide channels of essentially
U-shaped cross-section which each comprise two side walls 25, 26 and 27,
28 respectively and a bottom wall 29 and 30 respectively, as can be
seen in FIG. 3. In the side walls 25, 27 respectively, of each guide are
formed two guide slots 31, 32 and 33, 34 respectively, which are
situated above each other, and in each of the side walls 26 and 28 one
guide slot 35 and 36 respectively is formed. The free ends of pins 37
arranged three on each sliding member 21 and 22 project into the guide
slots 31 to 36 and slide in the guide slots when the sliding members are
moved. In this way the sliding members are movably guided in the guide
channels, each supported at 3 points. In this respect it is to be noted
that by a suitable geometry of the guide channels and the guide slots
the sliding members 21 and 22 can be given any desired spatial movement.
<br />
For moving the two sliding members 21 and 22 between their rest
positions and their operating positions there is provided a wire drive
arrangement 38. The wire drive arrangement comprises two rotatable wire
drums 39 and 40 and two wires 41 and 42 which each act on one of the two
sliding members substantially in the direction of movement of the
sliding member 21 or 22 from its rest position to its operating
position. The wire 41, which acts on the first sliding member 21
substantially in the direction of movement of said member from its rest
position to its operating position, passes to the first wire drum 39.
The second wire 42, which acts on the second sliding member 22
essentially in the direction of movement of said member from its rest
position to its operating position, passes to the first sliding member
21 and acts on this sliding member substantially in the direction of
movement of said member from its operating position to its rest
position, so th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtcF4O-JPR3mFmXVRSo_k_JKK6FQFaZeYufeqpEbfozo7xw_ImaiSTXkQXbI3ao2MW_1GYTRsHcO_CJLXtMhld3bSBU-XMn7zPn2e7xtpMXYyVw26-EBFps2pwcw4bw_Oj9BVglMvoOg/s1600/IMGH_04141.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtcF4O-JPR3mFmXVRSo_k_JKK6FQFaZeYufeqpEbfozo7xw_ImaiSTXkQXbI3ao2MW_1GYTRsHcO_CJLXtMhld3bSBU-XMn7zPn2e7xtpMXYyVw26-EBFps2pwcw4bw_Oj9BVglMvoOg/s320/IMGH_04141.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>at the two sliding members, which are essentially guided
independently of each other, are coupled to each other by means of the
second wire 42. A third wire 43 passes from the second wire drum 40 to
the second sliding member 22 and acts on this sliding member
substantially in the direction of movement of said member from its
operating position to its rest position. The coupling of the two sliding
members by means of the second wire ensures that the two sliding
members perform an exactly coordinated movement. As is apparent from
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the wires 41 and 42, which act on the first sliding
member 21 pass partly along the guide 23 for the first sliding member
21, and the wires 42 and 43, which act on the second sliding member 22,
pass partly along the guide 24 for the second sliding member 22. In this
way the space provided for guiding the sliding members is at the same
time employed for guiding the wires, so that considerable space is
saved. Moreover, because of their flexibility, the wires readily adapt
themselves to any geometry of the guides 23 and 24. <br />
The first
wire 41 passes from the first drum 39 via a first wire guide roller 44, a
second wire guide roller 45, a third wire guide roller 46 and a fourth
wire guide roller 47 to the guide 23 for the first sliding member 21
and, as stated previously along this guide to the first sliding member
21. The second wire 42 passes from the first sliding member 21, along
the guide 23 for the first sliding member 21, as stated previously, to a
fifth wire guide roller 48 and thence via a sixth wire guide roller 49
to a pair of rotatable transmission drums 50. From the pair of
transmission drums 50 the second wire passes via a seventh wire guide
roller 51 to the guide 24 for the second sliding member 22 and, as
stated previously, along this guide to the second sliding member 22. The
third wire passes from the second sliding member 22, as stated
previously, along the guide 24 for the second sliding member 22 to an
eighth wire guide roller 52 and thence via a ninth wire guide roller 53
to the second wire drum 40. <br />
The second wire 42 extends between
the two sliding members 21 and 22 so that two separate wire sections 54
and 55 are formed. At the location where the second wire 42 is divided
the pair of transmission drums 50 is arranged, which is shown in more
detail in FIG. 5. <br />
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The pair of transmission drums 50 comprises two drums
57 and 58 which are coaxial with each other, which are rotatable about a
fixed spindle 56 in the apparatus, and which are rigidly coupled to
each other, said drums having different diameters. The two wire sections
54 and 55 run in opposite directions onto the two drums 57 and 58
respectively and are connected to the respective drums. In the present
case the wire section 54 runs onto the drum 57 in the anti-clockwise
direction (as viewed in FIGS. 1 and 2) and the wire section 55 runs onto
the drum 58 in the clockwise direction. Thus the wire section 54, which
acts on the first sliding member 21 which has a greater travel, is
connected to the drum having the greater diameter and the wire section
55, which acts on the second sliding member 22 which has a smaller
travel, is connected to the drum 58 having the smaller diameter. When
the sliding members are moved the drum 57 takes up or pays out a greater
wire length than is paid out or taken up by the drum 58. The diameters
of the two drums have been selected so that the difference between the
wire length wound on one drum and the wire length which is
simultaneously unwound from the other drum exactly corresponds to the
difference in travel of the two sliding members between their rest
positions and operating positions, thus simply compensating in a simple
manner for the different travels of the two sliding members, which are
coupled to each other by means of the second wire. <br />
It is to be
noted that in the present case the first wire 41 and the wire section 54
belong to a continuous length of wire, which passes from the first wire
drum 39 to the drum 57 of the pair of transmission drums 50 and which
acts on the first sliding member 21, and that the wire section 55 and
the third wire 43 belong to a further continuous length of wire, which
passes from the drum 58 of the pair of transmission drums 50 to the
second wire drum 40 and which acts on the second sliding member 22.
Obviously, the first wire 41, the second wire 42 and the third wire 43
may all belong to a single continuous length of wire. If required, it is
also possible that the first wire 41, the second wire 42 and the third
wire 43 may be formed by separate lengths of wire. <br />
The wires 41,
42, 43 act on the supports formed by the sliding members 21 and 22, as
can be seen in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, via d<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>etachable couplings 59 and 60,
which in the present case have some free motion. The wires 41, 42 and 43
are rigidly connected to coupling attachments 61 and 62 having the form
of substantially rectangular blocks, for example, by pressing there
coupling attachments onto the wires. The coupling attachments 61 and 62
rest on the bottom walls 29 and 30 of the guides 23 and 24 respectively
and slide on these walls when the sliding members are moved. The sliding
members 21 and 22 each have a coupling recess 63 and 64 respectively,
in which the respective coupling attachment engages with play so that it
has some lost-motion relative to the respective sliding member. In this
way a very simple coupling is obtained between the wires and the
sliding members. A detachable coupling as described in the foregoing has
the advantage that the sliding members can be mounted and removed very
simply, because this can be effected by simply fitting the sliding
members onto the coupling attachments, the coupling attachments being
slightly pulled out of the guides for the sliding members and, after the
sliding members have been fitted onto the coupling attachments, the
pins 37 on the sliding members being slid into the guide slots 31 to 36.
Because of the lost motion of the detachable couplings the sliding
members can follow the movements imposed by the guide slots, without the
sliding members being impeded by the wires which act on these members.
Moreover, because of the lost motion of the detachable couplings, the
tape guide pins can be positioned exactly when the sliding members are
in their operating positions, without being influenced and impeded by
the wires, which act on the sliding members with tension, as is to be
described hereinafter. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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For moving the two sliding members 21 and
22 from their rest positions to their operating positions, the first
wire drum 39 can be driven in a clockwise direction (as viewed in FIGS. 1
and 2) and for moving the two sliding members from their operating
positions to the rest positions the second wire drum 40 can be driven in
an anti-clockwise direction. When the first wire drum 39 is driven the
first wire 41 is wound onto said drum, the first sliding member 21 being
pulled from its rest position to its operating position by the first
wire 41 which acts on said member. The second sliding member 22, which
is coupled to the first sliding member 21 via the second wire 42, is
then also pulled from its rest position to its operating position, the
third wire 43, which acts on the second sliding member 22, then being
unwound from the second wire drum 40. When the second wire drum 40 is
driven, the process is reversed, the two sliding members 21 and 22 being
jointly pulled from their operating positions into their rest
positions. <br />
As can be seen from FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, the two wire
drums 39 and 40 are journalled in the apparatus coaxially with each
other and are rotatable relative to each other. For this purpose a
sleeve 66 is slid onto a spindle 65 which is rigidly mounted in the
apparatus. The first wire drum 39 is rotatable around the sleeve 66
while the second wire drum 40 is rigidly connected to the sleeve. The
first wire 41 and the third wire 43 run in opposite directions onto the
two wire drums 39 and 40 respectively, i.e. the first wire 41 runs onto
the first wire drum 39 in a clockwise direction (as viewed in FIGS. 1
and 2) and is connected thereto and the third wire 43 runs onto the
second wire drum 40 in an anti-cloc<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>kwise direction and is connected to
said last-mentioned drum. Between the two wire drums 39 and 40, which
can be driven in opposite directions of rotation so as to wind in the
respective wires connected thereto, there is provided a spring 67 which
urges the two wire drums 39 and 40 in opposite directions of rotation.
The spring takes the form of a flat spiral spring which is substantially
coaxial with the wire drums 39 and 40. The outer end 68 of the spiral
spring is attached to a hollow-cylindrical coaxial extension 69 of the
first wire drum 39 and the inner end 70 of the spiral spring is attached
to the sleeve 66, which is rigidly connected to the second wire drum
40. In this way the two wire drums 39 and 40 are so biassed relative to
each other by the tension spring 67 that the wires 41, 42 and 43 which
extend between the two wire drums are always kept sufficiently taut. <br />
The
two drums 39 and 40 also have different diameters, the first wire drum
39, onto which the first wire 41 runs, having a greater diameter than
the second wire drum 40, onto which the third wire 43 runs. The
diameters have been selected in conformity with the different travels of
the two sliding members, so that although different lengths of the
first wire 41 and the third wire 43 are wound in and paid out by the
respective drums, because of the different travels of the two sliding
members 21 and 22, no relative movement occurs between the two wire
drums during the movement of the sliding members. Thus, when the two
sliding members are moved, the force of the spring 67 acting between the
two wire drums will not change, so that the influence of the spring on
the wire drums and thus on the wires extending between the two wire
drums will neither vary during the movement of the sliding members. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcoxMYrLn4_DIJsnM3zhxaKlELbeaOTK49LL13PFoTo4JPJ7LWoVknVTEsax8p6QRkcOb4yiO9Q7UfCKV_-1CdRQ2lXpl1U4O1EjU8JjGkLvAFz2663B2up_oSldQT56oRjqEw5_DBD0/s1600/IMGH_04134.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcoxMYrLn4_DIJsnM3zhxaKlELbeaOTK49LL13PFoTo4JPJ7LWoVknVTEsax8p6QRkcOb4yiO9Q7UfCKV_-1CdRQ2lXpl1U4O1EjU8JjGkLvAFz2663B2up_oSldQT56oRjqEw5_DBD0/s320/IMGH_04134.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>As
stated previously, the two wire drums 39 and 40 can be driven in
opposite directions for moving the sliding members 21 and 22 from their
rest positions to their operating positions and in the reverse
direction. For driving the two coaxial wire drums 39 and 40 there is
provided a common motor drive means 71, whose direction of rotation is
reversible. The drive means 71 comprises a synchronous motor 72 whose
direction of rotation is reversible, which motor via a gear wheel 74
mounted on the motor shaft 73, drives a drive member 75 in the form of a
gear wheel which is rotatable around the sleeve 66, coaxially with the
two wire drums 39 and 40. Between the gear wheel and each of the two
wire drums 39 and 40 there is provided a unidirectional coupling device
76 and 77 respectively, which, depending on the direction of rotation of
the synchronous motor, constitutes a driving connection between the
gear wheel 75 driven by said motor, and a respective one of the two wire
drums 39 and 40. In this way, the two wire drums are driven in a simple
manner by a single drive means, which is cheap and space-saving. <br />
Each
of the two unidirectional coupling devices 76 and 77 respectively
comprises a driving projection 78 and 79 respectively, which projects
axially from the gear wheel 75, eccentrically thereof a coupling
projection 82 and 83 respectively, which projects axially from a disc 80
and 81 respectively eccentrically thereof, which discs are rigidly
connected to the respective wire drums 39 and 40, and a coupling disc 84
and 85 respectively, which is coaxial with the gear wheel 75 and is
rotatable around the sleeve 66 and relative to the gear wheel 75 and the
wire drums. Each of the two coupling discs 84 and 85 is provided with a
radially projecting coupling projection 86 and 87 respectively, for
coupling the driving projection 78 and 79 respectively to the coupling
projection 82 and 83 respectively. In the present case the disc 80,
which is rigidly connected to the first wire drum 39, from which disc
the coupling projection 82 projects, is constituted directly by a flange
on the wire drum. The disc 81, which comprises the couplin<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>g projection
83, is slid onto the sleeve 66 and secured to the sleeve by means of a
screw 88. Thus, by loosening screw 88 and turning the disc 81, the
position of the disc 81 and the coupling projection 83 be adjusted in a
simple manner relative to the other parts of the drive arrangement 71.
Adjustment is effected so that the two coupling projections 82 and 83
occupy a position relative to each other such that, depending on the
direction of rotation of the gear wheel 75 a drive connecting is
established with only one of the two discs 80 and 81, which are rigidly
connected to the wire drums 39 and 40, and the gear wheel 75 via the
coupling discs 84 and 85. This is effected so that in the case of
rotation of the gear wheel 75 in a clock-wise direction a connection is
obtained with the first wire drum 39 and in the case of a rotation of
the gear wheel 75 in an anti-clockwise direction a connection is
obtained with the second wire drum 40. <br />
For controlling the
synchronous motor 72 there is provided a control circuit 89 which is
shown in FIG. 8. In order to start the movements of the sliding members
21 and 22 from their rest positions to their operating positions the
apparatus comprises a manually actuated button 90, which is
automatically locked in its on-position and upon whose actuation a
switch 91 is closed which is included in the circuit of an electromagnet
92 which is connected to a d.c. supply voltage V, so that when the
button 90 is actuated the magnet 92 is energized. In order to start the
movements of the sliding members from their operating positions to their
rest positions, the apparatus also comprises a manually-actuated button
93, which is automatically locked in its on-position and upon whose
actuation the switch 91 is opened, so that when the button 93 is
actuated the magnet 92 is not energized. The two buttons 90 and 93 are
constructed so that upon actuation of one of the two buttons the other
button, if actuated, is released from its on-position, as is
symbolically indicated by the broken line 94. <br />
FIG. 8 shows
diagrammatically two exciter coils 93 and 94 of the synchronous motor
72, which coils at one end are directly connected to each other and as
the other end are connected to each other via a phase-shifting capacitor
95. The rotor, not shown, in this case comprises a permanent magnet
with a predetermined member of poles. For driving the synchronous motor
an a.c. supply voltage can be applied between terminal 96 and, depending
on the desired direction of rotation of the synchronous motor 72, one
of the two terminals 97 and 98 of the synchronous motor, the a.c. supply
voltage being applied to the other of th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>e two terminals 97 or 98 via
the phase-shifting capacitor 95. The a.c. supply voltage is taken from
the secondary 99 of a transformer 100, the primary 101 of which is
connected to a power supply mains. One end of the secondary is connected
directly to the terminal 96 and the other end is connected to the main
contact 102 of a first switching device 103, which takes the form of a
simple change-over switch. The first switching device serves for
connecting the synchronous motor to the a.c. supply voltage, the first
contact 104 of the switching device 103 being connected to the terminal
97 and the second contact 105 to the terminal 98 of the synchronous
motor. Between each of the two contacts 104 and 105 and the main contact
102 a resistor-capacitor series connection is included for spark
suppression. The first switching device 103, as is indicated by the
dashed line in FIG. 8, can be actuated by the electromagnet 92, the main
contact 102 being connected to the contact 104 when the electromagnet
is energized and the main contact 102 being connected to the contact 105
when the electromagnet is not energized. <br />
When the electromagnet
92 is energized by actuation of the button 90, the first switching
device 103 is set to the switching position represented by a broken line
in FIG. 8,<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIaBZWORVAir7MG2CllijV0kKNVIAIhlrBXYV12JQ3RmIOK8DkYz5m1zSg255zAw6QwXVnmlhyp5sZoLI9k8CYhvHAWYYK__hL-YKAc1Zox5e3KND0kxvrwnDfd3smER9J72sWDgwGV1g/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIaBZWORVAir7MG2CllijV0kKNVIAIhlrBXYV12JQ3RmIOK8DkYz5m1zSg255zAw6QwXVnmlhyp5sZoLI9k8CYhvHAWYYK__hL-YKAc1Zox5e3KND0kxvrwnDfd3smER9J72sWDgwGV1g/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-4.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
in which the synchronous motor 72 is connected to the a.c.
supply voltage with its terminal 97 via the first switching device 103
and, for driving the first wire drum 39 in order to move the sliding
members 21 and 22 from their rest positions to their operating
positions, rotates in a first direction of rotation, namely in the
present case in an anti-clockwise direction (as viewed in FIGS. 1 and
2). If the electromagnet 92 is de-energized by actuation of the button
93, the first switching device 103 is set to the switching position
represented by a solid line in FIG. 8, in which the synchronous motor is
connected to the a.c. supply voltage with its terminal 98 via the first
switching device 103 and for driving the second wire drum 40 in order
to move the sliding members from their operating positions to their rest
positions, rotates in a direction of rotation opposite to the first
direction of rotation, i.e. in the present case in a clockwise
direction. <br />
As can be seen in FIG. 8, the secondary winding 99 of
the transformer 100 has a tapping 106, which is connected to a rectifier
circuit 109, which comprises a diode 107 and a charging capacitor 108,
for rectifying the alternating voltage appearing on the tapping 106. In
this way a d.c. holding voltage for the synchronous motor 72 is obtained
on the terminals 110 and 111 of the charging capacitor 108, by means of
which as soon as it is applied to the synchronous motor said motor is
braked. The terminal 111 of the charging capacitor 108 is connected
directly to the terminal 96 of the synchronous motor 72. For applying
the d.c. holding voltage to the synchronous motor, the control circuit
89 comprises a second switching device 112 in the form of a simple
change-over switch, whose main co<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s1600/IMGH_04138.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s320/IMGH_04138.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>ntact 113 is connected to the terminal
97 of the synchronous motor, whose first contact 114 is connected to the
terminal 110 of the charging capacitor 108, and whose second contact
115 is connected to the first contact 104 of the first switching device
103. The second switching device 112, as will be described in more
detail hereinafter, can then be actuated only when the sliding members
21 and 22 are in their operating positions. If the sliding members do
not occupy their operating positions, the second switching device 112 is
in a switching position in which its main contact 113 is connected to
its second contact 115, the synchronous motor 72 when being connectable
to the a.c. supply voltage via the second switching device 112 and the
first switching device 103 in order to move the sliding members from
their rest positions to their operating positions. As soon as the
sliding members occupy their operating positions, the second switching
device 112 is in that switching position in which its main contact 113
is connected to the first contact 114, the synchronous motor 72 then
being connected to the d.c. holding voltage and thus being braked. <br />
The
control circuit 89 furthermore comprises a switch 116, which is
included in the connection between the second contact 105 of the first
switching device 103 and the terminal 98 of the synchronous motor. Via
this connection the synchronous motor 72 can receive the a.c. supply
voltage for driving said motor in a clockwise direction, so as to move
the sliding members from their operating positions to their rest
positions. The switch 116 can then be actuated only when the sliding
members 21 and 22 are in their rest positions. In the present case the
switch 116, as can be seen in F<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnswZKnCi555F37YtJzvvIYcj1H1x4E1nGeaxVTMFNKoTgIgGx8Y1ej17X1P9mdwuFPIRQoOIZZPCxvx-B1AFKoh77Z_YkX2FOazU0iVdCnt6nMwimx3B5DSA-Q-4wG04sy72IRVqE3M/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>IGS. 1 and 2, can be actuated by the
sliding member 22, which opens the switch 116 as soon as it assumes its
rest position. In its open position, the switch 116 disconnects the a.c.
supply voltage from the synchronous motor, so that the synchronous
motor is no longer driven in the clockwise direction, to move the
sliding members from their operating positions to their rest positions,
as soon as the sliding members have reached their rest positions. In
FIG. 8 the switch 116 is represented by a broken line with the sliding
members in their rest positions, i.e. in its closed switching position,
and by a full line with the sliding members in their rest positions,
i.e. in its open switching position. <br />
Furthermore, the control
circuit 89 comprises a switch 117, which in a similar way to the first
switching device 103 can be actuated by the electromagnet 92 and is
included in the connection between the first contact 114 of the second
switching device 112 and the terminal 110 of the charging capacitor 108.
If the electromagnet 92 is energized upon actuation of the button 90,
in order to move the sliding members from their rest positions to their
operating positions, the switch 117 is in its closed switching position
represented by a broken line in FIG. 8. Thus, when the sliding members
are in their operating positions, the second switching device 112 being
in the switch position which is also represented by a broken line in
FIG. 8, the d.c. holding voltage can be applied to the synchronous motor
72 via the switch 117 and the second switching device 112, so that the
synchronous motor is then braked. If the electromagnet 92 is
de-energized by actuating the button 93 in order to start the movement
of the sliding members from their operating positions to their rest
positions, the switch 117 is in its open switch position represented by a
full line in FIG. 8, so that the d.c. holding voltage is then no longer
applied to the synchronous motor 72 and consequently the synchronous
motor is no longer braked. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFC7klwMJUCrRAdWJ2VvkEtKIXMn4kOKekYJkRfBKuSElN5-AwNNI97cWBfN2fn4UQxrQQuNVno560Z5Ize9feL_pslszeiI4Jqg1Q8M5kEeq9eDX4-ba0wzi3lscsJQyXDBYBxIXF_c/s1600/IMGH_04139.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFC7klwMJUCrRAdWJ2VvkEtKIXMn4kOKekYJkRfBKuSElN5-AwNNI97cWBfN2fn4UQxrQQuNVno560Z5Ize9feL_pslszeiI4Jqg1Q8M5kEeq9eDX4-ba0wzi3lscsJQyXDBYBxIXF_c/s320/IMGH_04139.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>As can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, the
apparatus is provided with a positioning device 118 and 119 for each
tape guide pin for positioning the two tape guide pins 19 and 20 when
the sliding members 21 and 22 are in their operating positions. The
positioning devices 118 and 119 each comprise a U-shaped block 120 and
121 respectively, each block having a V-shaped positioning groove 126
and 127 respectively in the free end of each of its limbs 122, 123, and
124, 125 respectively. When the sliding members are in their operating
positions the tape guide pins 19 and 20 are each pressed into the
positioning grooves 126, 127 of the positioning device 118 and 119
respectively, against the action of a return spring 128 by a pressure
device 129 and 130 respectively which can be set from a disengaged
position to an engaged position. <br />
Each pressure device 129 and 130
comprises a pressure slide 131 and 132 respectively, the two pressure
slides being arranged in the apparatus so as to be movable parallel to
each other in a manner not shown. The return spring 128, which tends to
keep the two pressure devices in their disengaged positions, simply acts
directly on each of the two pressure slides 131 and 132 in a
corresponding manner. The disengaged positions of the two pressure
devices, which are shown in FIGS. 1 and 6, are defined by two fixed
stops 133 and 134 on the apparatus for the pressure slides 131 and 132,
the pressure slide 131 being held in the disengaged position against the
stop 133 under the influence of the return spring 128 and the pressure
slide 132 being held in the disengaged position of the pressure device
130 against the stop 134 under the influence of the return spring 128.
The engaged positions of the two pressure devices, which are shown in
FIGS. 2 and 7, are automatically obtained when the pressure devices
press the tape guide pins into the positioning devices. <br />
The
pressure slide 131 comprises an L-shaped bearing-bracket 135, on which
an essentially U-shaped pressure member 136 is journalled to pivot about
an axis 137, which pressure member, when<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a> the sliding member 21 is in
its operating position, is adapted to press with its limbs 138 and 139
the tape guide pin 19 into the positioning groove 126 of the positioning
device 118. The pressure member 136 comprises an L-shaped finger 140,
whose hooked free end extends into a recess 141 in the bearing bracket
135, so that the pivoting range of the pressure member 136 is
effectively limited. <br />
The pressure slide 132 also comprises an
essentially U-shaped pressure member 143, which is pivotable about an
axis 142 and which with its limbs 144 and 145 is adapted to press the
tape guide pin 20 into the positioning groove 127 of the positioning
device 119 when the sliding member 22 is in its operating position. The
pressure member 143 comprises an L-shaped finger 146, whose hooked free
end projects into an aperture 147 in the pressure slide 132, so that the
pivoting range of the pressure member 132 is effectively limited. <br />
In
the present case the pressure device 130 comprises a switching lever
149 which is journalled on the pressure slide 132 of said device to
pivot about an axis 148. The switching lever 149 has a beat and portion
151 which abuts a stop face 152 on the pressure slide 132 of the
pressure device 130 under the influence of a retaining spring 150, which
takes the form of a tension spring and acts between the pressure slide
132 and the switching lever 149. <br />
For setting each of the two
pressure devices 129 and 130 to their engaged positions against the
action of the return spring 128 a wire guide roller is rotatably
journalled on each pressure slide 131 and 132 and the first wire 41
passes round each of these two wire guide rollers and urges the pressure
devices towards their engaged positions, that is to say, when the first
wire drum 39 is driven the first wire 41 tends to set the pressure
devices 129 and 130 from their disengaged positions to their engaged
positions. The said wire guide rollers are the two wire guide rollers 45
and 46, the wire guide roller 45 being rotatably journalle<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtcF4O-JPR3mFmXVRSo_k_JKK6FQFaZeYufeqpEbfozo7xw_ImaiSTXkQXbI3ao2MW_1GYTRsHcO_CJLXtMhld3bSBU-XMn7zPn2e7xtpMXYyVw26-EBFps2pwcw4bw_Oj9BVglMvoOg/s1600/IMGH_04141.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtcF4O-JPR3mFmXVRSo_k_JKK6FQFaZeYufeqpEbfozo7xw_ImaiSTXkQXbI3ao2MW_1GYTRsHcO_CJLXtMhld3bSBU-XMn7zPn2e7xtpMXYyVw26-EBFps2pwcw4bw_Oj9BVglMvoOg/s320/IMGH_04141.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>d directly on
the pressure slide 131 of the pressure device 129 and the wire guide
roller 46 being journalled on the switching lever 149 which is in turn
mounted on the pressure slide 132 of the pressure device 130. <br />
The
pressure devices 129 and 130 should not be moved from their disengaged
positions to their engaged positions until the sliding members 21 and 22
are in their operating positions, because only then can the tape guide
pins 19 and 20 be urged into the positioning grooves 126 and 127 by the
pressure members 136 and 143. For this reason there is provided a
disengageable latching device 153 which prevents a movement of each
pressure device 129 and 130 to its engaged position when the sliding
member is not in its operating position and which is disengaged when the
sliding member is in its operating position. In the present case there
is provided a single disengagable latching device 153 which is common to
the two pressure devices 129 and 130 and which acts between the two
pressure slides 131 and 132. <br />
The latching device 153 comprises a
leaf spring 154 which is secured at one end to the pressure slide 131
and whose free end 155 is bent through two right angles in opposite
directions to form a shoulder 155 on the spring. This shoulder
cooperates with a stop face 156 formed on the pressure slide 132, that
is to say, in the non-released position of the latching device 153 the
stop face 156 is held against the shoulder 155 of the leaf spring 154 by
the tensile action of the wire 41 which passes around the wire guide
rollers 45 and 46 and which is kept taut by the tension spring 67 which
acts between the two wire drums 39 and 40, as stated previously. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s1600/IMGH_04129.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s320/IMGH_04129.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In
order to release the latching device when the slide members 21 and 22
are in their operating positions and actuating pin 157 is secured to the
leaf spring 154, which pin, when the pressure devices 129 and 130 are
in their disengaged positions, projects at its free end into the guide
23 for the sliding member 21. Just before the end of its movement from
its rest position to its operating position the sliding member 21
strikes the free end of the actuating pin 157, and as the sliding member
enters its operating position it sets the leaf spring 154 to a position
in which the shoulder 155 of the leaf spring is lifted clear of the
stop face 156 on the pressure slide 132 and thus releases the latching
device 153. In FIG. 2 the position of the leaf spring is represented by
dotted lines. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioUrw64Mc6wuxsCczjtPYkH5Mf_SGuQZmx8awCcNluja5bCA0Op84LwrSbDYyW__5XldjW_5RAB6_nJuABjySG6A7k953DROrnOZSN5oaReQejdSXCu3hsD8TelqLjL9d7uVqZ0TXNjxg/s1600/IMGH_04170.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioUrw64Mc6wuxsCczjtPYkH5Mf_SGuQZmx8awCcNluja5bCA0Op84LwrSbDYyW__5XldjW_5RAB6_nJuABjySG6A7k953DROrnOZSN5oaReQejdSXCu3hsD8TelqLjL9d7uVqZ0TXNjxg/s320/IMGH_04170.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>After the latching device 153 has been released,
the pressure devices 129 and 130, as is to be described hereinafter, can
be moved to their engaged positions by driving the first wire drum 39.
When the pressure devices are in their engaged positions and the first
wire drum 39 is driven further, the switching lever 149, on which the
wire guide roller 46 is mounted, is urged into a switching position by
the first wire 41 which is wound on the first wire drum and which passes
around the wire guide roller 46, in which position the bent end portion
151 of the switching lever 149 is lifted clear of the stop face 152 of
the pressure slide 132 against the action of the retaining spring 150.
This switching position of the switching lever is shown in FIG. 2 and
FIG. 7. As is apparent from FIG. 7, the switching lever 149 cooperates
with the second switching device via a pin 158 mounted on the main
contact 113 of the second switching device 112, the main contact 113
being connected to the first contact 114 of the second switching device
112 when the switching lever 149 is in its switching position. In this
way the second switching device ensures that the synchronous motor is
connected to the d.c. holding voltage when the switching lever is in its
switching position, as can be seen in FIG. 8. <br />
Thus, in addition
to the supports which take the form of sliding members, the pressure
devices also can be actuated by means of the wire drive arrangement, so
that a separate drive for the pressure devices may be dispensed with.
The provision of only one disengagable latching device for the two
pressure devices results in a simple, cheap and compact construction.
The connection of the synchronous motor to its d.c. holding voltage via a
switching lever mounted on a pressure device has the advantage that the
motor which is thus braked not only keeps the supports in their
operating positions but also keeps the pressure devices in their engaged
positions, so that separate retaining devices for retaining the
pressure devices in their engaged positions may be di<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s1600/IMGH_04138.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s320/IMGH_04138.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>spensed with. <br />
The
operation of the apparatus described in the foregoing will now be
explained in more detail. For moving the sliding members 21 and 22 from
their rest positions to their operating positions the button 19 is
actuated, so that the electromagnet 92 is energized and thus the a.c.
supply voltage is applied to the synchronous motor in such a way that
said motor is driven in the anti-clockwise direction. The gear wheel 75
is thereby rotated in the clockwise direction and via the driving
projection 78, the coupling projection 86 of the coupling disc 84 and
the coupling projection 82, the first wire drum 39 is driven in a
clockwise direction, the second wire drum 40 also being driven via the
spring 67. As a result of this the first wire 41 is wound onto the first
wire drum 39 and consequently the first sliding member 21, on which via
the coupling attachment 61 the first wire acts substantially in the
direction of the movement of the sliding member from its rest position
to its operating position, is pulled from its rest position to its
operating position along the guide 23, the wire section 54 of the second
wire 42, which via the coupling attachment 61 acts on the first sliding
member substantially in the direction of movement of said member from
its operating position to its rest position, being unwound from the
transmission drum 57. At the same time the wire section 55 of the second
wire is wound onto the transmission drum 58 and as a result of this the
second sliding member 22, which is coupled to the first sliding member
21 via the second wire and on which via the coupling attachment 62 the
wire section 55 of the second wire acts substantially in the direction
of movement of the sliding member 22 from its rest position to its
operating position, is also pulled from its rest position to its
operating position along the guide 24, the third wire 43, which via the
coupling attachment 62 acts on the second sliding member essentially in
the direction of movement of this sliding member from its operating
position to its rest position, being unwound from the second wire drum
40, which in this direction of rotation is driven via the spring 67. In
this way the two sliding members 21 and 22, which are coupled to each
other by the second wire 42, are pulled to their operating positions in a
precisely coordinated and uniform manner, the tape guide pins 19 and 20
on the sliding members 21 and 22 pulling the tape 1 out of the cassette
10, wrapping it around the tape guide drum 2 and bringing it into
contact with the magnetic heads 7, 8 and 9 and with the capstan shaft 5,
from which the pressure roller 6 is at that time, of course disengaged.
Obviously the reels in the cassette must be free to rotate. In this
respect it is to be noted that the two sliding members, despite their
different travels, reach their operating positions simultaneoulsy,
because as stated previously the difference in travel has been
compensated for with the aid of the transmission drums. <br />
When the
sliding members 21 and 22 reach their operating positions the coupling
attachm<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFC7klwMJUCrRAdWJ2VvkEtKIXMn4kOKekYJkRfBKuSElN5-AwNNI97cWBfN2fn4UQxrQQuNVno560Z5Ize9feL_pslszeiI4Jqg1Q8M5kEeq9eDX4-ba0wzi3lscsJQyXDBYBxIXF_c/s1600/IMGH_04139.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFC7klwMJUCrRAdWJ2VvkEtKIXMn4kOKekYJkRfBKuSElN5-AwNNI97cWBfN2fn4UQxrQQuNVno560Z5Ize9feL_pslszeiI4Jqg1Q8M5kEeq9eDX4-ba0wzi3lscsJQyXDBYBxIXF_c/s320/IMGH_04139.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ents 61 and 62 abut stops 159 and 160 provided in the guide 23
and 24 respectively, so that the coupling attachments and consequently
the sliding members, which are coupled to said members with play via the
coupling recesses 63 and 64, cannot be moved any further. In this
situation the driven first wire drum 39 can no longer exert a pulling
action on the second wire 42 and the third wire 43. However, the spring
67, which acts between the two wire drums 39 and 40, ensures that the
second wire 42 and the third wire 43 remain sufficiently taut, so that
said wires remain correctly positioned on the wire guide rollers.
Moreover, when the operating position is reached the first sliding
member 21 strikes the actuating pin 157 of the latching device 153 for
the two pressure devices 129 and 130, so that the leaf spring 154
thereof is set to the position represented by the dotted lines in FIG.
2, in which position the latching device is disengaged. As already
stated, the fact that the coupling attachment 61 is retained<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a> by the stop
159, the end of the first wire 41 connected to the coupling attachment
61 cannot be moved any further. However, as the first wire 41 is wound
further onto the first wire drum 39 which is driven by the synchronous
motor 72, the wire guide rollers 45 and 46, which are rotatably
journalled on the pressure devices 129 and 130, which are no longer
latched in their disengaged positions by the latching device 153, are
pulled towards each other, the pressure devices thereby being moved to
their engaged positions. This movement continues until in the engaged
positions of the pressure devices the pressure members 136 and 143
engage the tape guide pins 19 and 20 and press said pins into the
positioning grooves 126 and 127 of the positioning devices 118 and 119.
In this respect it is to be noted that the tape guide pins on the
sliding members can be pressed into the positioning grooves without
being influenced or impeded by the wires of the wire drive arrangement
which are acting under tension on the sliding members, because of the
play between the coupling recesses of the sliding members and the
coupling attachments. <br />
Therefore, as soon as the pressure devices
occupy their engaged positions, said devices cannot be moved any
further. However, as the first wire 41 is wound further onto the first
wire drum 39, the first wire exerts a tension on the wire guide roller
46 such that the switching lever on which the wire guide roller 46 is
mounted is pivoted into its switching position, which is represented by
full lines in FIG. 7, against the action of the retaining spring 150. In
this switching position the switching lever 149 actuates the second
switching device 112 so that the main contact 113 is electrically
connected to the first contact 114 of the second switching device. As a
result of this the synchronous motor 72 is disconnected from the a.c.
drive voltage and connected to the d.c. holding voltage, so that the
synchronous motor is braked. Thus, winding of the first wire 41 is
discontinued and via the wire drive arrangement 38 the braked
synchronous motor keeps the switching lever 149 in its switching
position, the pressure devices 129 and 130 in their engaged positions,
and the sliding members 21 and 22 for the tape guide pins 19 and 20 in
their operating positions. <br />
In this situation it is ensured that
the tape guide pins 19 and 20 are retained in the positioning grooves
126 and 127. As can be seen in FIG. 2, the tape 1, which has been
withdrawn from the cassette 10, then extends from the reel 11 via the
guide roller 13, the tape guide pin 19, the magnetic head 9, the tape
guide drum 2, the magnetic head 8, the magnetic head 7, the tape guide
pin 20, the capstan 5, a further tape guide pin 161 and the guide roller
15 to the reel 12. If the reels 11 and 12, the capstan 5 and pressure
roller 6, the rotatable magnetic heads 3 and 4 in the tape guide drum 2
and the magnetic heads 7, 8 and 9, are then put into operation,
television signals and associated audio signals can be recorded on the
tape or reproduced therefrom. <br />
In order to return into the
cassette the portion of the tape which has been withdrawn therefrom, the
sliding member supporting the tape guide <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s1600/IMGH_04138.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFCCIrlibN2jJYlMKxirFXpkvi2Idhgnt4lM8O9ygcNIitVFVgJ7Oxp2rNiEF0Uih8_KApSbvliddHKkMtJwK28qebhIAIwCy0ufI5a0CkRls4jm4p71NWDSRqiZR2eWAT6bnxTk8N8g/s320/IMGH_04138.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>pins have to be moved from
their operating positions to their rest positions. In order to start
this movement the key 93 must be depressed, so that the electromagnet 92
is de-energized. As a result of this the synchronous motor 72 is
disconnected from its d.c. holding voltage and, as already stated, is
connected to the a.c. supply voltage in such a way that said motor is
driven in the clockwise direction. As the d.c. holding voltage is
disconnected, the tension exerted on the first wire 41 by the braked
synchronous motor ceases, so that the switching lever 149 is reset from
its switching position to its normal position by the retaining spring
150 and the pressure devices 129 and 130 are returned from their engaged
positions to their disengaged positions under the influence of the
return spring 128. <br />
As the synchronous motor is connected to the
a.c. supply voltage, as stated previously, said motor will be driven in
the clockwise direction. Thus, the gear wheel 75 is driven in the
anti-clockwise direction. Via the driving projection 79, the coupling
projection 87 of the coupling disc 85 and the coupling projection 83 of
the disc 81, which disc via the sleeve 66 is rigidly connected to the
second wire drum 40, the rotation of the gear wheel 75 is transmitted to
the second wire drum 40, so that this drum is also driven in the
anti-clockwise direction. As a result of this the third wire 43 is wound
onto the second wire drum 40, so that the second sliding member and the
first sliding member, which is coupled to the second sliding member via
the second wire, are moved from their operating positions to their rest
positions the first wire 41 being unwound from the first wire drum 39.
During this operation at least one of the two reels can be driven in the
appropriate manner in order to return the tape into cassette, so as to
take up the tape which has been withdrawn from the cassette. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtcF4O-JPR3mFmXVRSo_k_JKK6FQFaZeYufeqpEbfozo7xw_ImaiSTXkQXbI3ao2MW_1GYTRsHcO_CJLXtMhld3bSBU-XMn7zPn2e7xtpMXYyVw26-EBFps2pwcw4bw_Oj9BVglMvoOg/s1600/IMGH_04141.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtcF4O-JPR3mFmXVRSo_k_JKK6FQFaZeYufeqpEbfozo7xw_ImaiSTXkQXbI3ao2MW_1GYTRsHcO_CJLXtMhld3bSBU-XMn7zPn2e7xtpMXYyVw26-EBFps2pwcw4bw_Oj9BVglMvoOg/s320/IMGH_04141.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>As
soon as the two sliding members 21 and 22 reach their rest positions,
the sliding member 22 actuates the switch 116, so that this switch is
opened and, as is apparent from the circuit diagram of FIG. 8, the a.c.
supply voltage to the synchronous motor is interrupted. As the
synchronous motor exhibits virtually no run-out, it stops at once so
that the third wire 43 ceases to be wound onto the second wire drum 40
and the resulting movements of the sliding members are also stopped.
Consequently, the rest positions of the sliding members are defined by
the position of the switch 116, so that separate stops may be dispensed
with. The rest positions of the sliding members, as is apparent from
FIG. 1, have been selected so that the tape guide pins 19 and 20 are
slightly lifted off the tape when the sliding members 21 and 22 are in
their rest positions. In this way it is ensured that the risk of the
tape being damaged by the tape guide pins when a cassette is removed
from the apparatus is avoided and that when a cassette is inserted into
the apparatus it is ensured that the tape guide pins engage behind the
tape, which is essential for a correct withdrawal of the tape from the
cassette. <br />
As is apparent from the foregoing description, a
well-coordinated movement of the tape guide pins is ensured by the joint
movement of the supports for the tape guide pins, which supports are
arranged so as to be movable in the apparatus independently of each
other but are coupled to each other by means of a wire. As only one wire
can be wound on each wire drum, this winding can be effected very
uniformly, so that the supports with the tape guide pins also move very
uniformly and smoothly, which results in a particularly smooth and
gentle withdrawal of the tape from the cassette and return of the tape
into the cassette. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QPnjQI-67y_M9VfAodwuEAzeqav3M_KTfLZ6W7uCqkUQW_82sxe1omtXIVMGT-tUIvhXedTfFWE8qvcFkwGlPruZVYx44ZBaFvFlt1SQz5Mk2bYc6-ndMDsB6Hv84nVgis8Ix-iL92g/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QPnjQI-67y_M9VfAodwuEAzeqav3M_KTfLZ6W7uCqkUQW_82sxe1omtXIVMGT-tUIvhXedTfFWE8qvcFkwGlPruZVYx44ZBaFvFlt1SQz5Mk2bYc6-ndMDsB6Hv84nVgis8Ix-iL92g/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-5.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>The construction of the supports for the tape
guide pins as sliding members and the use of the guides for the sliding
members as guides also for the wires which act on the sliding members,
is particularly space-saving, because the wires then require no separate
space for their movement when moving the sliding members, is required,
which is advantageous in respect of the size of the apparatus. Moreover,
because of their flexibility, the wires can be simply adapted to any
geometry of the guides. Owing to the coaxial arrangement of the two wire
drums the desired result is obtained in a space-saving and cost-saving
manner using only one drive arrangement for the wire drums. Another
space-saving and cost-saving factor is that the wire drive arrangement
for moving the support for the tape guide pins is also employed for the
movement of the pressure devices for the tape guide pins. The
construction of the pressure devices and the latching device for said
devices may also be regarded as simple and space-saving. Finally, the
connection of the synchronous motor to a d.c. holding voltage by means
of a switching lever, which is also actuated by the wire drive
arrangement and which is moved only when it is ensured that all
apparatus parts to be actuated are in their operating positions, can
also be regarded as advantageous, because this provides a high
reliability of operation. In respect of a simple assembly and
dismantling and also in respect of an unimpeded positioning of the tape
guide pins on the supports, it is also advantageous that the wire act on
the supports via detachable couplings which are capable of some lost
motion. <br />
The recording and/or reproducing apparatus of FIGS. 9 and
10 comprises two leve<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjseGU5vzdCi9YuFJXJAll4lXf-3Uqob6Nhku55TfXHh78tXLExTyC2ZCTOJGIcijQ3jv6LjWoN4GzhmalLfMlGOOGXZbspdpQPQ_HsxklRBE77QG1fCNXdddHXt0h_YpH4676oUkuhn0Q/s1600/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjseGU5vzdCi9YuFJXJAll4lXf-3Uqob6Nhku55TfXHh78tXLExTyC2ZCTOJGIcijQ3jv6LjWoN4GzhmalLfMlGOOGXZbspdpQPQ_HsxklRBE77QG1fCNXdddHXt0h_YpH4676oUkuhn0Q/s320/VIDEO2000-VR2022-APPAR-6.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
rs 162 and 163 as supports for the tape guides,
which levers are pivotable between their rest positions and their
operating positions about spindles 164 and 165 respectively, which are
rigidly mounted in the apparatus. The levers 162 and 163 carry rotatable
tape guide rollers 166 and 167 respectively, which function as tape
guides. The rest positions of the levers are shown in FIG. 9 and the
operating positions in FIG. 10. <br />
For moving the two levers 162 and
163 there is again provided a wire drive arrangement 38, which
comprises two rotatable wire drums 39 and 40, which in this case are not
arranged coaxially, as in the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 to 8, but are
spaced from each other transversely of their axes. Furthermore, the wire
drive arrangement 38 again comprises a first wire 41, a second wire 42,
and a third wire 43, the first wire 41 passing from the first wire drum
39, to which it is connected, via a stationary oval first wire guide
168 to the end 169 of the first lever 162 which carries the tape guide
roller 166, and acting on said lever substantially in the direction of
movement of said lever from its rest position to its operating position.
The second wire 42, which acts on the first lever 162 substantially in
the direction of movement of said lever from its operating position to
its rest position, passes from the end 169 of the first lever 162 via a
stationary oval second wire guide 170 and a stationary oval third wire
guide 171 to the end 172 of the second lever 163 which carries the tape
guide roller 166. The second wire 42 acts on the second lever 163
substantially in the direction of movement of said lever from its rest
position to its operating position. The third wire 43, which acts on the
second lever 163 substantially in the direction of movement of said
lever from its operating position to its rest position, passes from the
end 172 of the lever 163 via a stationary oval fourth wire guide 173 to
the second wire drum 40 and is connected thereto. The oval wire guides
have circumferential grooves in which the wires are guided. In the
present case the wires 41, 42 and 43 are constituted by a continuous
wire which extends between the two wire drums 39 and 40 and is attached
to the levers in a schematically represented manner. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcoxMYrLn4_DIJsnM3zhxaKlELbeaOTK49LL13PFoTo4JPJ7LWoVknVTEsax8p6QRkcOb4yiO9Q7UfCKV_-1CdRQ2lXpl1U4O1EjU8JjGkLvAFz2663B2up_oSldQT56oRjqEw5_DBD0/s1600/IMGH_04134.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcoxMYrLn4_DIJsnM3zhxaKlELbeaOTK49LL13PFoTo4JPJ7LWoVknVTEsax8p6QRkcOb4yiO9Q7UfCKV_-1CdRQ2lXpl1U4O1EjU8JjGkLvAFz2663B2up_oSldQT56oRjqEw5_DBD0/s320/IMGH_04134.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>For driving
the two wire drums 39 and 40 there are provided two d.c. motors 174 and
175, respectively, which are each arranged coaxially with the wire drums
39 and 40. For driving the first wire drum 39 to move the levers 162
and 163 from their rest positions to their operating positions, the
first motor 174 can be driven in the clockwise direction, and for
driving the second wire drum 40 to move the levers 162 and 163 from
their operating positions to their rest positions, the second motor can
also be driven in the clockwise direction. It is to be noted furthermore
that in this apparatus the two supports, in the form of the levers 162
and 163, for the tape guide rollers have the same travel between their
rest positions and their operating positions. <br />
For driving the
first motor 174 to move the levers from their rest positions to their
operating positions, said motor can be connected to a d.c. supply
voltage V via a switch 176. The switch 176 can be closed by the button
90 for starting the movement of the levers from their rest positions to
their operating positions. For driving the motor 175 to move the levers
from their operating positions to their rest positions, this motor can
be connected to the d.c. supply voltage V via a switch 177. The switch
177 can be closed by means of the button 93 for starting the movement of
the levers from their operating positions to their rest positions.
Again the two buttons, which are automatically retained in their
on-positions, are constructed so that when one of the two buttons 90 or
93 is actuated the other button, if actuated, is released, as is
symbolically represented by the broken line 94. <br />
For switching off
the first motor 174 after the two levers 162 and 163 have been moved
from their rest positions to their operating positions, there is
provided a switch 178 included in the circuit of the first motor 174,
which switch can be actuated in the operating position of the first
lever 162 and is closed when the lever 162 is not in its operating
position, in which case the motors 174 can be driven, and is open when
the lever 162 is in its operating position, in which case the drive of
the motor 174 is interrupted. For switching off the second motor 175
after the two levers 162 and 163 have been moved from their operating
positions to their rest positions, there is provided a switch 179 which
can be actuated by the second lever 163 and which is included in the
circuit of the second motor 175, which switch is closed when the lever
163 is not in its rest position, in which case the motor 175 can be
driven, and is open when the lever is in its rest position, in which
case the drive of the motor 175 is interrupted. <br />
For holding the
two wire drums 39 and 40 stationary after each movement of the levers
162 and 163 supporting the tape guide rollers 166 and 167, there is
provided a disengagable latching device 180 and 181 for each wire drum.
Each of the two latching devices 180 and 181 comprises a pivotable latch
184 and 185 respectively, which is movable by means of an electromagnet
182 and 183 respectively. The two latches are adapted to cooperate with
teeth 186 and 187 on the two wire drums 39 and 40 respectively, the
latches 184 and 185 engaging the teeth 186 and 187 with their hooked
free ends 188 and 189 when the electromagnets 182 and 183 are energized,
as shown in full lines in FIGS. 9 and 10, and the free ends of the
latches being disengaged from the respective teeth when the
electromagnet<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFC7klwMJUCrRAdWJ2VvkEtKIXMn4kOKekYJkRfBKuSElN5-AwNNI97cWBfN2fn4UQxrQQuNVno560Z5Ize9feL_pslszeiI4Jqg1Q8M5kEeq9eDX4-ba0wzi3lscsJQyXDBYBxIXF_c/s1600/IMGH_04139.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFC7klwMJUCrRAdWJ2VvkEtKIXMn4kOKekYJkRfBKuSElN5-AwNNI97cWBfN2fn4UQxrQQuNVno560Z5Ize9feL_pslszeiI4Jqg1Q8M5kEeq9eDX4-ba0wzi3lscsJQyXDBYBxIXF_c/s320/IMGH_04139.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>s are not energized, as shown in dotted lines in FIGS. 9
and 10. <br />
The two electromagnets 182 and 183 are each connected to
earth with one terminal, the two other terminals being interconnected at
a terminal 190. Via the parallel connection of two series-connected
switches 191 and 192 and 193 and 194 respectively, the d.c. supply
voltage V can be applied to the terminal 190. The two switches 191 and
193, which are open in their rest position, can be actuated by the
second lever 163. The switch 191 is closed by the second lever 163 when
the lever 163 is in its rest position, the electromagnets 182 and 183
then being energized via the switch 192 and the switch 191, and the
latches 184 and 185 being in engagement with the teeth 186 and 187 in
order to hold the wire drums 39 and 40. The switch 193 is closed by the
second lever 163, if said lever is in its operating position, the
electromagnets 182 and 183 then being energized via the switch 194 and
the switch 193, and the latches 184 and 185 engaging with the teeth 186
and 187 of the wire drums 39 and 40 in order to hold said drums. The
switch 192, which is closed in its rest position, can be actuated by the
button 90 in order to start the movements of the levers 162 and 163
from their rest positions to their operating positions, and the switch
194, which is also closed in its rest position, can be actuated by the
button 93 in order to start the movements of the levers from their
operating positions to their rest positions, each button 90 or 93
opening the switch 192 or 194 respectively which is actuated thereby.
Upon actuation of each of the two buttons for starting the movements of
the levers 162 and 163 the circuit of the electromagnets 182 and 183 is
interrupted, so that the latches 184 and 185 are disengaged from the
teeth 186 and 187 and the wire drums 39 and 40 can again be driven by
their motors 174 and 175. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>To move the levers 162 and 163
supporting the tape guide rollers 166 and 167 from their rest positions
shown in FIG. 9 to their operating positions shown in FIG. 10, so that
the tape guide rollers 166 and 167 will withdraw the tape 1 from the
cassette 10 and wrap it around the tape guide drum 2, the button 90 is
actuated. As a result of this the switch 192 is opened, so that the d.c.
supply voltage V to the electromagnets 182 and 183 is interrupted,
because the switch 193 is also opened. As the electromagnets 182 and 183
are then no longer energized, the latches 184 and 185 are disengaged
from the wire drums 39 and 40, so that said drums can rotate. By
actuation of the button 90 the switch 176 is also closed, so that the
first motor 174 is driven in the clockwise direction. The first motor
174 drives the first wire drum 39 in the clockwise direction, so that
the first wire 41 is wound onto the first wire drum 39. The first lever
162, on which the first wire acts, is then pulled from its rest position
to its operating position. As the second lever 163 is coupled to the
first lever 162 via the second wire 42, the second lever 163 also is
pulled from its rest position to its operating position. The third wire
43, which acts on the second lever 163, is then unwound from the second
wire drum 40, which can then rotate substantially freely, because the
second motor 175 is not braked. As soon as the two levers 162 and 163
have left their rest positions, the switch 179 is closed and the switch
191 is opened. As<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a> soon as the levers reach their operating positions
switch 178 is opened by the first lever 162 so that the first motor 174
is stopped, and switch 193 is closed by the second lever 163 so that the
electromagnets 182 and 183 are energized. The first wire drum 39 is
then no longer driven by the motor 164 and the two wire drums 39 and 40
are held by the latches 184 and 185 which are actuated by means of the
electromagnets 182 and 183. Thus, it is also ensured that the levers 162
and 163 are kept in their operating positions via the wires 41, 42 and
43 which extend between the latched wire drums 39 and 40, which
operating positions are thus defined by the arrangement of the switches
178 and 193. <br />
To move the levers 162 and 163 from their operating
positions shown in FIG. 10 to their rest positions shown in FIG. 9, so
as to enable the tape 1 to be returned into the cassette 10, the button
93 is actuated. As a result of this, the switch 194 is opened. Since, as
stated previously, the switch 191 is in its open switching position,
the d.c. supply voltage V is disconnected from the electromagnets 182
and 183 when the switch 194 is opened, so that the latches 184 and 185
are released to allow the wire drums 39 and 40 to rotate. Moreover,
switch 177 is closed as a result of the actuation of the button 93, so
that the second motor 175 is connected to the d.c. supply voltage and is
thus driven in the clockwise direction. The second motor 175 drives the
second wire drum 40 in the clockwise direction also. The third wire 43
is then wound onto the second wire drum 40, said wire 43, which acts on
the second lever 163, then moving said lever from its operating
positions to its rest position. During this movement the first lever
162, which is coupled to the second lever 163 via the second wire 42, is
also moved from its operating position to its rest position, the first
wire 41, which acts on the first lever 162, being unwound from the first
wire drum 39. The first wire drum 39 then rotates substantially without
being braked, because the first motor 174 is not braked. As soon as the
two levers 162 and 163 have left their operating positions, the switch
178 is closed and switch 193 is opened. As soon as the two levers 162
and 163 occupy their rest positions, the switch 179 is closed so that
the second motor 175 and thus the second wire drum 40 is stopped, and
the switch 191 is closed so that the electromagnets 182 and 183 are
energized and the wire drums 39 and 40 are held by means of the latches
184 and 185. In this way it is ensured that the levers 162 and 163 are
maintained in their rest positions, which are defined by the positions
of the switches 179 and 191. <br />
In this embodiment the coupling of
the two levers, which are essentially pivotable independently of each
other, by means of a wire ensures a precisely coordinated movement of
the levers and thus of the tape guide rollers. Since again only one wire
is wound on each wire drum, winding can be effected uniformly and
smoothly, which results in a very smooth and uniform movement of the
tape guide rollers. Thus, the tape is not subjected to non-uniform
loads. By providing two separate drive means for the two wire drums,
which are spaced from each other transversely of their axes, these drive
means may be of very simple construction. Holding the wire drums by
means of switchable latches is advantageous, because a comparatively
large effort is required only for switching the latches and not for
retaining the latches in their engaged positions, in which they are
engaged with the wire drums. This is advantageous for a minimal power
consumption. <br />
Obviously the invention is not limited to the two
embodiments described in the foregoing, because a series of
modifications to these embodiments is possible. This is possible in
respect of, for example, the construction of the supports and the tape
guides arranged on the supports. Furthermore, it is also possible in
respect of the drive means for the two wire drums, as well as the means
for holding the wire drums stationary after the supports have been
moved. </div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<b>
<span style="font-size: small;">PHILIPS VR2022S VIDEO2000 High speed scanning arrangement for video tape recorder:</span></b>
</div>
<br />
In a helical scan video recorder in which the magnetic heads are
arranged on bimorph piezoelectric actuators it may be desirable, in
order to counteract depolarization of the piezoelectric elements, to
bias these elements. This is possible without the use of additional slip
rings if the electrode to which the drive voltage is applied is
connected, via a dio<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>de, to the electrode to which the bias is applied
and the bias is applied, alternately with the drive voltage, at instants
at which the associated magnetic head is not used. If the (lower) drive
voltage is applied the diode is cut off and the bias is isolated from
the drive.<br />
<br />
1. An apparatus for
recording and/or reproducing information on a record carrier in the form
of a tape in tracks which are inclined relative to the longitudinal
axis of the record carrier, which apparatus comprises <br />
a first magnetic head, <br />
a first electro-mechanical actuator on which said magnetic head is
arranged for controlling the position of said magnetic head in a
direction transverse to the tracks, said actuator comprising two
piezoelectric transducers which are each arranged on one side of a
common electrode and which are each provided with an electrode on the
side which is remote from said common electrode, <br />
a rotatable body, on which said actuator is mounted, for moving the magnetic head in the track direction, <br />
a tracking signal generator for supplying a signal to the actuator for
controlling the position of the magnetic head relative to the tracks, <br />
a drive signal input which is coupled to electrodes of the
piezoelectric transducers in such a way that the transducer deflects as a
function of the signal applied to said drive signal input, and <br />
a first rotary signal-coupling means for coupling the drive signal
generator to the drive signal input of actuator, characterized by <br />
a bias voltage input for applying a bias voltage so that both
piezoelectric elements are biased in the direction of polarization, at
least during periods in which they are driven by the drive signal, <br />
a buffer element for buffering said bias voltage during said periods, <br />
a first voltage isolator between the bias voltage input and the drive voltage input, and <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawIO1geD8NdHkrIOaCkT7zE91WY2w7t7dGR5dZHCCWl94B7yHTjHCE1asmkJNjlHMDVPHbFt6gfeXOrOPCqEfkV_3_tGemcTwWNSB5GskiD7CiJMWdonYQkRZB31_RkwKCoK8K_wMcM/s1600/IMGH_04130.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawIO1geD8NdHkrIOaCkT7zE91WY2w7t7dGR5dZHCCWl94B7yHTjHCE1asmkJNjlHMDVPHbFt6gfeXOrOPCqEfkV_3_tGemcTwWNSB5GskiD7CiJMWdonYQkRZB31_RkwKCoK8K_wMcM/s320/IMGH_04130.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>
switching means arranged between the tracking signal generator and the
signal coupling means, for alternately connecting the drive signal
input to the tracking signal generator and a source of bias voltage via
said signal coupling means.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, comprising a
second electro-mechanical actuator of the same type as the first
actuator, which second actuator carries a second magnetic head, is also
mounted on the rotatable body, and is connected to the tracking signal
generator via a second rotary signal coupling means and switching means,
characterized in that the bias voltage input of said second actuator is
connected to the bias voltage input of the first actuator, both bias
voltage inputs have a common connection to the buffer element, and a
second voltage isolator is arranged between the drive voltage input of
the second actuator and the bias voltage input of said second actuator.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that the buffer element comprises a capacitor.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, characterized in
that the first or the second voltage isolator comprises a diode which is
poled in the forward direction between the relevant drive voltage input
and the relevant signal voltage input. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in
that the two piezoelectric elements arranged on both sides of the common
electrode are biased in opposite directions relative to said common
electrode, the drive voltage input is connected to the other electrode
of one piezoelectric element and the other electrode of the other
piezoelectric element is coupled to earth. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
The invention relates to an apparatus for recording and/or
reproducing information on a record carrier in the form of a tape in
tracks which are inclined relative to the longitudinal axis of the
record carrier, which apparatus comprises <br />
a first magnetic head, <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsKdDU7B3Gtjsq_Qx9J5L5eepHZIW4JrTzD5YPx4i8ESExmQXVLRUp7sqnR5wsvzrR3G5-4ANfcgSR-QD1QaqtNaNd789G3zhB2IQWI6QRE_B0Y371B4EC5pRnsShOmnrrWQzHcj4ufA/s1600/IMGH_04148.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsKdDU7B3Gtjsq_Qx9J5L5eepHZIW4JrTzD5YPx4i8ESExmQXVLRUp7sqnR5wsvzrR3G5-4ANfcgSR-QD1QaqtNaNd789G3zhB2IQWI6QRE_B0Y371B4EC5pRnsShOmnrrWQzHcj4ufA/s320/IMGH_04148.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>a
first electro-mechanical actuator on which said magnetic head is
arranged for controlling the position of said magnetic head in a
direction transverse to the tracks, said actuator comprising two
piezoelectric transducers which are each arranged on one side of a
common electrode and which are each provided with an electrode on the
side which is remote from said common electrode, <br />
a rotatable body, on which said actuator is mounted for moving the magnetic head in the track direction, <br />
a
tracking-signal generator for applying a signal to the actuator for
controlling the position of the magnetic head relative to the tracks, <br />
a
drive-signal input which is coupled to electrodes of the piezoelectric
transducers in such a way that the transducer deflects as a function of
the signal applied to said drive-signal input, and <br />
a first rotary signal-coupling means for coupling the tracking-signal generator to the drive-signal input of the actuator. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivNawM2mV2zbNsAqwmySZBmyUkUUngioOczmDRIjC21H5JE1Wm99a7rtt-c9gPNUHTp84h2AqC1wg43KaVdERqlrPYnfkWQU9-m6Msz-dgrojYVVSccHHfOHhpQTQ7r_lQutECKqGkTzQ/s1600/IMGH_04144.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivNawM2mV2zbNsAqwmySZBmyUkUUngioOczmDRIjC21H5JE1Wm99a7rtt-c9gPNUHTp84h2AqC1wg43KaVdERqlrPYnfkWQU9-m6Msz-dgrojYVVSccHHfOHhpQTQ7r_lQutECKqGkTzQ/s320/IMGH_04144.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Such
apparatus is used in commercially available video recorders of the
well-known V2000 system. Such a video recorder is very suitable to be
provided with a mode of operation in which the pictures can be
reproduced at a substantially higher speed in order to locate a specific
passage. The reproduction in this mode remains excellent because the
electromechanical actuator ensures that the head follows the track
correctly. The maximum reproduction speed is dictated by the maximum
deflection of the actuator, which maximum deflection depends on the
maximum driving voltage. The maximum driving voltage depends on the
depolarization limit of the piezoelectric elements. It is known, inter
alia from German Patent Application No. 27 11 691, which has been laid
open to public inspection, that the application of a bias counteracts
depolarization, so that the maximum deflection can be increased by
applying a bias. This means that the maximum reproduction speed can be
increased by applying a bias voltage. Moreover, each actuator (the
afore-mentioned video recorder comprises two such actuators) would
require the use of an additional signal-coupling means, such as a slip
ring. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>The invention aims at providing an apparatus of the type
mentioned in the opening paragraph which allows a bias voltage to be
applied without the use of additional signal-coupling means and to this
end it is characterized by <br />
a bias-voltage input for applying a
bias so that both piezoelectric elements are biased in the direction of
polarization, at least during periods in which they are driven by the
drive signal, <br />
a buffer element for buffering said bias voltage during said periods, <br />
a first voltage isolator between the bias-voltage input and the drive-voltage input, and <br />
switching
means arranged between the tracking-signal generator and the
signal-coupling means, for alternately connecting the drive-signal input
to the tracking-signal generator and a source of bias voltage via said
signal-coupling means. <br />
The invention is based on the recognition
of the fact that it is thus possible to apply a voltage pulse, for
example at times when the head is not used (for example during the
period in which the second head follows the track). This voltage pulse
is applied to the buffer via the voltage isolator. If subsequently the
drive signal, whose amplitude is lower, is applied the voltage isolator
isolates the buffer from the drive signal input. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><br />
In an apparatus
comprising a second electro-mechanical actuator of the same type as the
first actuator, which second actuator carries a second magnetic head, is
also mounted on the rotatable body, and is connected to the
tracking-signal generator via a second rotary signal coupling means and
switching means, the invention may further be characterized in that the
bias-voltage input of said second actuator is connected to the
bias-voltage input of the first actuator, both bias-voltage inputs have a
common connection to the buffer element, and a second voltage isolator
is arranged between the drive-voltage input of the second actuator and
the bias-voltage input of said second actuator. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawIO1geD8NdHkrIOaCkT7zE91WY2w7t7dGR5dZHCCWl94B7yHTjHCE1asmkJNjlHMDVPHbFt6gfeXOrOPCqEfkV_3_tGemcTwWNSB5GskiD7CiJMWdonYQkRZB31_RkwKCoK8K_wMcM/s1600/IMGH_04130.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawIO1geD8NdHkrIOaCkT7zE91WY2w7t7dGR5dZHCCWl94B7yHTjHCE1asmkJNjlHMDVPHbFt6gfeXOrOPCqEfkV_3_tGemcTwWNSB5GskiD7CiJMWdonYQkRZB31_RkwKCoK8K_wMcM/s320/IMGH_04130.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>With respect to the buffer element the invention may further be characterized in that the buffer element comprises a capacitor. <br />
With
respect to the voltage isolator the invention may further be
characterized in that the first or the second voltage isolator comprises
a diode which is poled in the forward direction between the relevant
drive-voltage input and the relevant signal-voltage input. <br />
A
preferred embodiment of the invention may further be characterized in
that the two piezoelectric elements arranged on both sides of the common
electrode are biased in opposite directions relative to said common
electrode, the drive-voltage input is connected to the other electrode
of one piezoelectric element and the other electrode of the other
piezoelectric element is coupled to earth. <br />
The invention will now be described in more detail, be way of example, with reference to the drawing, in which <br />
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention, <br />
FIG. 2 shows some signal waveforms to explain the operation of the apparatus in accordance with the invention, and <br />
FIG. 3 shows an alternative to a part of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.<br />
<br />
FIG.
1 shows an embodiment of the invention. On a rotatable body 1, shown
schematically, two electro-mechanical actuators 2 and 3 are arranged
diame<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzGZpexbWfPEbeGbA1XZ_vWrCC0NWZw63zxbokmvyN0qcQoIVZO3FiUFCCEEuOmdH-5eoGUSpv_9J3yhc57hYsMi_uc_HISlYblTM8j8tmi68_m048QUK2vl6DMgtLnvxhzz8Qbz5f5Hs/s1600/VIDEO2000-HIGH-SPEED-PLAY-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzGZpexbWfPEbeGbA1XZ_vWrCC0NWZw63zxbokmvyN0qcQoIVZO3FiUFCCEEuOmdH-5eoGUSpv_9J3yhc57hYsMi_uc_HISlYblTM8j8tmi68_m048QUK2vl6DMgtLnvxhzz8Qbz5f5Hs/s320/VIDEO2000-HIGH-SPEED-PLAY-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
trally opposite each other, which actuators carry video heads 4 and
5, respectively. Via means, not shown, for example a rotary
transformer, these video heads are connected to the non-rotating part of
the apparatus. This assembly rotates within a drum around which a
magnetic head is wrapped along a helical path over 180° (in said V2000
system). The heads 4 and 5 then alternately follow an inclined track on
the magnetic tape. The electro-mechanical actuators 2 and 3 control the
heads 4 and 5 in directions indicated by arrows T, i.e. in directions
transverse to the direction of the tracks followed by these heads owing
to the rotation of the body 1. <br />
The electro-mechanical actuators 2
and 3 each have a common electrode 6, two piezoelectric elements 7 and 8
on both sides of the electrode 6, electrodes 9 and 10 being arranged on
both sides of said elements which are remote from the electrode 6, so
that the piezoelectric element 7 is arranged between the electrodes 6
and 9 and the piezoelectric element 8 between the electrodes 6 and 10.
Both piezoelectric elements are polarized in the direction indicated by
P. <br />
In the present example the electrode 10 is connected to earth
via the body 1. The common electrode 6 of the actuator 2 or 3 is
connected to a drive-signal input, 11 and 12 respectively, which via a
slip ring, 13 and 14 respectively, and switching means 15 is connected
to a source 18 of tracking signals. Via a capacitor 25 the electrode 9
of the actuator, 2 and 3 respectively, is connected to earth and to a
bias-voltage input, 21 and 22 respectively. Via a voltage isolator, in
the present example a diode 23 or 24, this bias voltage input, 21 or 22,
is connected to the corresponding drive-voltage input 11 or 12. The
switching means 15, which may be electr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>onic means, may be regarded as
two change-over switches 16 and 17 which under control of a device 19
alternately connect the tracking signal generator 18 to one of the slip
rings 13 and 14 and which connect a direct voltage source 20 to the
other slip ring in phase opposition. <br />
The operation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 will be explained with reference to FIG. 2 which shows the signals S<sub>1</sub> and S<sub>2</sub> on the slip rings 13 and 14, respectively, as a function of time. <br />
Between the instants t<sub>1</sub> and t<sub>2</sub>
a tracking signal is applied to the slip ring 13. If it is assumed that
capacitor 25 carries a higher direct voltage (E), the diode 23 will be
cut off. The common electrode 6 of the actuator 2 then receives a signal
which appears in parallel across both piezoelements, as indicated by
the dashed arrows S, because the electrode 10 is connected directly and
the electrode 9 is connected indirectly, via capacitor 25 and via diode
24 and source 20, to earth. In one element the polarity of the signal
has the same direction as the polarization (P) and in the other element
it is directed oppositely, so that the transducer 2 deflects in
conformity with the signal S<sub>1</sub>. The voltage E across capacitor
25 also appears on the electrode 9. Since the common electrode 6 is
connected to the tracking signal source and the electrode 10 is
connected to earth, this bias voltage is distributed uniformly as
indicated by the arrows V between the two piezoelements in accordance
with the polarization P. As a result of this, the neutral level of the
actuator (no deflection) is obtained when the voltage on the common
electrode 6 is 1/2E (electrode 9 is then at E and electrode 10 at 0 V).
The steady-state d.c. level of the tracking signal should then also be
1/2E. <br />
At the same time the direct voltage E from source 20 will appear on slip ring 14 (signal S<sub>2</sub>).
If the charge on capacitor 25 is not sufficient, ca<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzGZpexbWfPEbeGbA1XZ_vWrCC0NWZw63zxbokmvyN0qcQoIVZO3FiUFCCEEuOmdH-5eoGUSpv_9J3yhc57hYsMi_uc_HISlYblTM8j8tmi68_m048QUK2vl6DMgtLnvxhzz8Qbz5f5Hs/s1600/VIDEO2000-HIGH-SPEED-PLAY-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzGZpexbWfPEbeGbA1XZ_vWrCC0NWZw63zxbokmvyN0qcQoIVZO3FiUFCCEEuOmdH-5eoGUSpv_9J3yhc57hYsMi_uc_HISlYblTM8j8tmi68_m048QUK2vl6DMgtLnvxhzz8Qbz5f5Hs/s320/VIDEO2000-HIGH-SPEED-PLAY-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>pacitor 25 will be
charged substantially to the voltage E (but for one diode voltage) via
the diode 24 which then conducts. The voltage on electrode 9 of element 3
and, via drive signal input 12, on the common electrode 6 is then E
volts. This results in a substantial deflection of the actuator in
conformity with the drive signal of E volts, but this is no problem
because the head 5 is inoperative during this period. At the instant t<sub>2</sub> the signal S<sub>2</sub>
on slip ring 14 changes over from the direct voltage E to the tracking
signal. Diode 24 is then cut off. The tracking signal then appears on
the common electrode 6 and capacitor 25 is charged. <br />
The same happens between the instants t<sub>2</sub> and t<sub>3</sub> but now actuators 2 and 3 are interchanged. <br />
It
is to be noted that a system is conceivable in which both heads are
operative simultaneously, for example in the case of a tape-wrapping
angle of 210°, the additional 30° wrap being used for audio recording.
Switches 16 and 17 must then be operated so that the voltage E is
transferred during a shorter period, for example after the instant t<sub>4</sub>
as shown in FIG. 2. The switching means 15 must then be modified so
that each of the drive inputs 11 and 15 can receive an independent drive
signal, at least when both heads are driven simultaneously. <br />
In
principle it is also possible to re-charge the capacitor 25 with shorter
voltage pulses. The invention may, in principle, also be employed in
single-head video recorders. <br />
FIG. 3 shows a possible variant to
the device shown in FIG. 1, in which both piezoelectric elements 7 and 8
are polarized in the same direction viewed from the common electrode 6.
The drive signal must then be applied to electrodes 9 and 10 in phase
opposition in order to obtain a deflection and the bias-voltage input 21
must be connected to the mean voltage across the buffer capacitor 25.
Instead of the diode 25 active voltage isolators may then be used. </div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<b>PHILIPS VR2022S</b> VIDEO2000 <span style="font-size: small;"><b>Arrangement for the recording and reproduction of wide frequency band video signal:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> <br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>Method of recording and reproduction of wide frequency band video
signals onto or from a magnetizable recording carrier, carried out by
the following means: means for separating of the video frequency signals
into first and second signals of lower and upper frequency range
respectively, for converting said second signal into a third signal the
frequency range of which equaling that of said first signal, for
frequency modulating a carrier wave frequency by said first and third
signals and for recording the frequency modulated signals by means of a
twin head, for reproducing the recorded signals by means of a twin head
and for amplifying, limiting and demodulating the recorded signals and
reconverting the third signal into its original frequency range and
combining the so reconverted third signal and said first signal.<br />
<br />
1. An apparatus for
the recording and reproducing of wide frequency band color video signals
onto or from two adjacent tracks of a magnetizable recording carrier,
whereat the color video signal to be recorded is separated into a lower
and upper frequency range, said lower frequency range frequency
modulating a carrier wave, said apparatus further comprising: <br />
a. means for converting said upper frequency range into said lower frequency range; <br />
b. means for frequency modulating said carrier wave by said converted upper frequency range; <br />
c. twin head means for simultaneously recording both said frequency modulated signals; and, <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-910xPDYnU3N1HhxcVO-5gBihiNS981Q4o_jsv4ul0MF_UsX6ZVkgM4_BV4-_z_RqkFtZ5BXRC9_Gxe5OiSvF01ZeCMfIOyHV1q-zOK50RtxeRDESNvC6VDifxOzzFp3-hk0gXU6mYUc/s1600/IMGH_04154.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-910xPDYnU3N1HhxcVO-5gBihiNS981Q4o_jsv4ul0MF_UsX6ZVkgM4_BV4-_z_RqkFtZ5BXRC9_Gxe5OiSvF01ZeCMfIOyHV1q-zOK50RtxeRDESNvC6VDifxOzzFp3-hk0gXU6mYUc/s320/IMGH_04154.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>
d. means for reproducing the recorded signals encoding the twin head,
means for amplifying, limiting and demodulating the recorded signals and
for reconverting the converted upper frequency range into its original
frequency range and for combining the reconverted signal and the lower
frequency range signal.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
2. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1 wherein the
mixing frequency used for the converting and reconverting of the upper
frequency range is an integral multiple of the line frequency.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
3. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1 wherein the
individual recording heads of the twin head have azimuth-angles which
are different from zero and are equal in value but oppositely inclined.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
In view of the
limited band width of the frequency band of simple tape video recording
and reproducing apparatuses for home use a color television signal can
be recorded only with losses in quality and after a considerable
transformation of the original video signals. <br />
For example, in a
widely used European system of recording and reproduction, the
brightness and chrominance signals are separated from each other. A
carrier frequency located at about 4 MHz is frequency-modulated with the
brightness signal, which is limited to 2.7 MHz. The chrominance signal
is moved out of its original frequency position into a new frequency
range, which is located lower than that of the lower side bands of the
frequency-modulated brightness signals. Thereafter the
frequency-converted color signals are added and recorded. <br />
Japanese
systems, which also were developed especially for home use, use
essentially the same principle. Both systems suffer from serious
disadvantages. The <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>procedure is intricate and includes many
possibilities for error, if the luminance and chrominance signals are
separated, processed in a different manner and then put together again.
The frequency band width of the brightness signal must be narrowed.
Since a portion of the tape recorded information is contained in the
amplitude, the advantage of frequency modulation largely is lost. The
track width cannot be reduced below a certain minimum figure and the
color information is recorded at a relatively large wave length. The
danger of cross-talk and especially cross-color disturbances between
neighboring tracks exists just where it is most conspicuous. This can be
avoided by the provision of guard bands between the tracks, but because
the guard bands do not carry any information a large amount of tape is
needed. <br />
If guard bands between adjacent tracks are omitted,
adjacent tracks are recorded and read at different azimuth angles, and
the polarity of the color information is changed from line to line,
which requires not only additional electronics but requires a radically
different lay-out of the whole electronic circuit, depending upon
whether the apparatus is to be used for NTSC, PAL or SECAM. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
It
is an object of the present invention to provide a recording and
reproducing arrangement for wide frequency band video signals onto or
from a magnetizable carrier, which avoids the above described faults and
which especially permits the recording of the full video frequency band
with small and inexpensive apparatuses and without additional tape
consumption at full utilization of the advantages of frequency
modulation. The color television system (NTSC, PAL or SECAM) does not
influence the recording, so that the same apparatus can be used for all
systems, except of course, for different power supply frequencies. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYkpGinET0I_cKyz4_SQsmUFBxGLJDirskHfrGyj4J6__30fld5cvZtrgH-FFWdrhdvFI-gZ0VKe8ts6N0JCOn_UJBYouQvhJZ9XSR9HWY-hTMQ7SQsES5NP2JxQ1tKypGagjAL4HqpQ/s1600/IMGH_04117.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYkpGinET0I_cKyz4_SQsmUFBxGLJDirskHfrGyj4J6__30fld5cvZtrgH-FFWdrhdvFI-gZ0VKe8ts6N0JCOn_UJBYouQvhJZ9XSR9HWY-hTMQ7SQsES5NP2JxQ1tKypGagjAL4HqpQ/s320/IMGH_04117.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>The
inventive combination is new and brings out a surprising result. For
example, the frequency transformation of a portion of the color
television signal is known. U.S. Pat. No. 3,234,323 discloses the method
of modulation onto a carrier frequency for the brightness and the color
and to record each in parallel tracks. German Pat. No. 1,935,109
discloses means to record on adjacent tracks without leaving space in
between, but with different azimuth angles. In comparison, none of the
known arrangements permits recording of the full color television signal
frequency band with small and inexpensive apparatus independently of
the color transmission system and with full utilization of the
advantages of frequency modulation and without additional tape
consumption and loss of quality. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
FIGS. 1 and 2 taken together provide a diagrammatic showing of the subject invention.<br />
<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br />
An
embodiment of the in<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5Bhlw7wsKnHaF8rsog0M2Dc32w0kK_r-PpSwn_EDqdR7GVANLbmvlw-lMhcrIbkMApu30WteA78VBZFJiyU7-oO3tBrMjus4rOmknHkZiXVhpIcdXIe34fgJJkYGOArKH2JS2WLRZFc/s1600/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5Bhlw7wsKnHaF8rsog0M2Dc32w0kK_r-PpSwn_EDqdR7GVANLbmvlw-lMhcrIbkMApu30WteA78VBZFJiyU7-oO3tBrMjus4rOmknHkZiXVhpIcdXIe34fgJJkYGOArKH2JS2WLRZFc/s320/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-1.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
vention is shown in the FIGS. in which for example
the mean track spacing amounts to 187 μm, the width of a track itself is
130 μm, the frequency modulation deviation ranges from 3.1 MHz to 4.5
MHz, and at this condition video signals up to 2.7 MHz with 10 dB loss
can be recorded. If now, according to the invention, the mean track
spacing is divided into two tracks each of 93.5 μm track width lying
parallel and adjacent to one another without interspace, and if, from
the signal which is introduced at connection 1, a lower frequency range
extending up to 2.7 MHz is separated by a low-pass filter 2, then this
lower frequency range may be frequency modulated in a modulator 3 and
after appropriate amplification in an amplifier 4 be recorded by a
magnetic transducer head 5, just as well as in the aforementioned
original state. Simultaneously, the line synchron im<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>pulses are separated
at 6 and an upper frequency range of the color television signal from
2.7 MHz to 5.5 MHz is made available over the high-pass filter 7. The
frequency of the output voltage of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
8 with a nominal frequency of about 2.6 MHz is divided in a divider 9
by, for example, 166 and compared with the line synchron impulses in a
phase comparator 10; the difference signal synchronizes the oscillator 8
to a frequency which is an integral multiple of the line frequency. The
mixing of the output voltages of the oscillator 8 and of the high-pass
filter 7 in a mixing unit 11 and the limiting by a low-pass filter 12,
whose cut-off frequency may lie a little higher than those of 2, effects
a transposition of the upper video frequencies into the same frequency
range as is behind the low-pass filter 2; the signals applied to the
frequency modulators 3 and 13, may also be treated in the same manner,
especially with respect to a possible pre-emphasis and the modulation
itself; the last is indicated by a common carrier wave oscillator 16.
The signal, which is frequency modulated in 13, is applied by way of an
amplifier 14 to a further magnetic head 15, which is preferably combined
with the magnetic head 5 to form a twin head, recording simultaneously
with head 5 parallel tracks without any interspace. Technologically, the
amplifiers 4 and 14 and the heads 5 and 15 are of equal design; as
later will be explained, only the azimuth angles of the gaps of heads 5
and 15 differ from each other. <br />
In the play-back apparatus
according to<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4QjQEpgKfuAJ0L8acrr4pBOKCbz6ks5OD6czylOeZfP9CWH6tfe3b777oZolJkk_SajkKhnuWJQFG1qFOKZJlbKR5I_gH7SruX8gVSF14dnTDAhxnzQUGm6r2gRcGQZsvIfbvQ0ekNE/s1600/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4QjQEpgKfuAJ0L8acrr4pBOKCbz6ks5OD6czylOeZfP9CWH6tfe3b777oZolJkk_SajkKhnuWJQFG1qFOKZJlbKR5I_gH7SruX8gVSF14dnTDAhxnzQUGm6r2gRcGQZsvIfbvQ0ekNE/s320/VIDEO2000-REC-GEN-METH-2.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
FIG. 2, the amplifiers 17, the limiters 18 and the
demodulators 19, which are following the heads 5 and 15, are once more
built wholly alike; the blocks 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are the same for
recording, according to FIG. 1 and for reproducing, according to FIG. 2.
The output voltage of the mixing unit 11 is taken through a band-pass
filter 20, which filters out the upper side band of the mixing product,
and transfers it to an adder stage 21, which also receives the
demodulated signals read by head 5. If necessary, there may be inserted
frequency-response corrections at suitable places, deemphasis on offset
compensators, and this in both channels. <br />
The synchronization to
the line frequency of the mixing frequency of the oscillator 8, which is
required for the frequency shift, proves to be especially advantageous,
because by this, large time basis deviations are compensated for. The
upper cut-off frequency of the demod<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYkpGinET0I_cKyz4_SQsmUFBxGLJDirskHfrGyj4J6__30fld5cvZtrgH-FFWdrhdvFI-gZ0VKe8ts6N0JCOn_UJBYouQvhJZ9XSR9HWY-hTMQ7SQsES5NP2JxQ1tKypGagjAL4HqpQ/s1600/IMGH_04117.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYkpGinET0I_cKyz4_SQsmUFBxGLJDirskHfrGyj4J6__30fld5cvZtrgH-FFWdrhdvFI-gZ0VKe8ts6N0JCOn_UJBYouQvhJZ9XSR9HWY-hTMQ7SQsES5NP2JxQ1tKypGagjAL4HqpQ/s320/IMGH_04117.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>ulated signal, which head 5 picks
up, is thus shifted exactly as much as the lower cut-off frequency
behind the band-pass filter 20, so that the crossover positions between
the two ranges of video frequencies are not changed relative to each
other. <br />
As a result, compared with the original shape, the upper
useful video frequency can be doubled without loss of playing time or
quality, and this, without having to extract the chrominance signal out
of the color television signal and without having information carried by
the amplitude of the magnetization, which exists at the tape. For this
latter reason, the width of the tracks may be further decreased, and in
this way, the playing time can be again increased. <br />
Compared with
the aforementioned Japanese system, it is true that this system also
uses the advantage of abutting tracks. But instead of this<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>, another
advantage is obtained in that the very complicated and from television
system to television system very different processing of the color
signal is avoided; also the disadvantage of a chrominance sub-carrier
transposed into a low frequency range, namely the therewith associated
danger of cross-talk from track to track is very greatly reduced. For
example: the converted chrominance sub-carrier frequency is normally of
the order of 600 kHz. If there is a track width without interspace of 55
μm, a head to tape speed of 6000 mm/s and an azimuth-angle of 8° Which
is contrarotating from track to track (which means 16° effective for
each head), and the scanning head deviates by 9% of the track width out
of its track, the cross-talk results in a signal to noise ratio of 20.4
dB. This ratio is too small and must therefore be further diminished by
complicated and expensive electronic means with the help of comb
filters. According to the invention all recorded frequencies are located
at 4 MHz; under otherwise equal circumstances the cross-talk ratio now
amounts to 45 dB, which requires no additional distortion suppressing
means. <br />
The invention is not limited to the specific oblique track
recording, but can also be used at the transverse track, or the
longitudinal track methods using rotating magnetic heads. The advantages
derived from the invention is independent of the shape (form) of the
record carrier and of the track.<span style="font-size: small;"><b> <br />
</b></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;">PHILIPS VR2022S </span><span style="font-size: small;">Method and device for tracking video signals on a magnetic </span><span style="font-size: small;">VIDEO2000 SYSTEM </span><span style="font-size: small;">tape by detecting phase jumps:</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>A method and device for maintaining an exact track when playing back
video ignals, which are recorded on a magnetic tape in oblique parallel
tracks with different azimuth angles.<br />
<br />
1. A device for
adjusting the exact position of the track when replaying video signals
which are recorded in oblique parallel tracks on a magnetic tape, said
oblique tracks being alternately recorded and replayed by two rotating
heads, the gaps of which have opposite equal azimuth angles causing
phase jumps of the line frequency of the scanned video signal during
track changes in case of mistracking, said device including means for
detecti<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>ng said phase jumps, and means for applying said phase jumps to
said rotating heads to readjust the rotating video heads to the exact
track position by control of the tape speed. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. A device in accordance with claim 1 further
comprising means for measuring the phase jumps of the line frequency for
changes from an even numbered to an odd numbered track and for changes
from an odd numbered to an even numbered track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. A device in accordance with claim 2 in which the
phase jumps of the line frequency of the video signal with respect to a
reference frequency during subsequent track changes are detected by
different sample and hold circuits, the outputs of said sample and hold
circuits being fed to the input of a differential amplifier to form an
error signal, said error signal controlling the tape speed so as to
minimize said error signal. <br />
<br clear="all" />
4. A device according to claim 2 further comprising a
phase locked loop to produce the reference frequency synchronized to the
line frequency of the scanned video signal, said phase locked loop
containing a phase comparator, a voltage controlled oscillator and a low
pass filter therebetween, said low pass filter causing the control time
constant of the voltage controlled oscillator to equal at least the
scanning time of one track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivNawM2mV2zbNsAqwmySZBmyUkUUngioOczmDRIjC21H5JE1Wm99a7rtt-c9gPNUHTp84h2AqC1wg43KaVdERqlrPYnfkWQU9-m6Msz-dgrojYVVSccHHfOHhpQTQ7r_lQutECKqGkTzQ/s1600/IMGH_04144.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivNawM2mV2zbNsAqwmySZBmyUkUUngioOczmDRIjC21H5JE1Wm99a7rtt-c9gPNUHTp84h2AqC1wg43KaVdERqlrPYnfkWQU9-m6Msz-dgrojYVVSccHHfOHhpQTQ7r_lQutECKqGkTzQ/s320/IMGH_04144.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>5. A device according to claim 3 in which the separated
line pulses from the scanned video signal are fed through gate circuits
to the sample and hold circuits, and which are alternately opened for
about two line intervals by pulses which are derived from the position
signals of the head wheel each time a video head starts to scan a new
track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. A device according to claim 5 in which the error
signal of the differential amplifier is added to or subtracted from the
rectified voltage of the tacho generator of the tape feed motor and in
which by comparing the sum or difference, respectively, with a given
reference voltage the rotation of the tape feed motor is controlled so
as to minimize the error voltage produced by the differential amplifier.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
7. A device according to claim 6 in which a low pass
filter is provided at the output of the differential amplifier.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
When recording video
signals in oblique parallel tracks cross-talking from track to track
can be kept to a minimum if the tracks are se<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>parated by guard bands.
However, such guard bands are a poor way of using the available
recording face. <br />
Another possibility for minimizing cross-talk is
to record with azimuth angles which differ from track to track. In such a
case the guard bands can be eliminated. However, in such a system the
requirement for exactly scanning the recorded track is increased. <br />
Methods
and devices for an automatical tracking during play-back of video
signals in oblique tracks are known, but were never attractive for
incorporation into devices for home use. For example it has been
suggested to use the time difference which occurs simultaneously with a
migration as a measure of the lateral migration of the replay head from
the magnetic track. This method can be accomplished by very simple
circuitry but poses high demands with respect to the precision and the
timely constancy of such circuits, because very small and continuously
changing time intervals must be measured. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawIO1geD8NdHkrIOaCkT7zE91WY2w7t7dGR5dZHCCWl94B7yHTjHCE1asmkJNjlHMDVPHbFt6gfeXOrOPCqEfkV_3_tGemcTwWNSB5GskiD7CiJMWdonYQkRZB31_RkwKCoK8K_wMcM/s1600/IMGH_04130.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawIO1geD8NdHkrIOaCkT7zE91WY2w7t7dGR5dZHCCWl94B7yHTjHCE1asmkJNjlHMDVPHbFt6gfeXOrOPCqEfkV_3_tGemcTwWNSB5GskiD7CiJMWdonYQkRZB31_RkwKCoK8K_wMcM/s320/IMGH_04130.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>The
subject invention provides a device and a method wherein an exact
tracking is made possible without expensive equipment and without
significant requirements for precision, durability and constancy of the
circuit elements. <br />
The invention is related to video tape
recorders where the video signals are recorded in oblique parallel
tracks which are alternately recorded and replayed by two rotating video
heads with gaps having opposite azimuth angles. The migration of the
video heads from the exact track position is determined by the phase
jump which occurs during track change. <br />
The invention is based on
the realization that the sudden change of a magnitude is easier to
measure than a continuous change. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES<br />
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of two oblique tracks with the tape scanning and tape feeding directions indicated; <br />
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram utilizing the subject invention; and <br />
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a further embodiment of the invention. <br />
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br />
FIG.
1 sho<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1NctrbzAvWEVfaWIi8Ugf9_wtZJYK4o_2LHaJsmqCJt1qq9O1GTxedb6HMXjql9CvwBQPzdhpJn4khRG_9jIPpJZQGoDfowjJ0HQBCFXae0xR7LJbe47SKyNekZTC-bFCG863hUsZ4c/s1600/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1NctrbzAvWEVfaWIi8Ugf9_wtZJYK4o_2LHaJsmqCJt1qq9O1GTxedb6HMXjql9CvwBQPzdhpJn4khRG_9jIPpJZQGoDfowjJ0HQBCFXae0xR7LJbe47SKyNekZTC-bFCG863hUsZ4c/s320/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
<br />
ws two oblique tracks 1 and 2. For track 1 the recording and
replay gap of the magnet head is turned from the vertical position
counterclockwise through angle α and for track 2 in a clockwise
direction through an equal angle α . If during replay the heads are
displaced from the nominal position 3, 4 into position 3', 4' by an
amount h perpendicular to the track direction, an additional phase
change occurs in addition to the reduction of the signal to noise ratio.
With the scanning and tape feeding directions and with the azimuth
angles of FIG. 1 head 3' scans the video signal by an amount (h) (tan α)
earlier and head 4' by an amount (h) (tan α) later than at nominal
position. Therefore, during the change from track 1 to track 2 a sudden
phase jump takes place corresponding to (2) (h) (tan α) rearwardly and
from track 2 to track 1 forwardly. However, if heads 3 and 4 are not
migrating upwardly as shown in FIG. 1 but rather downwardly, the sudden
phase jump takes place with the magnitude (2) (h) (tan α) forwardly and
from track 2 to track 1 rearwardly. Therefore, the magnitude of the
phase jump is a measure of the magnitude of migration of the video heads
from the track, while the sign of the phase jump determines the
direction of migration. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In the invention the phase jump is
measured at the line frequency with respect to a reference oscillation
which is synchronized to the line frequency but which cannot follow
sudden phase jumps or rapid frequency changes. For this purpose a
voltage controlled oscillator 8 is provided as can be seen in FIG. 2
which oscillates at about double the line frequency and which is
synchronized by means of phase comparator 6 and low pass filter 7 to the
line pulses fed at 5 and separated from the scanned video signal. The
double line frequency is chosen because of the frequency of the
equalizing pulses of the vertical signal, and the low pass filter 7
prevents oscillator 8 from following immediately the occuring phase
jumps. <br />
Simultaneously, the scanned line pulses are fed to gate
circuits 12 and 13 which open for a short time for about two line
durations after each second head change. The necessary opening pulses
are fed at 14 and 15 and are derived from the position pulse of the head
wheel, so that gate 12 opens when changing from track 1 to track 2, for
example, while gate 13 opens when changing from track 2 to the next
track. <br />
It is useful to transform the output voltage of oscillator
8 into a trapezoidal wave by pulse former 9 the output of which is fed
as a reference to the sample and hold circuits 10 and 16 or 11, 16,
respectively. The output signals of 10 and 11 are coupled to the input
of differential amplifier 17. <br />
The error signal which is generated
at the output of the differential amplifier 17 may be used for making
an exact track adjustment for the video heads. For example, the error
signal may influence the recovery time of a monostable multivibrator 18
to which the reference pulses for the servo control circuit 20 of the
tape transport motor are fed at 19. Another possibility exists in the
immediate adjustment of the rotating video heads in axial direction by
means of piezoceramic elements which are excited by the error signal of
differential amplifier 17. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaEUdsPKTxvs8TxdK8l6x47IqmKuEJIG7GMlTVlW1Vr-O8vszxfU7Zb13UENEK2k97fcJpAKF98GUxvudpDrgr1HityEd4kEy6eMddEzxrbkSxo-zYcabfJUZ1y4xETCuDd-k2YTX7OXg/s1600/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaEUdsPKTxvs8TxdK8l6x47IqmKuEJIG7GMlTVlW1Vr-O8vszxfU7Zb13UENEK2k97fcJpAKF98GUxvudpDrgr1HityEd4kEy6eMddEzxrbkSxo-zYcabfJUZ1y4xETCuDd-k2YTX7OXg/s320/VIDEO2000-TRACKING-2.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
Since the maintaining of the track and
the transport speed for the tape are unmistakeably correlated in
accordance with the invention the reference pulses which are fed at 19
may be omitted in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention.
In other words, the usual synchronous track is not necessary. <br />
In
accordance with FIG. 3, the servo control circuit of band feeding motor
21 includes tacho generator 22 which is coupled with motor 21, and the
output voltage of the generator after being rectified at 23 is coupled
to the input of a differential amplifier 24. The other input of
differential amplifier 24 is coupled to a reference voltage 25. This
control loop controls the tape feeding speed approximately to the
nominal value, while the output voltage of the differential amplifier 17
which is fed into the summing element 26 provides the exact adjustment
of the tape speed with respect to the exact track adjustment. <br />
The
additional low pass filter 27, 28 is only necessary for the start of
the tape movement and elimates the big alternating phase jumps generated
during the acceleration of the magnetic tape. </div>
</div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">PHILIPS VR2022S Method for dynamic track adjustment in </span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;">SYSTEM </span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;">VIDEO2000 video recorders:. </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b>1. Method for dynamic equidistant track adjustment in magnetic
helical-scan video recording with the aid of rotating<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> magnetic video
heads which are adjustable by a servosystem perpendicularly to the
direction of movement, the servosystem being controlled by a control
signal (burst) of a particular frequency keyed in each case at the
beginning of the track and the area of reproduction of a new track being
located immediately adjacent to the area of recording of the preceding
track, characterized in that the order of recording and reproduction for
the control signal (burst) keyed in arbitrary length, relative to the
scanning movement of the magnetic video head, takes place alternatingly
from track to track and, relative to the beginning of the track, offset
in time and geometry from track to track.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
VERFAHREN ZUR DYNAMISCHEN SPUREINSTELLUNG
BEI VIDEORECORDERN PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Verfahren zur dynamischen ·aquidistanten
Spureinstellung bei der magnetischen Schr·agspur-Videoaufzeichnung mit
Hilfe von rotierenden Video-Magnetk·opfen, die senkrecht zur
Bewegungsrichtung durch ein Servosystem verstellbar sind, wobei die
Ansteuerung des Servosystems durch ein jeweils am Spuranfang
eingetastetes Steuersignal (Burst) bestimmter Freque<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>nz erfolgt, d a d u r
c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t dass die Reihenfolge der Aufzeichnung
und Wiedergabe f·ur das in beliebiger L·ange eingetastete Steuersignal
(Burst) bezogen auf die Abtastbewegung des Video Magnetkopfes von Spur
zu Spur alternierend und bezogen auf den Spuranfang von Spur zu Spur
zeitlich und geometrisch versetzt erfolgt, derart, dass der
Wiedergabebereich einer neuen Spur dem Aufzeichnungsbereich der
vorangegangenen Spur unmittelbar benachbart ist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z
e i c h n e t , dass in jeder zweiten Spur zwischen dem Aufzeichnungs-
und Wiedergabebereich des Steuersignals (Burst) eine L·ucke mit der
L·ange des doppelten Spurversatzes eingef·ugt ist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z
e i c h n e t , dass in jeder zweiten Spur die Summe der zeitlichen und
geometrischen L·ange des Aufzeichnungs- und Wiedergabebereichs f·ur das
Steuersignal (Burst) um den doppelten Spurversatz vergr·ossert wird.
<br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
VERFAHREN ZUR DYNAZIISCHEN SPUREINSTELLUNG BEI VI DEORECO
RDERN BESCHREIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren, mit dem bei der
magnetischen Videoauf zeichnung die ohne Zwischenraum
aneinandergrenzenden, winkelentkoppelten Schr·ag spuren auf konstanten
Abstand gebracht werden k·onnen.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s1600/IMGH_04152.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s320/IMGH_04152.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Die Anwendung des Verfahrens
setzt voraus, dass die aufzeichnenden bzw. wiedergebenden rotierenden
Video Magnetk·opfe senkrecht zu ihrer Abtastrichtung gesteuert bewegbar
sind. Die gesteuerte Bewegbarkeit, wie sie z.B. beim System ~Video 2000"
angewendet wird, dient prim·ar der Spurfindung bei der Wiedergabe.
Hierzu werden zus·atzlich zum Luminanz- und Chrominanzsignal
beispielsweise vier Hilfsfrequenzen aufgezeichnet, die unterhalb des
Chrominanzsignals und Luminanzsignals liegen und die bei der Wiedergabe
in einer Servoschaltung derart verarbeitet werden, dass der
Wiedergabekopf immer so eingestellt wird, dass er auf der gewunschten
Magnetspur l·auft.<br />
Einzelheiten ·uber dieses Verfahren sind
beispielsweise aus W Grundig Technische lnforma- tonen", Heft 3/198Q,
Seite 111 ff. und "Grundig Technische Infonmationen", Heft 3/1981, Seite
105 ff. zu entnehmen.<br />
Die M·oglichkeit der Steuerung der
Magnetk·opfe senkrecht zur Spurrichtung wird ausser zur Spurfindung bei
der Wiedergabe aber auch bei der Aufnahme dazu benutzt, um die
aufeinanderfolgenden Spuren ·aquidistant zu schreiben.<br />
Hierzu wird
ein Schwingungszug, auch Burst genannt, am jeweiligen Spuranfang mit
einer weiteren Hilfsfrequenz aufgezeichnet. Unmittelbar nach der
Aufzeichnung des Burstsignals, dessen Dauer nach dem Stand der Technik
dem von Spur zu Spur entstehenden Spurversatz entspricht, wird der
rotierende Magnetkopf auf Wiedergabe umgeschaltet und tastet das
Burstsignal der vorhergehenden Spur ab. Die Amplitude des dabei
gewonnenen Signals ist ein Mass f·ur den Spurabstand und kann zur
Einstellung des rotierenden Magnetkopfes am Spuranfang benutzt werden,
derart, dass die Spurabst·ande konstant sind.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Die Bezugsgr·osse
bei diesem Regelvorgang wird beim Stand der Technik dadurch gewonnen,
dass einer der beiden rotierenden Video-Magnetk·opfe auf dem Kopf rad
hinsichtlich seiner Einstellung senkrecht zur Abtasteinrichtung eine
feste Vorgabe erh·alt und nur der zweite Kopf so geregelt wird, dass
·aquidistante Spuren entstehen. Es ist prinzipiell aber auch m·oglich,
jeweils bei Beginn einer Aufzeichnung die erste Spur mit fest
eingestelltem rotierenden Video-Magnetkopf zu schreiben und
anschliessend beide Video-Magnetk·opfe fortlaufend auf konstanten
Spurabstand einzuregeln.<br />
F·ur die exakte Spureinstellung darf
dabei das Burstsignal nicht zu kurz sein, da mit der nachfolgenden
Auswerteschaltung und auch mit der Umschaltung Aufnahme/ Wiedergabe
Einschwingvorg·ange mit bestimmter Zeitdauer verbunden sind.<br />
Wird
die Aufzeichnung des Burstsignals nach de<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGSNZy_bbNknRJKzjDfS3m5lCWztQ5Ga29irQawu2_Dzz9G3iCE0C3eQ6xUTr2uSjLV5JrJPQE-0vie7ONh0fe7YOIQNLnvbSfrv_vxDF_-WF3dgiv3KGb-5KHt_IogfAQJqtKtF65jA/s1600/VIDEO2000-DTF-REG-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGSNZy_bbNknRJKzjDfS3m5lCWztQ5Ga29irQawu2_Dzz9G3iCE0C3eQ6xUTr2uSjLV5JrJPQE-0vie7ONh0fe7YOIQNLnvbSfrv_vxDF_-WF3dgiv3KGb-5KHt_IogfAQJqtKtF65jA/s320/VIDEO2000-DTF-REG-1.jpg" height="320" width="226" /></a></div>
m Stand der Technik
entsprechend der Dauer des Spurversatzes gew·ahlt, dann liegen die
Aufzeichnungsabschnitte in benachbarten Spuren geometrisch
treppenf·ormig zueinander wie aus Figur 1 ersichtlich. Der rotierende
Magnetkopf kann dann sofort nach der Aufzeichnungsperiode f·ur den Burst
auf Wiedergabe umgeschaltet und nach Massgabe des aus der
vorhergehenden Spur abgetasteten Burstsignals auf exakten Spurabstand
eingestellt werden.<br />
Bei geringer Spurbreite bzw.
Bandgeschwindigkeit und entsprechend geringer Spurneigung kann der
Spurversatz auf sehr kleine Werte absinken. Entsprechend den oben
geschilderten Zusammenh·angen wird dann nach dem Stand der Technik die
Dauer des Burstsignals ebenfalls auf einen geringen Wert reduziert. Es
besteht dann die Gefahr, dass dieses zeitlich verk·urzte Burstsignal mit
R·ucksicht auf die mit der Kopfregelung verbundenen Einschwing- und
Urnschaltvorg·ange f·ur eine st·orsichere Regelung nicht mehr ausreicht.<br />
Man
k·onnte daran denken, das Burstsignal zeitlich ·uber den Spur versatz
hinaus zu verl·angern, um wieder eine sichere Auswertung zu erreichen.
Dann aber wandert die geometrische und zeitliche Position des
Burstsignals von Spur zu Spur immer weiter auf der Aufzeichnungsspur
voran und w·urde schliesslich den Videosignal-Austastbereich verlassen
bzw. in den Bildsignalbereich gelangen. Dies ist zur Vermeidung von
St·orungen unzul·assig.<br />
Ausserdem l·asst sich bei zunehmender
Entfernung der Burstaufzeichnung vom Spuranfang das gew·unschte Ziel der
Spureinstellu<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>ng im Sinne eines konstanten Spurabstandes am Spuranfang
nicht mehr befriedigend erreichen.<br />
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es,
bei der magnetischen Video aufzeichnung in Schr·agspuren auch bei
geringem Versatz von Spur zu Spur ein Burstsignal f·ur die Einstellung
des Spurabstandes aufzuzeichnen und wiederzugeben, das in seiner
zeitlichen Ausdehnung so gew·ahlt werden kann, dass eine sichere
Auswertung mit Hilfe der Regeleinrichtung f·ur die Verstellung des
Magnetkopfes senkrecht zur Abtastrichtung im Sinne der Erreichung
·aquidistanter Spuren m·oglich ist.<br />
Die erfindungsgem·asse L·osung
dieser Aufgabe ist aus Figur 2 ersichtlich. Wird n·amlich die zeitliche
Folge der Aufzeichnung und Wiedergabe des Burstsignals von Spur zu Spur
alternierend gew·ahlt, dann kann das Burstsignal zeitlich ausgedehnt
werden, ohne dass die unerw·unschte Erscheinung der Wanderung innerhalb
der Spur in Abtastrichtung auftritt. Im dargestellten Beispiel nach
Figur 2 ist in der ersten Spur die geometrische und zeitliche L·ange der
Burstaufzeichnung beliebig gew·ahlt. In der folgenden Spur wird nun die
Burstaufzeichnung bezogen auf den Spuranfang um die Burstl·ange
zuz·uglich des Spurversatzes verschoben und der Lesevorgang vor den
Schreibvorgang gelegt. Damit wird der zeitlich verl·angerte Burst
vollst·andig ausgewertet und ein neuer Burst mit der gleichen L·ange
aufgezeichnet.<br />
In der dritten Spur schliesslich setzt die
Burstaufzeichnung bezogen auf den Spuranfang wieder so ein wie in der
ersten Spur, w·ahrend der Lesevorgang gegen·uber der Aufzeichnung um die
Burstl·ange zuz·uglich des doppelten Spurversatzes verschoben ist.
Durch Vertauschung der Reihenfolge von Schreiben und Lesen sowie durch
Einf·ugen einer L·ucke zwischen Schreiben und Lesen in jeder zweiten
Spur um die Dauer des doppelten Spurversatzes wird also sichergestellt,
dass bei verl·angerter Burstdauer das Burstsignal in voller L·ange
gelesen werden kann und trotzdem der Schreib- und Lesevorgang am
Spuranfang verbleibt, wie es f·ur die wirkungsvolle und st·orsichere
Regelung des Spurabstandes n·otig ist.<br />
Ausserdem wird durch<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s1600/IMGH_04115.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhktlqR88BKtWqvOzVmzZPG9ybLcEhyphenhyphen5Fjh-HorGdrCe4lDxl7QIDZIc2Bje4r9SyO3DxtwkiaoDCfew6KKeURvl-w1uFMn2xGiWMH1z0-3y1pYfvfTdVipzOHmk6GilY7aJrZppwGYoiQ/s320/IMGH_04115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a> die
erfindungsgem·asse Auf zeichnungs- Wiedergabe-Geometrie f·ur das
Steuersignal (Burst) erreicht, dass jedem der beiden Magnetk·opfe ein
konstanter zeitlicher Ablauf f·ur Aufzeichnung und Wiedergabe zugeordnet
ist. Mit anderen Worten, der erste Videokopf (ungeradzahlige Spuren)
zeichnet in festem Abstand oder zeitlicher Dauer vom Spuranfang auf,
dann folgt eine L·ucke entsprechend dem doppelten Spurversatz, danach
der Wiedergabebereich f·ur das Steuersignal (Burst).<br />
Der zweite
Videokopf (geradzahlige Spuren) gibt in festem Abstand oder zeitlicher
Dauer vom Spuranfang wieder und zeichnet ohne l·ucke anschliessend auf.<br />
Zum
besseren Verst·andnis des Verfahrens sei noch angemerkt, dass die
Wiedergabe des Steuersignals (Burst) aus der vorhergehenden Spur trotz
Winkelentkopplung auch dann noch m·oglich ist, wenn der Video-Magnetkopf
die vorhergehende Spur nicht mehr unmittelbar trifft.<br />
Dies
erkl·art sich daraus, dass die Frequenz des Steuersignals bezogen auf
das Video signal verh·altnism·assig niedrig gew·ahlt wird, so dass die
Winkelentkopplung unwirksam wird und das Streufeld ·uber die Spurbreite
hinaus wirkt.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><b>PHILIPS VR20</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>22S DEVICE FOR ROTATING ANNULAR TRANSFORMERS IN A VIDEO SET:</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>1. Arrangement of rotating toroidal transformers (10, 11) for the
inductive transmission of high-frequency oscillations in a video
recording and playback machine with at least two signal recording and
playback heads (5, 6), which are preferably arranged offset by 180
degrees on a rotating head wheel (2) in a head drum, the transformers
each having one rotating (10', 11') toroidal part and one fixed (10",
11") toroidal part, each signal head (5, 6) being assigned the rotating
part of a transformer in a certain way, and the transformers (10, 11)
being arranged axially one above the other, characterized in that the
transformers (10, 11) have different ring sizes such that they do not
radially overlap.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
ANORDNUNG VON ROTIERENDEN RINGF·ORMIGEN
TRANSFORMATOREN IN EINEM VIDEOGER·AT PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Anordnung von rotierenden ringf·ormigen
Transformatoren zur induktiven ·Ubertragung hochfrequente<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s1600/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s320/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" height="226" width="320" /></a></div>
r Schwingungen
in einem Video-Auf zeichnungs- und -Wiedergabeger·at mit wenigstens zwei
Signal-Aufzeichnungs- und Wiedergabek·opfen, die vorzugsweise um 180
versetzt auf einem rotierenden Kopfrad in einer Kopftrommel angeordnet
sind, und jedem Signalkopf der rotierende Teil eines Transformators in
bestimmter Weise zugeordnet ist, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e
t , dass ein Transformator (10) mit rotierendem und feststehendem
ringf·ormigem Teil des ersten Signalkopfes (5) gegen·uber dem anderen
rotierenden Transformator (11) des zweiten Signalkopf es (6) axial
verschoben und durch verschiedene Ringgr·ossen radial und axial nicht
·uber schneidend in der Kopftrommel (1) angeordnet ist. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z
e i c h n e t , dass das Kopfrad (2) einen hochgezogenen Flansch (13)
aufweist, auf den ein rotierender Trafoteil (11) aufgesetzt ist,
w·ahrend der andere rotierende Trafoteil mit der geringeren Ringgr·osse
(10') auf der inneren Planseite des Kopfrades (14) angeordnet ist, und
die H·ohe des Flansches wenigstens der gesamten Querschnittsh·ohe eines
Transformators entspricht. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. Anordnung nach Anspruch 2, d a d u r c g e k e n n z e
i c h n e t , dass die H·ohe des Flansches des Kopfrades der halben
Querschnittsh·ohe des kompletten Transformators entspricht.
<br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>ANORDNUNG VON ROTIERENDEN RINGF·ORMIGEN TRANSFOXMATQREN IN
EINEM VIDEOGER·AT BESCHREIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft eine Anordnung von
rotierenden ringf·ormigen Transformatoren zur induktiven Ubertragung
hochfrequenter Schwingungen in einem Video-Aufzeichnungs- und
Wiedergabeger·at mit wenigstens zwei Signal-Aufzeichnungs- und
Wiedergabek·opfen, die vorzugsweise um 1800 versetzt auf einem
rotierenden Kopfrad in einer Kopftrommel angeordnet sind, und jedem
Signalkopf der rotierende Teil eines Transformators in bestimmter Weise
zugeordnet ist.<br />
Bei den meisten bekannten magnetischen
Bild-Aufzeichnungs- und Wiedergabeger·aten mit bandf·ormigem
Aufzeichnungsmedium erfolgt die Aufzeichnung und Wiedergabe der Video
signale auf das Magnetband mittels sogenannter Schr·agspuraufzeichnung
bzw. Abtastung ·uber auf einem rotierenden Kopfrad angeordnete
Videok·opfe.<br />
Es ist bekannt, dass hierbei die hochfrequenten
Schwingungen mit Hilfe eines rotierenden Transformators induktiv
·ubertragen werden. Da vorzugsweise mit zwei um 1800 auf dem Kopfrad
versetzt angeordneten Videok·opfen gearbeitet wird, sind auch hierzu
zwei getrennte rotierende Transformatoren erforderlich. Das Kopfrad mit
den beiden Videok·opfen ist mit den rotierenden Transformatoren in einer
vom Magnetband teilweise umschlungenen zweigeteilten Kopftrommel
integriert, wobei wenigstens ein Teil der Kopftrommel feststeht. Die
Unterbringung der beiden rotierenden Transformatoren erfolgt in
bekannter Weise in der Kopftrommel derart, dass diese entweder axial
·ubereinander angeordnet sind, oder sich mit verschiedenen Radien der
einzelnen ·Ubertragerringe in einer Ebene befinden.<br />
Ein
wesentlicher Unterschied dieser verschiedenen Anordnungen ergibt sich in
der Bewertung der Ubersprechd·ampfung von einem zum anderen rotierenden
Transformator. Eine messwertm·assig grosse Obersprechd·ampfung ist bei
Ger·aten der geschilderten Art in zunehmender Weise w·unschenswert, da
inzwischen auch das Stereo-Tonsignal im Schr·agspurverfahren
aufgezeichnet bzw. abgetastet wird.<br />
Es kann somit in
Videoaufzeichnungsger·aten ein PCM Tonsignal in einer Zusatzumschlingung
vor oder nach der Video spur aufgezeichnet werden. Besonders hohe
Anforderungen an die ·Ubersprechd·ampfung zwischen den beiden
rotierenden Signal·ubertragern (Transformatoren) werden dann noch
gestellt, wenn bei dieser genannten Tec<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s1600/IMGH_04127.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s320/IMGH_04127.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>hnik eine Nachvertonung
gew·unscht wird, denn dann ist es erforderlich, dass ein Videokopf mit
dem PCM Schreibstrom angesteuert wird, w·ahrend der andere Videokopf das
frequenzmodulierte Videosignal ausliest Die hierf·ur erforderliche hohe
Ubersprechd·ampfung ist nach den bisher bekannten Anordnungen von
rotierenden Transformatoren in der Kopftrommel eines
Videoaufzeichnungsger·ates nicht gegeben.<br />
Aufgabe der Erfindung
ist es daher, eine Anordnung und Ausf·uhrung von wenigstens zwei
rotierenden Transformatoren in Videoaufzeichnungsger·aten zu schaffen,
die einerseits ein gutes ·Ubersprechverhalten sicherstellt und
andererseits einen einfachen konstruktiven Einbau der rotierenden
Transformatoren in die Kopftrommel des Ger·ates gew·ahrleistet.<br />
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgem·ass durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gel·ost.<br />
Vorteilhafte
Ausgestaltungen des erfindungsgem·assen Aufbaus eines rotierenden
ringf·ormigen Transformators in einer Kopftrommel f·ur
Videoaufzeichnungsger·ate ergeben sich aus den Unteranspr·uchen.<br />
Ein Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel wird nachfolgend anhand einer schematischen Zeichnung n·aher erl·autert.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ze-219jGc9KMV-IGVO_QbFygQO2TvpgGRuvOL6HLxqUd6kqJxOiiXWbosyhL0e3x-a2t-86ctlGB2bvaHK8NhNfIFtnijMIUAKi68yzsAPkuuwsS9mtAJEdskpxEci0V3vvNTLQnJjg/s1600/IMGH_04140.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ze-219jGc9KMV-IGVO_QbFygQO2TvpgGRuvOL6HLxqUd6kqJxOiiXWbosyhL0e3x-a2t-86ctlGB2bvaHK8NhNfIFtnijMIUAKi68yzsAPkuuwsS9mtAJEdskpxEci0V3vvNTLQnJjg/s320/IMGH_04140.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>Die
im Schnitt dargestellte Figur zeigt eine Kopftrommel 1 mit eingesetztem
Kopfrad 2. Der obere Teil 3 der Kopftrommel ist mit dem Kopfrad drehbar
in einem unteren Teil 4 der Kopftrommel gelagert. Auf beiden Seiten um
180 versetzt, sind die Signalk·opfe 5 und 6 auf dem Kopfrad angeordnet.
Auf einer nur teilweise dargestellten Welle 7 ist das Kopfrad aufgezogen
und ·uber zwei Kugellager 8 in der Kopftrommel gelagert. Zur
Vereinfachung der dargestellten Figur ist der Antrieb der Kopftrommel
nicht gezeichnet, ebenso ist der Chassisteil 9, auf dem die Kopftrommel
befestigt ist, nur zeichnungsm·assig angedeutet. Die beiden rotierenden
Transformatoren 10 und 11 sind versetzt in der Kopftrommel angeordnet,
wobei der Transformator 10 dem Signalkopf 5 und der Transformator 11 dem
Signalkopf 6 zugeordnet ist.<br />
Die Anschl·usse der Signalk·opfe
werden jeweils ·uber eine Kontaktplatte 12, die sich im oberen Teil der
Kopftrommel befindet, zu den Transformatoren 10 und 11 gef·uhrt. Die
rotierenden Transformatoren bestehen, wie bekannt, aus zwei
Ringkernh·alften mit eingelegten Wicklungen, wobei der jeweils
rotierende Teil 10' und 11' an dem Kopfrad und der feststehende Teil
10'' und 11'' am unteren Teil der Kopftrommel befestigt ist. Die beiden
Ringteile sind durch einen sehr kleinen Luftspalt getrennt. Die
Anschl·usse der feststehenden Trafo-Ringteile werden in einfachster
Weise ·uber Bohrungen, die sich im unteren Teil der Kopftrommel
befinden, an eine nicht n·aher dargestellte Schaltungsplatte gef·uhrt.<br />
Nach
der Zeichnung ist der Transformator 10, der dem ersten Signalkopf 5
zugeordnet ist, gegen·uber dem anderen Transformator 11, der dem zweiten
Signalkopf 6 zugeordnet ist, axial verschoben und durch verschiedene
Ringgr·osse radial und axial nicht ·uberschneidend in der Kopftrommel
angeordnet. Um diese Anordnung zu erreichen, weist das Kopfrad 2 einen
·ausseren hochgezogenen Flansch 13 auf, an dem der rotierende Trafoteil
11' des Trafos 11 (mit grossem Ringdurchmesser) befestigt ist. Der
rotierende Trafoteil 1<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s1600/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64-IkHM_To05F1KsDCvjKegfNbs2J3GOear_E4N9j9wD-quML1XYc0Lz-X7IsHY0GUdLPG7E5jedDEcpo9VvE7E2NpzBsajVB9VGhxCFCKa7qRn3bRB4Bdk-KsH8ut0K0BYKNsZr7eEA/s320/VIDEO2000-ROTARY-VIDEO-HEAD-TRAFO-1.jpg" height="226" width="320" /></a>0' mit der geringeren Ringgr·osse befindet sich
hingegen auf der inneren Planseite 14 des Kopfrades. Die H·ohe des
Flansches entspricht bei dieser Anordnung wenigstens der gesamten
Querschnittsh·ohe eines kompletten Transformators.<br />
Eine andere
nicht dargestellte Anordnung sieht eine Flanschh·ohe vor, die etwa nur
der halben Querschnittsh·ohe des Transformators entspricht.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">PHILIPS VR2022S </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>System for extending the playing time of video cassettes in VIDEO2000 SYSTEM.<br />
</b></span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s1600/IMGH_04126.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_qx-sofhncGudeJkehkEEwf7Wf3uPJSQ0RC2VXK19-IIwtKLkJEZlarX37bdl_YKuHnp95F0eDvAevO2EfTdKiYpgbOC5dk8zZMojQgM98ksQdPYuuwz0QZD3uPXxrkLm7Vtzkfp2Sk/s320/IMGH_04126.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
A system is provided for extending the playing time of standardized
video cassettes. The system utilizes a rotating head drum having mounted
thereon a first set of video heads displaced 180° with respect to each
other, a second set of video heads displaced by a certain amount from
180° with respect to each other, a rotating winding of a transformer,
and relays to interconnect the heads of either the first or second set
of heads with the rotating winding as the head drum rotates. The relays
are controlled by stationary coils and logic to respond to the setting
of switches to enable the system to operate at normal tape speed via the
first set of heads or reduced tape speed via the second set of heads
without requiring any change in the speed of rotation of the head drum.<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<br clear="all" />
1. In a video tape record/playback machine of the type
including a tape transport, a tape transport drive, a rotating head
drum, means for rotating said head drum, a first pair of video heads
mounted on said head drum and displaced from each other by 180°, and a
transformer having a rotating winding mounted to said head drum and a
stationary winding; the improvement comprising: a second pair of video
heads mounted to said head drum and displaced from each other by an
angle slightly different from 180° and control means to interconnect
said first pair of video heads and said rotating winding when said tape
transport drive is operated at a normal speed and to interconnect at
least one of the video heads of said second pair and said rotating
winding when said tape transport drive is operated at a lower, extended
play speed. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. The machine in accordance with claim 1 wherein said control means comprises:
a first polarized relay affixed to said head drum for rotation
therewith, said first relay having a first positi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>on interconnecting said
first pair of video heads to said rotating winding and a second
position interconnecting said second pair of video heads to said
rotating winding; <br />
first and second stationary exciter coils in
controlling relationship with said first relay to drive said first relay
to said first or second position; <br />
switch means having a "normal" position and a "long play" position; and <br />
logic circuit means responsive to the "normal" or "long play" position
of said switch means to activate said exciter coils to drive said first
relay to said first or second position respectively.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
3. The machine in accordance with claim 2 wherein said
second pair of video heads comprises a record/playback head and a
playback only head; said switch means further has a "record" position and a "playback" position and further comprising <br />
a second polarized relay affixed to said head drum for rotation
therewith and having a "playback" position interconnecting both heads of
said second pair of video heads with said rotating winding and a
"record" position interconnecting only said record/playback head with
said rotating winding; <br />
said first and second stationary exciter
coils are in controlling relationship with said second relay to drive
said second relay to said "record" or "playback" position; and <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s1600/IMGH_04152.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s320/IMGH_04152.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>
said logic circuit means is responsive to said "record" or "playback"
position of said switch to activate said exciter coils to drive said
second relay to said "record" or "playback" position respectively.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
4. The machine in accordance with claim 3 wherein said
switch means further includes a "start" position indicating that said
tape transport drive has been activated and said logic circuit means is
responsive to said "start" position of said switch to activate said
exciter coils to drive said first relay to said first position
regardless of whether said switch is in said "normal" or "long play"
position. <br />
<br clear="all" />
5. The machine in accordance with claim 1 further
comprising a servo control connected to said tape transport drive, a
tachometer generator secured to said tape transport drive adapted to
generate pulses responsive to the rotational speed of said drive; a tape
transported past said head drum by said tape transport, said tape
having thereon first and second slant tracks, and the nominal output of
said tachometer generator at said normal and lower speeds are integral
multiples of the frame frequency of said slant tracks. <br />
<br clear="all" />
6. The machine in accordance with claim 5 further comprising:
a divider connected to the output of said tachometer generator, said
divider having a first state to divide the output of said tachometer
generator by a first fixed integer to reduce it to the frame frequency
when said tape transport operates at normal speed and a second state to
divide the output of said tachometer generator by a second fixed integer
to reduce it to the frame frequency when said tape transport operates
at a lower speed; <br />
a comparator having a first input from said
divider, a second input from a reference pulse source, and an output in
controlling relationship with said servo control; <br />
a reference pulse source; and <br />
means for switching said reference pulse source between a first state
to generate reference pulses corresponding to said normal speed and a
second state to generate reference pulses corresponding to said lower
speed.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
7. Video tape cassette recorder provided for the use of
standardized video cassettes and for extending the playing time of said
video cassettes, said recorder including a tape transport mechanism
capable of driving the tape at a normal standardized speed and at
essentially half the standardized speed, a rotating head drum with a
first pair of video heads displaced from each other by 180° and with a
second pair of video heads displayed from each other by an angle
slightly different from 180° and displaced from said first pair by a
suitable angle; a transformer with one stationary winding and one
rotating winding mounted to said head drum, said head drum being
equipped with a first polarized relay to connect said first or said
second pair of video heads to said rotating transformer windin<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ze-219jGc9KMV-IGVO_QbFygQO2TvpgGRuvOL6HLxqUd6kqJxOiiXWbosyhL0e3x-a2t-86ctlGB2bvaHK8NhNfIFtnijMIUAKi68yzsAPkuuwsS9mtAJEdskpxEci0V3vvNTLQnJjg/s1600/IMGH_04140.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ze-219jGc9KMV-IGVO_QbFygQO2TvpgGRuvOL6HLxqUd6kqJxOiiXWbosyhL0e3x-a2t-86ctlGB2bvaHK8NhNfIFtnijMIUAKi68yzsAPkuuwsS9mtAJEdskpxEci0V3vvNTLQnJjg/s320/IMGH_04140.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>g and with
a second polarized relay to connect one or both of said second pair of
video heads to said rotating transformer winding; said first and said
second polarized relays being displaced from each other by 180° and
being actuated in both positions by first and second stationary coils
excited through logic circuits under the control of position pulses of
said head drum and of the switching mode of operative switches, said
operative switches being shiftable between normal or long play or record
or playback positions. <br />
<br clear="all" />
8. A video tape cassette recorder in accordance with
claim 7 wherein said operative switches include a special switch for the
start and the stop of the tape transport drive; said special switch
being interconnected with said logic circuits so as to connect in the
stop position of said special switch said first pair of video heads to
said rotating transformer winding regardless of whether said respective
operative switch is in the normal or in the long play mode position.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
9. A video tape cassette recorder in accordance with
claim 7 further comprising a tachometer generator and a frequency
divider for the output pulses of said tachometer generator; said
tachometer generator being secured to and producing a plurality of
pulses per revolution of said tape transport drive; the frequency of
said tachometer generator output pulses being an integral multiple of
the frame frequency of the video signal at both the rated normal and the
rated low speed of said tape transport drive; and said frequency
divider being switchable between two division factors so as to divide to
frame frequency the frequency of said tachometer generator output
pulses at both, the rated normal and the rated low speed of said tape
transport drive. <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
The present
invention relates to video tape recording and more particularly to a
system for extending the playing time of standardized video cassettes in
which each of two rotating video heads, displaced relative to each
other by 180°, records or scans one slant track per television field. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In
the standard video cassette intended for home use, a magnetic tape
located in a cassette is utilized. When the cassette is positioned in
the video equipment, the tape is pulled from the cassette and positioned
for operation. In order to permit interchangeability of the cassette
(i.e., in order to insure that a cassette recorded on one machine can be
played back on another machine) certain system standards have been
established which are adhered to by the industry. These standards
include the geometry of the slant tracks, the speed of rotation of the
head drum, the number of video heads mounted on the drum, and the
transport speed of the tape past the head drum. In one popular cassette
system two video heads are mounted on the head drum 180° apart from each
other and displaced to record or scan along one slant track. With 50
fields per second (as is common in most European countries) the head
drum must therefore rotate at 1500 RPM. In order that the common line
interlace of 312.5 lines per field is recorded and reproduced correctly,
a tape speed must be chosen so that the spacing between the tracks (in
the lengthwise direction of the tape) corresponds to an odd multiple of
half lines. In the aforementioned system, this multiple was chosen as
11. <br />
As a result of the above established standards, the maximum
playing time of a cassette is limited to about an hour utilizing the
thinnest tapes available. This playing time is not sufficient for
certain forms of desired programs (e.g., such as full-length motion
pictures). Thus, a considerable need exists for a system to extend the
playing time of a standard cassette while maintaining provision for
normal recording and playback capabilities.<br />
<br />
It has heretofore
been proposed (in German Pat. No. 1,437,141 for example) that the
playing time of a given length of tape could be extended through the
slant track method by recording only the even or odd television fields
but scanning them twice during playback with the tape transport moving
at roughly half the normal speed. In practice, a head drum which rotates
at 1500 RPM and carries two video heads is utilized. The magnetic tape
is looped 180° over the head drum. For recording, only one of the heads
operates while for playing back both heads scan the same track. It is
also known that in this case the two heads must no longer be precisely
180° apart from each other but the additional head position must be
displaced by a slight amount from 180°. In practice this displacement
distance is on the order of a millimeter and thus, it would not be
practical to mount an additional head displaced by this slight amount. <br />
The
principal object of the present invention is to provide an improved
video cassette machine capable of functioning in both a standard normal
mode and an extended play mode. <br />
A further object is to provide
such a machine which can be readily switched from one mode to the other
without requiring any intervention with the drive mechanism of the head
drum.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
The above an<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>d
other beneficial objects and advantages are attained in accordance with
the present invention by providing an improved video tape
record/playback machine capable of normal as well as extended play
operation. Video tape record/playback machine includes a tape transport,
a tape transport drive, a rotating head drum, a motor for rotating the
head drum, a first pair of video heads mounted on the head drum and
displaced from each other by 180° of arc, and a transformer having a
rotating winding mounted to the head drum and a stationary winding. In
addition to the above, the present device further includes a second pair
of video heads mounted to the head drum and displaced by an angle
slightly different from 180°. In addition, means are provided to
interconnect the first pair of video heads and the rotating winding when
the tape transport drive is operated at a normal speed and to
interconnect at least one of the video heads of the second set and the
rotating winding of the transformer when the tape transport drive is
operated at a lower, extended play speed. The control means includes a
set of polarized relays affixed to the head drum for rotation therewith
as well as stationary exciter coils which activate the relays. The
exciter coils, in turn, are activated through a control logic circuit
which is governed by switches set at the desired operational mode.<br />
<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
In the accompanying drawings: <br />
FIG. 1 is a schematic of the head drum and its control logic; <br />
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the switching arrangement between the normal and long playing heads; and <br />
FIG. 3 is a schematic of the tape speed switching arrangement. <br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARED EMBODIMENT<br />
Reference is now made to the drawings wherein similar components bear the same reference numeral throughout the several views.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2R7-X7446L1B1EJV3x3LQ8BHc9BniY_9Hh_NR7KYpGLRiUmzjWQgoiVQDDxsJHqXAjSOE1zNql_6K_KBAoAaTs9nWNZChnVsq4fZc1QvzBjyUt31_C7ZHS_XuaatpWxl4Jfq_cuDFLk/s1600/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2R7-X7446L1B1EJV3x3LQ8BHc9BniY_9Hh_NR7KYpGLRiUmzjWQgoiVQDDxsJHqXAjSOE1zNql_6K_KBAoAaTs9nWNZChnVsq4fZc1QvzBjyUt31_C7ZHS_XuaatpWxl4Jfq_cuDFLk/s320/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-1.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
In FIG. 1, a rotating drum head 1 is shown carrying a first set of heads N<sub>1</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> displaced 180° apart from each other f<sub>1</sub> could theoretically be used with another head displaced slightly apart from N<sub>2</sub> by a distance on the order of 1 millimeter. Since this is not practical to effect, a second set of heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> is mounted to the head drum with the displacement between heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> being off slightly from 180° as shown. The arrows adjacent to the heads N<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> depict their operability. Accordingly, heads N<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>2</sub> and L<sub>1</sub> are designed for record and playback operation while head L<sub>2</sub> is designed for playback operation only. <br />
<br />
<br />
or normal (N mode) operation. For long playing (L mode) operation head N<br />
Referring
briefly to FIG. 2, it can be seen that a rotating transformer 2 is
provided with one rotating winding and one stationary winding. Since
rotating multiple transformers are expensive, only a simple transformer 2
is provided. As shown in FIG. 1, a small polarized relay 3 rotates with
the head drum and serves to connect the rotating winding of the
transformer with heads N<sub>1</sub> -N<sub>2</sub> or L<sub>1</sub> -L<sub>2</sub>
as required. To this end, the relay 3 is switched by stationary exciter
coils 4 and 5 as the head drum rotates. A second polarized relay 6 is
also provided to connect both heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> to the transformer winding during L mode-playback but only head L<sub>1</sub> to the transformer winding during L mode-record. The electrical contacts of the polarized relays 3 and 6 are shown in FIG. 2. <br />
The
logic and switches for the control of the polarized relays 3 and 6 is
depicted in FIG. 1. Thus, as shown, coil 4 is energized by the output of
AND gates 7 or 8. Coil 5 is energized by the output of AND gates 9 or
10. In turn, each of the AND gates 7, 8, 9 and 10 has an input from the
function switches 11 used to determine (a) L or N mode; (b) record or
playback; and (c) whether the tape transport is operative or not. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUdbt-TUb0w_jtWFZrtllPuWVd-WuW0C8YAihP7HsWbW3X_do6QjSL101XGU0IgM2NmnCVgxAvLCjp82M4FEPQ-b2FkYwq9rRog11wiHXYFvawOp_MzZQejM5nOKO1PI9s-3WvcIIp2Jk/s1600/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUdbt-TUb0w_jtWFZrtllPuWVd-WuW0C8YAihP7HsWbW3X_do6QjSL101XGU0IgM2NmnCVgxAvLCjp82M4FEPQ-b2FkYwq9rRog11wiHXYFvawOp_MzZQejM5nOKO1PI9s-3WvcIIp2Jk/s320/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-2.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a>In
addition to the above, gates 7 and 9 each have another input connected
to a position pickup 13. Pickup 13 comprises a simple transducer
designed to generate a pulse each time a small permanent magnet 14 which
rotates with the head drum rotates past the pickup. Thus, the polarized
relay 3 is activated through coils 4 or 5 each time the magnet 14 moves
past the position pickup and is therefore controlled by either the
gates 7 or 9 depending on whether switch 11 is in the "L" or "N"
position. <br />
The output of pickup 13 is also delayed 20 ms through
delay means 12 and then applied to gates 8 and 10. 20 ms corresponds to
the time it takes for the drum head 1, rotating at 1500 RPM, to rotate
through 180°. Thus, 20 ms or half a head drum rotation after relay 3 is
excited by coils 4 or 5, relay 6 is excited by coils 4 or 5. <br />
In N mode (i.e., switch 11 at N position) the electrical contacts of relay 3 are switched to N thereby connecting the heads N<sub>1</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>
in series with the rotating transformer. The position of the contacts
of relay 6 is immaterial since in N position relay 3 shunts past heads L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub>. The operation of the cassette system then proceeds in a conventional manner. <br />
In
L mode -- record, (switch 11 at L and "record") the electrical contacts
of relay 3 are switched to the L position via the AND gate 15, the OR
gate 16 and AND gate 9. After 20 ms, relay 6 is energized via gates 15
and 8 and the head L<sub>1</sub> is thereby connected to rotating transformer 2. <br />
In
L mode -- playback (switch 11 at L and "playback") one must
differentiate between the tape in the running or stopped condition. The
latter would occur, for example, for the reproduction of still pictures.
It has been found that with the magnetic tape stopped, even when in the
"L" mode, the N heads must be utilized since the L heads will
incorrectly scan the tracks resu<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s1600/IMGH_04127.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s320/IMGH_04127.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>lting in phase shift and poor signal to
noise ratio. Thus, if switch 11 is in the L mode -- playback position
but the tape drive is not started, relay 3 is switched to the N position
via inverted AND gate 17, AND gate 18, and AND gate 7. <br />
When the
tape drive is started (and switch 11 is thus in the L mode -- playback,
tape start position) the relay 3 is switched to the L position via AND
gate 19, OR gate 16 and AND gate 9. In addition 20 ms later relay 6 is
energized to the playback position via AND gate 10 so that the two heads
L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> are connected in series with the transformer coil 2. <br />
In
both the N and L modes of operation the start of each slant track has
to coincide with the start of a field and hence phase control of the
head drum 2 is required. This is accomplished by means of a phase
comparator 20 which compares pulses from the pickup 13 with reference
pulses from an outside reference source 21. The reference pulses could,
for example, comprise the vertical synchronous pulses separated from the
video signal. The output of the comparator 21 is fed to an amplifier 22
which feeds the drive motor 23 of the head drum 1. <br />
A phase
shifter 24 is provided between the comparator 20 and pickup 13 to
compensate for tolerances of the apparatus. The phase difference
corresponding to the angle α in FIG. 1 which occurs in the transition
from N to L operation is compensated for via switch 25. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s1600/IMGH_04129.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s320/IMGH_04129.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Usually,
during recording, the servo control of the tape transport motor compares
the frequency and phase of the actual values of a tachometer generator
coupled with the transport shaft with reference values which generally
are derived from the frame frequency and which are simultaneously
recorded on the magnetic tape as a separate synchronization track. Here
the control accuracy of the tape transport becomes greater, the larger
the number of pulses which are delivered by the tachometer generator per
revolution of the transport shaft. The previously mentioned conditions
for the mutual spacing of the slant tracks recorded on the tape and the
dependence of this spacing on line duration also applies analogously to
L-operation. However, since in L-operation only every other field is
recorded the track spacing, as measured in the lengthwise direction of
the tape, must now correspond to an odd multiple of whole lines. The
result is that the transport velocity of the magnetic tape in
L-operation must not be exactly equal to one-half of that in
N-operation, but may be somewhat greater or smaller. <br />
In the
present case with a track spacing in N-operation corresponding to 11
half-lines, a track spacing corresponding to five whole lines must
therefore be chosen in L-operation, i.e., the speed of rotation of the
transport shaft must be reduced in the ratio of 5:11. The frequency of
the pulses delivered by the tachometer generator is thereby also
decreased in the ratio of 5:11. <br />
In order to carry out the
switching of the speed between N- and L- operation as simply as possible
and, also, by purely electrical means, the number of tachometer pulses
per revolution of the transport shaft is chosen so that the tachometer
pulse frequencies which occur at the desired speed of the magnetic tape
in N- and L- operation are integral multiples of the frame frequency.
If, therefore, Z is the number of tachometer pulses per revolution of
the transport shaft, and if n<sub>N</sub> and n<sub>L</sub> are its speed of rotation in N- and L-operation, the following is to apply: Z <sup>.</sup> n<sub>N</sub> = p . 25 and Z <sup>.</sup> n<sub>L</sub> = q <sup>.</sup> 25,<br />
where
p and q are integral numbers and 25 Hz is the frame frequency. Since
the ratio of the speeds of rotation is the same as that of the line
numbers corresponding to the track spacings, therefore, in the example
above n<sub>N</sub> /n<sub>L</sub> = 11/5 and p/q = 11/5. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzUKkBQMrtLotcAIgsOpT0sShUlerGB2UrYGJx6HkvsGh3c2Fl7J2CAMq2D0StpqNjde4K3wDkLeMajxqGZoMeEW7clftu1RePPyySCHm197lDAL8SF6rW78vm2kUFVChMW1hk8SZBH80/s1600/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzUKkBQMrtLotcAIgsOpT0sShUlerGB2UrYGJx6HkvsGh3c2Fl7J2CAMq2D0StpqNjde4K3wDkLeMajxqGZoMeEW7clftu1RePPyySCHm197lDAL8SF6rW78vm2kUFVChMW1hk8SZBH80/s320/VIDEO2000-LONGPLAY-3.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></div>
FIG. 3
shows the circuit diagram of the transport shaft control and of the
transport speed switching arrangement. For simplicity, only the
recording operation is shown. Motor 26 drives the magnetic tape in the
direction of the arrow via the transport shaft 27 and a rubber pressure
roller (not shown). A tachometer generator is coupled to the transport
shaft. This may consist of a ferromagnetic gear 29 and a pickup 30 which
generates pulses in response to rotation of the gear. The tachometer
pulses are fed via an amplifier 31 to a frequency comparator 32 and a
switchable frequency divider 33. The time constant of an R-C circuit or
the charging time of a capacitor can serve as the reference for
comparator 32. Both of these can be adjusted by simple means via the
double-throw switch 34 to the pulse frequencies coming from pickup 30 in
N- or L-operation. A divider 33 divides the tachometer pulse frequency
down to the frame frequency, where the division ratio can be changed by
means of switch 35 from p:1 in N-operation to q:1 in L-operation. The
actual frame frequency appearing at the output of divider 33 is
phase-compared in comparator 36 with the reference frame frequency and
the error signal so produced also serves as an input to control the
frequency comparator 32. <br />
The reference frame frequency is
obtained in the frequency divider 37 by halving the vertical blanking
frequency, which is separated from the video signal to be recorded and
is fed to the terminal 38. This frame frequency is recorded at the same
time on the tape 28 as the sychronization track 40 via the stationary
magnetic head 39. The resulting error signal produced in 32 controls the
motor 26 via the control amplifier 41. <br />
With the numbers given
above, the number of teeth of the ferromagnetic gear tachometer 29 can,
for example, be chosen as 110. If the desired speed of rotation of the
motor 26 is 750 RPM in N-operation, p = 55 and q = 25 for the divider
33. <br />
The switches 34 and 35 shown in FIG. 3 can be ganged to
operate together with the N/L switch 11. To prevent operating errors, it
is advisable, however, to operate the switch 25 via the control logic
rather than manually. <br />
Thus in accordance with the above, the aforementioned objectives are effectively attained. </div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> PHILIPS VR2022S Device for the track following of rotating magnetic heads SYSTEM VIDEO2000.</b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">(DYNAMIC TRACK FOLLOWING)</span></b>
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span>
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<div class="disp_elm_text">
1. Device for the track following of rotating magnetic heads (2,
3) in magnetic tape devices, in which piezoelectric elements (4, 5) are
used as car<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s1600/IMGH_04146.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s320/IMGH_04146.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>riers of the magnetic heads, are clamped at one end firmly
in a rotating holder and are connected at their deflectable end to the
magnetic head, the free length (b) of the piezoelectric elements (4, 5)
running at an angle to the joining line between assigned magnetic head
and point of rotation of the rotating holder, to increase the
deflection, characterized in that the free length (b) of the
piezoelectric elements (4, 5) extends up to approximately level with the
point of rotation and in that, to compensate for azimut errors, the
piezoelectric elements (4, 5) are clamped into the rotating holder (1)
at such an angle that the clamping lengths (a1 , a2 ) at the edges of
the respective piezoelectric element are of different sizes. </div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s1600/IMGH_04129.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s320/IMGH_04129.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>
EINRICHTUNG F·UR DIE SPURNACHESHRUNG VON
ROTIERENDEN MAGNETK·OPFEN PATENTANSPR·UCHE<br />
<br clear="all" />
1. Einrichtung f·ur die Spurnachf·uhrung von rotierenden
Magnetk·opfen in Magnetbandger·aten, bei der als Tr·ager der
Magnetk·opfe Piezoelemente verwendet sind, die an einem Ende fest in
einer rotierenden Halterung eingespannt und an ihrem auslenkbaren Ende
mit dem Magnetkopf verbunden sind, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n
e t , dass zur Erh·ohung der Auslenkung die freie L·ange (b) der
Piezoelemente (4, 5) schr·ag zur Verbindungslinie (6, 7) zwischen
zugeordnetem Magnetkopf (2, 3) und Drehpunkt (8) der rotierenden
Halterung (1) bis etwa in der H·ohe dieses Drehpunktes verl·auft, und
dass zur Kompensation von Azimutfehlern die Piezoelemente schr·ag (a1,
a2) in die rotierende Halterung eingespannt sind. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n
z e i c h n e t , dass die rotierende Halterung der Piezoelemente fest
mit einem rotierenden Kopfrad (1) verbunden ist. <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
EINRICHTUNG F·UR DIE SPURNACHF·UHRUNG VON ROTIERENDEN
MAGNETK·OPFEN BESCHREIBUNG Die Erf<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
indung betrifft eine Einrichtung f·ur
die Spurnachf·uhrung von rotierenden Magnetk·opfen in
Magnetbandger·aten, bei der als Tr·ager der Magnetk·opfe Piezoelemente
verwendet sind, die an einem Ende fest in einer rotierenden Halterung
eingespannt und an ihrem auslenkbaren Ende mit dem Magnetkopf verbunden
sind.<br />
Seit einiger Zeit werden beispielsweise in Videorecordern
zur Spurnachf·uhrung Piezoelemente (in diesem Zusammenhang auch
"Aktuatoren" oder Bimorphe" genannt) verwendet, an deren
freischwingenden Enden die Magnetk·opfe befestigt sind. Die
Piezoelemente weisen die Eigenschaft auf, dass sie beim Anlegen einer
Spannung je nach Polarit·at in die eine oder andere Richtung ausgelenkt
werden, so dass die Magnet k·opfe senkrecht zur Abtastrichtung bewegt
werden k·onnen. Steuert man die Piezoelemente mit einer Regelspannung
entsprechend dem Spurfehler an, so folgen die Videok·opfe genau den
vorgesehenen Spuren.<br />
An ihren anderen Enden sind die Piezoelemente
fest in einen Piezoeiementhalter eingespannt, der entweder selbst
rotiert oder starr mit dem rotierenden Kopfrad des Videorecorders
verbunden ist. Die freischwingende L·ange des Piezoelementes ist ein
Mass f·ur die erreichbare Kopfauslenkung.<br />
Die Figuren 1 und 2
zeigen bekannte Anordnungen zur Spurnachf·uhrung in Videorecordern. Die
Magnetk·opfe 2 und 3 sind an den freischwingenden Enden der
Piezoelemente 4 und 5 befestigt (z. B. aufgeklebt). Die freischwingenden
L·angen der Piezoelemente sind mit b bezeichnet. An ihren anderen Enden
sind die Piezoelemente in einen Piezoelementhalter 1 eingespannt, der
entweder selbst als rotierendes Teil ausgebildet oder mit dem
rotierenden Kopfrad des Videorecorders starr verbunden ist. Die
Einspannl·ange der Piezoelemente in die Piezoelementhalter ist mit a
bezeichnet.<br />
Neuere Trends in der Video technik f·uhren zu immer
klein<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s1600/IMGH_04127.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s320/IMGH_04127.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>eren Kopf r·adern, was zur Folge hat, dass die freischwingenden
L·angen der Piezoelemente und damit auch die erreichbare Kopfauslenkung
immer kleiner wird.<br />
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt deshalb die
Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Einrichtung zur Erh·ohung der
Piezoelementauslenkung zu schaffen, die sich insbesondere f·ur kleine
Magnetbandger·ate eignet, billig ist und eine praktisch
azimutfehlerfreie Wiedergabe der magnetisch aufgezeichneten Signale
erm·oglicht.<br />
Diese Aufgabe wird nach der vorliegenden Erfindung
dadurch gel·ost, dass die Piezoelemente schr·ag zur Verbindungslinie
zwischen zugeordnetem Magnetkopf und Drehpunkt der rotierenden Halterung
bis etwa in die H·ohe dieses Drehpunktes verlaufen und dass die
Piezoelemente zur Vermeidung von Azimutfehlern schr·ag in die rotierende
Halterung eingespannt sind.<br />
Die Vorteile der Erfindung liegen
darin, dass insbesondere bei Magnetbandger·aten mit kleinen Kopfr·adern
die freischwingenden L·angen der Piezoelemente und damit die erreichbare
Auslenkung vergr·ossert wird.<br />
Im folgenden wird ein
Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel f·ur die vorliegende Erfindung mit Hilfe der Figur 3
n·aher erl·autert. Die Magnetk·opfe 2 und 3 sind an den
freischwingenden Enden der Piezoelemente 4 und 5 befestigt. Die
freischwingenden L·angen'der Piezoelemente sind mit b bezeichnet.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt-J0H5lcKUK6FrigSodbLIWSWaFmb0TOOE1UrTOxfgIs6mc57Thl1xGw8XmJ0D4Zr2rDlqSgZX0LRNulun00FhyphenhyphenESypDDP-_iZBzB2IAQmtqY5uAZXq165yjT2MiixXv1FMwXJEp3JkU/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-VIDEOHEAD-1.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a>Durch
die Anordnung der Piezoelemente 4, 5 schr·ag zur Verbindungslinie 6, 7
zwischen zugeordnetem Magnetkopf 2, 3 und Drehpunkt 8 der rotierenden
Halterung 1 bis etwa in H·ohe dieses Drehpunktes wird die
freischwingende L·ange jedes Piezoelementes vergr·ossert. An ihren
anderen Enden sind die Piezoelemente in den Piezoelementhalter 1
eingespannt.<br />
Diese Einspannung erfolgt im Gegensatz zum Stand der
Technik schr·ag, um die sonst bei der Auslenkung der Piezoelemente zu
erwartenden Azimutfehler der Magnetk·opfe zu kompensieren. Damit wird
eine praktisch azimutfehlerfreie Wiedergabe der magnetisch
aufgezeichneten Signale erm·oglicht. Die Einspannl·ange, unter der hier
der Mittelwert der Strecken al und a2 verstanden wird, ist mit a
bezeichnet.<br />
Mit einer Anordnung nach der vorliegenden Erfindung
wird erreicht, dass im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik bei sonst
gleichen Bedingungen (insbesondere bei gleicher Regelspannung)die
erreichbare Auslenkung der Piezoelemente vergr·ossert wird.<br />
Die
Erfindung ist nicht auf das vorliegende Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel
beschr·ankt. Beispielsweise spielt es keine Rolle, welcher Art die
Verbindungen zwischen Magnetkopf und Piezoelement sowie Piezoelement und
Piezoelementhalter sind.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>
PHILIPS VR2022S SYSTEM VIDEO2000 Scan
tracking arrangement for videorecorders using piezoelectric elements. </b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">(DTF - DYNAMIC TRACK FOLLOWING)</span></b></div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span>1. Scan tracking arrangement in video recorders having a rotating head
wheel, in which arrangement the magnetic heads are attached to
piezoelectric elements and each head has a tape contact phase and a
non-contact phase during one full revolution of the head wheel, and in
which arrangement a voltage which holds the head on the intended track
is applied to the piezoelectric element of a head which is in tape
contact at that time, and in which arrangement a decaying alternating
voltage for eliminating hysteresis effects of the piezoelectric element
is applied ot the piezoelectric element of a head which is not in tape
contact at that time, characterized by the following features : the
decaying alternating voltage is rectangular and the frequency of the
decaying alternating voltage for eliminating hysteresis effets of the
piezoelectric element is just below the frequency of mechanical
renonance of the piezoelectric element.</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
1. ANORDNUNG ZUR SPU<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s1600/IMGH_04146.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s320/IMGH_04146.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>RNACHF·UHRUNG IN VIDEORECORDERN UNTER
VERWENDUNG VON PIEZOELDIENTEN PATENTANS PRUCH Anordnung zur
Spurnachf·uhrung in Videorecordern mit einem rotierenden Kopfrad, wobei
die Magnetk·opfe an Piezoelementen befestigt sind und jeder Kopf
w·ahrend einer Vollumdrehung des Kopfrades eine Bandeingriffphase und
eine Nichteingriffphase hat, und wobei an das Piezoelement eines Kopfes,
der gerade im Bandeingriff steht, eine Spannung angelegt wird, die den
Kopf auf der vorgesehenen Spur h·alt, und wobei an das Piezoelement
eines Kopfes, der gerade nicht im Bandeingriff steht, eine abklingende
Wechselspannung zur Beseitigung von Hystereseeffekten des Piezoelementes
angelegt wird, gekennzeichnet durch die folgenden Merkmale: : - die
abklingende Wechselspannung ist rechteckf·ormig und - die Frequenz der
abklingenden Wechselspannung zur Beseitigung von Hystereseeffekten des
Piezoelemen tes liegt knapp unterhalb der mechanischen Reso nanzfrequenz
des Piezoelementes. <br />
<br clear="all" /></div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s1600/IMGH_04152.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s320/IMGH_04152.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Description:</div>
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ANORDNUNG ZUR SPURNACHF·UHRUNG IN VIDEORECORDERN UNTER
VERWENDUNG VON PIEZOELEMENTEN BESCHREIBUNG Die Erfindung betrifft eine
Anordnung zur Spurnachf·uhrung in Video<br />
recordern mit einem rotierenden
Kopfrad, wobei die Magnetk·opfe an Piezoelementen befestigt sind und
jeder Kopf w·ahrend einer Vollumdrehung des Kopfrades eine
Bandeingriffphase und eine Nichteingriffphase hat, und wobei an das
Piezoelement eines Kopfes, der gerade imBandeingriff steht, eine
Spannung angelegt wird, die den Kopf auf der vorgesehenen Spur h·alt,
und wobei an das Piezoelement eines Kopfes, der gerade nicht im
Bandeingriff steht, eine abklingende Wechselspannung zur Beseitigung des
Hystereseeffektes des Piezoelementes angelegt wird.<br />
Seit einiger
Zeit werden in Videorecordern zur exakten Spurhaltung Piezoelemente (in
diesem Zusammenhang auch "Aktuatoren" oder Eimorphe" genannt) verwendet,
auf denen die Ma<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>gnetk·opfe befestigt sind. Die Piezoelemente weisen die
Eigenschaft auf, dass sie beim Anlegen einer Spannung je nach
Polarit·at in die eine oder in- die andere Richtung ausgelenirwerden, so
dass die Magnetk·opfe senkrecht zur Abtastrichtung bewegt werden
k·onnen. Steuert man die Piezoelemente mit einer Regelspannung
entsprechend dem Spurfehler an, so folgen die Videok·opfe genau den
vorgesehenen Spuren.<br />
Aus der europ·aischen Offenlegungsschrift mit
der Publikationsnummer 0091 750 ist eine Anordnung zur Spursteuerung
bekannt, bei der ein auf einem Piezoelement befestigter Magnetkopf
w·ahrend der Bandeingriffsphase durch das Anlegen einer positiven oder
negativen Gleichspannung an eine vorgegebene Stelle gebracht wird. Nach
dem Abschalten dieser Gleichspannung am Beginn der Nichteingriffsphase
kehrt die Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit nicht wieder exakt in ihre
Ausgangsposition zur·uck, da aufgrund des Hystereseeffektes im
Piezoelement eine Restauslenkung verbleibt, die die Nullpunktlage der
Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit ver·andert. Demzufolge werden bei der
n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase dieses Kopfes Spurfehler auftreten.<br />
Um
diese m·oglichst schnell auszuregeln, ·uberlagert man der an das
Piezoelement angelegten Gleichspannung w·ahrend der Nichteingriffsphase
eine abklingende sinusf·ormige Wechselspannung. Nach dem Abklingen
dieser sinusf·ormigen Wechselspannung liegt am Piezoelement die Spannung
an, die die jeweils geforderte Ablenkun<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a>g des Magnetkopfes bewirkt.<br />
Des
weiteren ist aus der europ·aischen Offenlegungsschrift mit der
Publikationsnummer 0091 764 eine Vorrichtung bekannt, die ebenso wie der
Erfindungsgegenstand zur Spurregelung den Piezoeffekt ausnutzt.<br />
Bei
der bekannten Vorrichtung sind zwei um 180 Grad versetzte Magnetk·opfe
an Piezoelementen befestigt, die ihrerseits fest mit dem Kopfrad
verbunden sind.<br />
Zur Vermeidung eines Spurfehlers bei im Vergleich
zur Aufzeichnung unterschiedlicher Wiedergabegeschwin digkeit wird an
die beiden Piezoelemente w·ahrend des jeweilyFn Bandeingriffs ein
dreieckf·ormiges Spurkorrektursignal angelegt. W·ahrend des Nicht
eingriffs beh·alt das Piezoelement und damit auch der daran befestigte
Magnetkopf eine Restauslenkung, so dass auch bei dieser Anordnung die
Nullpunktlage der Kopf Piezoelement-Einheit ver·andert wird, was am
Beginn der n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase des Magnetkopfes zu einem
Spurfehler f·uhrt.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s1600/IMGH_04129.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9dcIW-urBo2pO_VIqlsPhc5oV-a2o2U2SZD96PtkDKSig2RvwGiuoVx4Jlne_INWVSbSeIxWJ6ZROhht7wjYi8P3eVIyU7B3jo327YAZFRUz3d61XhHGCkkkbekk__bgC_laM7KInh0/s320/IMGH_04129.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Zur Vermeidung dieses Spurfehlers am Beginn der
n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase wird dem Piezoelement w·ahrend der
Nichteingriffsphase eine abklingende sinusf·ormige Wechselspannung
zugef·uhrt, die die fehlerhafte Nullpunktlage der Kopf
Piezoelement-Einheit beseitigt, d. h. die Restauslenkung des Kopfes
r·uckg·angig macht, so dass der Kopf am Beginn der n·achsten
Bandeingriffsphase genau die jewei1ige Soll-Spur ·ubereckt. Die bekannte
Vorrich tung enth·alt weiterhin eine Umpolvorrichtung, die in
Abh·angigkeit davon, ob das Piezoelement in die eine oder in die andere
Richtung ausgelenkt wurde, d. h.<br />
die Wiedergabegeschwindigkeit
kleiner oder gr·osser als die Aufzeichnungsgeschwindigkeit war, dem
Piezoelement eine geeignet gepolte Spannung zur Beseitigung von
Hystereseefekten zuf·uhrt. Es zeigt sich also, dass der Versuch, die
Hystereseefekte ohne Verwendung, einer Umpolvorrichtung f·ur die abkleme
Weckselspannung zu beseitigen, noch keine zufried stellenden Ergebnisse
bringt.<br />
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik liegt der
vorliegenden Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine verbesserte Anordnung
zur Beseitigung von Hysterese- effekten einer Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit
zu schaffen, mit der auch ohne Verwendung einer Umpolvorrichtung die
Hystereseefekte der Kopf-Piezoelement- Einheit vollst·andig beseitigt
werden.<br />
Die L·osung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt durch die kennzeichneneden Merkmale des Patentanspruchs.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV64i7S__5yXqsHFcmCHGd6vuRc75a2E5OKCNOdivasbUJGGg4_AbLlnFz-PPxegHuDUSs68E8saQRdBrJPw_WzuPkzTDiUqrqhPaeGQMhcfrABMFMWGyeqZdDb54E6xJtV8efYGW44Qk/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV64i7S__5yXqsHFcmCHGd6vuRc75a2E5OKCNOdivasbUJGGg4_AbLlnFz-PPxegHuDUSs68E8saQRdBrJPw_WzuPkzTDiUqrqhPaeGQMhcfrABMFMWGyeqZdDb54E6xJtV8efYGW44Qk/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-1.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
Die
Vorteile der Erfindung liegen nicht nur darin, dass die Videnkopfe am
beginn ihrer n·achsten Bandeingriffsphase an ihrer Sollposition stehen,
sondern in der mehrere auch darin dass eine Desensibilizierung der
Piezoelment verwenden wird, also keine Verringerung der Empfindlichkeit
gegen·uber der angeleg ten Spannung auftritt, was bei einem l·angeren
Anlie gen einer Spannung (insbesondere einer hohen Gleich spannung) an
einem Piezoelement der Fall sein k·onnte.<br />
im folgenden wird die
Erfindung an einem Ausf·uhrungs beispiel n·aher erl·autert. Dabei
zeigen: Fig. 1 ein Blockschaltbild mit allen f·ur die Erfindung
wesentlichen Bauteilen und Fig. 2 ein Diagramm, das die Verl·aufe der an
die Piezoelemente angelegten Spannun gen als Funktion der Zeit zeigt.<br />
Im
Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel von Figur 1 wird dem Eingang A eines
Microcomputers 1 eine auf bekannte Art und Weise erzeugte digitale,
impulsbreitenvariable Regelspan nung zugef·uhrt, die eine genaue
Auskunft ·uber die Ab weichung des jeweiligen Magnetkopfes von der Soll
spurlage gibt. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Er zeugung einer
derartigen Regelspannung kann beispielsweise der Zeit schrift "Grundig
Technische Informationen" 3/81, S. 110 - 116, entnommen werden.<br />
Der
Microcomputer 1 erzeugt an seinem Ausgang B vom jeweiligen
Betriebszustand (Aufzeichnung, Wiedergabe, Zeitlupe, Zeitraffer)
abh·angige digitale Regelsignale f·ur die ?iezemente. Die<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>se Regelsignale
werden in einem Digital/Analog-Wandler 2 digital-/analog-gewan delt und
zwei Schaltern 3 und 4 zugef·uhrt. Die ·Offnungs- und Schliesszeiten
dieser Schalter sowie der Schalter 5 und 6 werden von den an den
Ausg·angen C und D des Microcomputers 1 anliegenden Steuersignalen
gesteuert. Der Schalter 3 ist immer dann geschlossen, wenn der am
Piezoelement 1 befestigte Kopf im Bandeingriff steht.<br />
Der Schalter
5 befindet sich w·ahrend dieser Zeitspanne in der Stellung b, so dass
die am Ausgang des D/A-Wandlers 2 anliegende Regelspannung ·uber die
Schalter 3 und 5 an das Piezoelement 1 weitergegeben wird und der am
Piezoelement 1 befestigte Magnetkopf der durch die Regelspannung
vorgegebenen Spur folgt.<br />
Ist die Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1 im
Bandeingriff, dann befindet sich die Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 2 in
ihrer Nichteingriffsphase. Diese Zeitspanne wird ausgenutzt, um dem
Pie<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s1600/IMGH_04146.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s320/IMGH_04146.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>zoelement 2 ·uber den Schalter 6, der sich hierbei in der Stellung b
befindet, eine abklingende rechteckf·ormige Spannung von einem vom
Microcomputer 1 gesteuerten Generator 7 zuzuf·uhren.<br />
Damit wird
eine eventuelle Restauslenkung des zugeharigen Magnetkopf es, die ihre
Ursache in der Hysterese im Piezoelement 2 hat, vollst·andig beseitigt.
Besonders wirkungsvoll ist gem·ass einem Merkmal der Erfindung die
Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte des Piezoelementes dann, wenn die
Frequenz der angelegten Rechteckspannung knapp unterhalb der
mechanischen Resonanzfrequenz (ungef·ahr 1 kHz) des Piezoelementes
liegt, also beispielsweise in der Gr·ossenordnung von 700 Hz.<br />
Hat der Magnetkopf 1 die Spur zuende gelesen bzw.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsKdDU7B3Gtjsq_Qx9J5L5eepHZIW4JrTzD5YPx4i8ESExmQXVLRUp7sqnR5wsvzrR3G5-4ANfcgSR-QD1QaqtNaNd789G3zhB2IQWI6QRE_B0Y371B4EC5pRnsShOmnrrWQzHcj4ufA/s1600/IMGH_04148.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsKdDU7B3Gtjsq_Qx9J5L5eepHZIW4JrTzD5YPx4i8ESExmQXVLRUp7sqnR5wsvzrR3G5-4ANfcgSR-QD1QaqtNaNd789G3zhB2IQWI6QRE_B0Y371B4EC5pRnsShOmnrrWQzHcj4ufA/s320/IMGH_04148.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>geschrieben,
-so findet eine vom Microcomputer gesteuerte Kopfumschaltung statt.
Jetzt wird eine am Ausgang des D/A-Wandlers 2 anliegende analoge
Regelspannung durch den geschlossenen Schalter 4 und den Schalter 6, der
sich in der Stellung a befindet, an das Piezoelement 2 weitergeleitet,
so dass der am Piezoelement 2 befestigte Magnetkopf der ihm durch die
Regelspannung aufgepr·agten Spur folgt.<br />
Der Schalter 3 ist in
dieser Phase ge·offnet. Gleichzeitig dazu wird dem Piezoelement 1 ·uber
den Schalter 5, der sich in dieser Phase in der Stellung a befindet,
eine abklingende Rechteckspannung von einem vom Microcomputer 1
gesteuerten Generator 8 zur vollst·andigen Beseitigung des
Hystereseeffektes des Piezoelementes 1 zugef·uhrt, die eine eventuelle
Restauslenkung der Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1 beseitigt, so dass der
Magnetkopf 1 am Beginn seines n·achsten Bandeingriffes an der richtigen
Stelle steht.<br />
Figur 2 gibt einen ·Uberblick ·uber <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBF15o9zjzRZxnY6fbajOZTmWfcQmlKUt6X9LiZp1dvDnnG90PklNLY76S-T_H2Bfc3aV3kAh4nA86z4pPBsWiUXXs9TBygiApDSyd4nraXoyc3RUI3HRPOC7gPibx4w3kVt65GDMUBJg/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBF15o9zjzRZxnY6fbajOZTmWfcQmlKUt6X9LiZp1dvDnnG90PklNLY76S-T_H2Bfc3aV3kAh4nA86z4pPBsWiUXXs9TBygiApDSyd4nraXoyc3RUI3HRPOC7gPibx4w3kVt65GDMUBJg/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-SIGNAL-2.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
die an die
Piezoelemente 1 und 2 angelegten Spannungen. Dabei entsprechen die
Zeitintervalle [ t1, t2 ] , [ t3 > t4 ] > [ t5, t6 ] , den
Bandeingriffsphasen der Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1 und den
Nichteingriffsphasen der Kopf-Piezoelement Einheit 2 und die
Zeitintervalle [ t2, t3 ] [ t4, t5 [ t6, t7 ] , den Bandeingriffsphasen
der Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 2 und den Nichteingriffsphasen der
Kopf-Piezoelement-Einheit 1.<br />
Die obengenannten Zeitintervalle, die f·ur die Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte der Piezoelemente 1 bzw.<br />
2
zur Verf·ugung stehen, liegen bei Verwendung von zwei um 180 Grad
versetzten Magnetk·opfen im Normalbetrieb bei 20 msec. Es hat sich
·uberraschenderweise gezeigt, dass eine Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte
der Piezoelemente besonders wirkungsvoll ist, wenn die-Frequenz der
Spannung zur Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte knapp unterhalb der
mechanischen Resonanzfrequenz der Piezoelemente gew·ahlt wird, die in
der Gr·ossenordnung von 900 - 1200 Hz liegt, und eine abklingende
Rechteckspannung verwendet wird. Bei der Wahl der Frequenz muss
lediglich darauf geachtet werden, dass keine st·orenden
Resonanzerscheinungen auftreten, d. h. dass die Frequenz nicht zu nahe
bei der mechanischen Resonanzfrequenz der Piezoelemente liegt.<br />
W·ahlt
man beispielswelse 700 Hz, dann betr·agt die Dauer einer S<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s1600/IMGH_04127.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s320/IMGH_04127.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>chwingung 1,4
msec. In der zur Verf·u gung stehenden Zeitspanne von 20 msec. w·are
somit eine Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte mit ca. 14 Schwingungen
m·oglich.<br />
Der exakte Verlauf des Abklingvorganges (Verlauf der
Einh·ullenden der abklingenden Rechteckspannung) richtet sich nach den
physikalischen Eigenschaften des jeweils verwendeten Aktuatormaterials.
Es ist in jedem Fall darauf zu achten, dass die Amplitude der letzten
Rechteckschwingung hinreichend klein gew·ahlt wird.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>Bei einigen
neueren Entwicklungen im Videobereich (z. B. Kamerarecorder) werden
immer kleinere Kopfr·ader verwendet und es liegt eine ·Uberumschlingung
des Magnetbandes um das Kopfrad vor. Demzufolge werden die
Nichteintauchphasen der Kopf-Piezoelement Einheiten und damit die zum
Beseitigen der Hystereseeffekte zur Verf·ugung stehenden Zeitintervalle
kleiner. Auch werden bei einigen neueren Trends die Zeitintervalle, in
denen Spannungen (insbesondere Gleichspannungn) an den Piezoelementen
anliegen, und/oder die Amplituden der an die Piezoelemente angelegten
Spannungen gr·osser.<br />
Dies kann eine Desensibilisierung der
Piezoelemente gegen·uber der angelegten Spannung zur Folge haben, d. h.
die Piezoelemente k·onnen dann, wenn ·uber einen l·angeren Zeitraum eine
hohe Gleichspannung--an ihnen anliegt-, gegen·ubn der angelegten
Spannung unempfindlich werden, so dass Spurfehler entstehen. Auch dieser
Nachteil wird durch eine Beseitigung der Hystereseeffekte nach der
vorliegenden Erfindung in vorteilhafter Weise vermieden.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<b>
<span style="font-size: small;">PHILIPS VR2022S SYSTEM VIDEO2000 Method for distortion-free still picture reproduction with magnetic video tape:</span></b></div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s1600/IMGH_04146.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBldCd-wIRSnVjK1UEu5vuts_Xru8nDSvbCyu26gSx6RxYhxz8AdOE3zEccYjYyAnKav-RM07fKhK9q0B4g1740DNDVvDpKHuF7Uq0BULphad0J6vD1Hk3jhJffjGkyMjtFzl2r8Uv9w/s320/IMGH_04146.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><b> </b>A method for distortion-free still picture reproduction from magnetic
video tape slant tracks wherein the tracks are recorded and scanned
without any guard band therebetween by means of two video heads which
rotate in a common plane with different azimuth angles. During still
picture recording, two adjacent slant tracks are continuously or
repetitively scanned by two rotating video hands which have different
azimuth angles with one head displaced axially by one slant track width
with respect to the other. During still mode reproduction, the two
adjacent slant tracks are continuously scanned by mechanically
deflecting the two rotating video heads by way of plungers following a
ring. </div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s1600/IMGH_04128.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxcKN-PkevRpQPrLlDHfYluvSseddN1090UAxGaewAFl7yE6b3c6hyphenhyphenCZUtpNvasQJGlUQs8QCRBb-JnogjLdsQhsGvNCi8eceMku0vZoVdVJQzGg98h-gc9N4lar39KDUdsMBLNpXPfzM/s320/IMGH_04128.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a> 1. A device for the
recording, reproduction, and distortion-free reproduction of slant
tracks recorded on magnetic video tape without any intermediate spacing
between adjacent tracks, said device comprising: a drum; two video heads
mounted in said drum and adapted to rotate in a common plane with
different azimuth angles; a pair of spring leaves, each of said heads
being mounted to one of said springs; a pair of plungers, each plunger
having one end engaging one of said springs and an opposite end; and an
axially adjustable ring mounted in said drum, said ring having an upper
surface which rises linearly for half the width of a slant track about
half its circumference and declines linearly over the remaining half of
its circumference, said ring being adjustable between a first position
out of contact with said plungers and a second position wherein said
plungers' opposite ends engage said ring upper surface; and one of said
plungers is shorter than the other of said plungers by the width of a
slant track. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
The present
invention relates to video recording and in particular to reproducing
still pictures recorded along slant tracks on magnetic video tape. <br />
When
reproducing still pictures recorded on slant tracks on magnetic tape it
is common practice to repeatedly scan the same slant track with the
rotating head or heads. This is particularly true for the widely used
devices wherein a field is recorded per slant track with two 180° offset
video heads. The two video heads scan the same slant track in sequence
and repeatedly. However, the sign<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>al-to-noise ratio with such devices is
reduced when the magnetic tape is idle as compared to when the tape is
moving since the scanning device of the video heads is not in conformity
with the recorded tracks. This is illustrated in FIG. 1 wherein tracks 2
and 3 depict the tracks recorded (or scanned) by a video head when the
tape is in motion and track 4 depicts a track recorded (or scanned) when
the tape is stopped. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s1600/IMGH_04152.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKDQX-scqX2q5IfHjuTpS8_FUybLjxw9MN26eSL6YNukW_T8jBqp5YlgyB6TsT636k9w8vG4hu0XpGLpwFHNTkmNEE1Bi59MWt_Uc-5WD6K8tEJ3kuarxofdy88ilSA6yFYN2uVQJPJI/s320/IMGH_04152.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
Heretofore, several proposals to eliminate
the error resulting from the above have been proposed. For example, the
angle of inclination of the total slant track cylinder may be changed so
that the video heads follow the recorded tracks 2 and 3, even when the
tape is idle. This is suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,375,331. French Pat.
No. 2,107,066 suggests the vertical adjustment of the tape feed at the
slant track cylinder. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, June 1969,
pages 33/34 suggests reciprocal movement of the video heads axially
during each rotation of the head. Unfortunately, none of the above can
be employed if for tape saving purposes, the slant tracks are recorded
immediately adjacent to each other without any guard band and if they
are recorded with different azimuth angles in order to eliminate cross
talk. For example, a known device uses two video heads for recording and
reproducing, wherein the azimuth angle of the gap of the one video head
is 15° in clockwise direction and the azimuth angle of the gap of the
other video head is 15° in counterclockwise direction. With this
embodiment it is impossible to obtain a distortion-free still picture
recording by means of repeated scanning of the same track, even if one
of the above mentioned means for compensating for the differing angle
between the scanning direction of the heads and the inclination of the
recorded track is used. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s1600/IMGH_04127.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYIMVCVAk7TydkxHhZT3ALo8UnxgPVhC2v-cqAATvalQoMYUY8CkWlT5IjhyphenhyphenEbbmjKbaobm3DUBSPAlD4XQsBmlkq7z19vcphNNN2WDh-9GmrhgNv-UR4QCycfLeO_Bpo7z1Cot0HTQ0/s320/IMGH_04127.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>In view of the above, it is an object of
the present invention to provide a method to permit distortion-free
still picture reproduction with such slant track devices, wherein
adjacent slant tracks are recorded and scanned without a guard band
therebetween and with different azimuth angles.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
The
above and other beneficial objects are attained in accordance with the
present invention by providing a method for the distortion-free
reproduction of slant track magnetic video tape wherein adjacent tracks,
each containing a field, are recorded and scanned without any guard
band therebetween by means of two video heads which rotate in a common
plane with different azimuth angles. One of the video heads is displaced
axially with respect to the other head by a distance equal to one slant
track width of the magnetic tape.<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
<br />
In the accompanying drawings: <br />
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a length of magnetic tape having slant tracks immediately adjacent to one another recorded thereon; <br />
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic drawing of a mounting arrangement for video heads in accordance with the present invention; <br />
FIG.
3 is a wind up of the ring of FIG. 2; that is, FIG. 3 sets forth the
height of ring 13 as a function of angular displacement proceeding for a
full 360° about the ring; <br />
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a circuit for carrying out the present invention electronically; and, <br />
FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram of various outputs of the circuit of FIG. 4.<br />
<br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br />
In
accordance with the present invention, an arrangement is provided to
compensate for the different angles o<br />
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f the slant track when the tape is
idle or moving. Reference is made to FIG. 2 wherein a first embodiment
of the invention is depicted schematically. Two video heads 5 and 6
which differ in their azimuth angles are mounted on the head wheel 7 on
spring plates 8 and 9. The video heads 5 and 6 are adjusted by screws 10
and 11 to their desired position, that is, so that they lie in a common
rotational plane for the normal operation. A ring 13 is provided in the
lower stationary slant track cylinder 12. Ring 13 can be shifted from
the solid line position of FIG. 2 to the position of FIG. 2 as shown in
the dotted lines, when the device is switched from normal picture
reproduction to still picture reproduction. The ring 13 is divided, as
shown in FIG. 3, so that its upper edge rises linearly through half its
circumference. The amount of change, which is denoted by the letter "X"
is equal to the width of a slant track on the magnetic tape. Plungers 14
and 15 engage the upper edges of ring 13. The distance "X" corresponds
to an axial displacement of one track width taking into consideration
the lever transmission on springs 8 and 9. Plunger 15 is shorter by the
distance X than plunger 14. As a result, the video head 5 is displaced
with respect to video head 6 by a complete track width when the ring 13
is displaced into the position indicated by the dotted lines. When
rotating the head wheel 7 both video heads move axially in accordance
with the upper edge of ring 13 and thereby follow the recorded tracks 2
and 3 of FIG. 1.<br />
<br />
A circuit for carrying out the inventive method
with purely electronic means is shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment the
axial adjustment of the one video head by one track width<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgi2M3BuZIpVQiMX4VKuXwTARUND1UB458QPJixLQIfEkX0_HYnGGbKialQtcX2SLZHgYSikpvijRK4adS4nX2T5iOIW4OVcRlNKx1JGPzezPbWA47Nv7QraWGwNSk3hBXr4b3jrjWe8/s1600/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgi2M3BuZIpVQiMX4VKuXwTARUND1UB458QPJixLQIfEkX0_HYnGGbKialQtcX2SLZHgYSikpvijRK4adS4nX2T5iOIW4OVcRlNKx1JGPzezPbWA47Nv7QraWGwNSk3hBXr4b3jrjWe8/s320/VIDEO2000-GRUNDIG-DTF-STILL-PICT-2.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
and the
subsequent axial guiding of both video heads in accordance with the
recorded tracks is carried out in a commonly known manner wherein the
video heads are mounted on electromechanical transducers, for example,
piezoceramic elements. The control voltages for the piezoceramic must be
obtained from the scanned video signals. Accordingly, the tracks must
be provided with suitable signals which, on the one hand should not
interfere with the chrominance signals, and on the other hand must be
readable for a video head with the "wrong" azimuth angle. For these
reasons only very low frequencies are used for the signal frequencies.
The frequencies should be beneath the chrominance subcarrier. <br />
In
accordance with this embodiment of the invention, synchronizing pulses
of the video signal are applied to the terminal 16 (see FIG. 4) and are
separated in separator 17 and fed to a filter 18 which supplies constant
line pulses. A voltage controlled oscillator 19 oscillates at a median
frequency of, for example, 16 times line frequency, and synchronizes the
line pulse received from filter 18 across the dividers 20, 21 and 22
through phase comparator 23. A further divider 24 is coupled to the
inverting output of 20. The inverted and noninverted outputs of 21 and
24 are fed to a multiplexer 25 which multiplexes the outputs by
approximately 90° with respect to each other in the sequence of D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>3</sub> and D<sub>4</sub> as shown in FIG. 5. <br />
Vertical
blanking pulses received from separator 17 are filtered in the filter
device 26 (which separates the ver<br />
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tical signal) and are converted to
regular frame signals in 27. The frame signals are fed to the
multiplexer 25 (input A) and are also fed to divider 28, the output of
which is also fed to the multiplexer (input B). <br />
Multiplexer 25
operates as a quadruple converter and switches the D-voltages in series
in accordance with logical orders from its A and B inputs. This is shown
schematically in FIG. 5. The output voltage of multiplexer 25 is
filtered in filter 29 and fed to the center top of switch 30. This
voltage may then be fed to a terminal 31 through switch 30 and from
there the output voltage is added to the frequency modulated video
signal before recordation. Since each halfwave of voltage A corresponds
to a field and thereby to a slant track, a voltage of quadruple line
frequency is superimposed to the frequency modulated video signal and
the phase of the superimposed signal changes from slant track to slant
track by about 90°. Simultaneously, the divided frame pulses in 28 are
fed to a pulse shaper 32 wherein they are converted as shown in FIG. 5
in such a manner that when they are added to the video signal across
terminal 33, one or a plurality of follow up equalizing pulses in the
vertical signal of the first field of every second frame is blanked out.
In this manner each slant track is coded by virtue of the phase of the
D-voltage which superimposes the frequency modulated video signal and
the start of each second frame by gating the follow up equalizing
pulses. The frequency of the code signals is lower than the frequency
ranges for chrominance and brightness and is locked to the line
frequency. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s1600/IMGH_04122.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivV_UycVh_OHZfJffrShnbiqEeVicHHlTHxXkRTFwc-eINKYJI_oppiR8bF8yT0-GXOLwkNAlOZbLHJyMU1EWIi9anb9S3X5eQfEmiCAJPz_KAaVFsON7MzFn0V_IAgbhIBAy2LdPLIY8/s320/IMGH_04122.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a>During the reproduction of a still picture, switch 30
is positioned with its center tap connecting with terminal W, switch 34
is closed and the scanned demodulated video signal is at terminal 16.
The scanned frequency modulated video signal from which the code
frequency is filtered out through band pass filter 36, is applied at
terminal 35 and is fed to a phase comparator 38 through limiter 37. The
vertical signals which are present at output 26 are tested in pulse
comparator 39 by means of a time circuit to determine if follow up
equalizing pulses are gated. If so, a reset (flip-flop) signal is fed to
divider 28, so that in accordance with the sketch in FIG. 5 only phases
D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> are discharged from the multiplexer 25
and fed to the comparator 38. The error signal of comparator 38 controls
an amplifier 40, the output of which is fed to a terminal 42 across a
switch 41. The electro-mechanical converters (which comprise, for
example, piezoceramic elements which are not shown) are coupled to the
terminal and the video heads are mounted to the piezoceramic. During
recording, switch 41 is in position A and the electromechanical
converters are fed with a constant bias, so that they rotate in a common
plane.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-48802414162321035432011-11-06T18:00:00.000-08:002016-02-17T10:06:51.643-08:00GRUNDIG VS310 YEAR 1985.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinpNGLcfX3gxBZvQEdxWzz0wD9vgdMC7USqw2TImiDF0ATuBpyla5aHGfVh2HuFsShDazmS_Jt8jOT4nqrxNan-qy_toQrvfFfjxwgBUop-pLmH7EdMWaf6CzmJ77IRdIqbt8K_qjgc-8/s1600/IMGH_03954.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinpNGLcfX3gxBZvQEdxWzz0wD9vgdMC7USqw2TImiDF0ATuBpyla5aHGfVh2HuFsShDazmS_Jt8jOT4nqrxNan-qy_toQrvfFfjxwgBUop-pLmH7EdMWaf6CzmJ77IRdIqbt8K_qjgc-8/s320/IMGH_03954.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Grundig AG</b>
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its <span class="mw-redirect">Beko Elektronik</span> <span class="mw-redirect">white goods</span>
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b>Max Grundig</b> </u>(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Early years<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Success after World War II<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566552241150121922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwkQyhjc3VgXn6qrUZWnzEAVyP7jEAgJ8NGMu6nhftx5lbUex8paYI7Xm20FvmPAhQuV4tcU-xO65L6x9B2gJjBlvn66iAsoZoMsEkx5nKX6zflQ-ZqBVW0wPV1ME1KMv53Pog13F9UuRT/s200/max-grundig.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="135" /><br />
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.<br />
<br />
<br />
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s1600/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854993327966386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s320/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 242px;" /></a></span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history" style="font-size: small;">Early history</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s1600/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854772817362898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s200/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="151" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Grundig_in_Belfast" style="font-size: small;">Grundig in Belfast</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.</span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Philips_takeover" style="font-size: small;">Philips takeover</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history" style="font-size: small;">Later history</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Thomson</span><span style="font-size: small;">. In 2004 Britain's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Alba plc</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the Turkish Koc's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Beko</span><span style="font-size: small;">
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,<sup> </sup>although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Holding the Ring?</b></span><u><br /></u></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">For more than thirty years aft</span><span style="font-size: small;">er t</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">he Second World War, consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demand for successive generations of new or modified products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">states. The West German industry developed a strong export</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the technology which later permitted the development of the video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.</span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s1600/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s320/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" width="243" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics<br />industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,<br />which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-<br />Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West<br />German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories<br />of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s<br />most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-<br />ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German<br />Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production<br />facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,<br />there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized<br />consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and<br />Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the<br />automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-<br />sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there<br />was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the<br />West German consumer electronics industry.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpS_i9rZGTUdXcJn-TJfWcMAK1k4bhIdDhru-OFU1ejxq3AlbVfkTBNmC_kI564Jg_WDVv9MhoTR8ehYxdG1gRxw8NnE7JZ_yfO78KZs0pwktkt5py3j354FHiyXwFPCAxPiJcAtykO50/s1600/IMG_6789.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633740510262807234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpS_i9rZGTUdXcJn-TJfWcMAK1k4bhIdDhru-OFU1ejxq3AlbVfkTBNmC_kI564Jg_WDVv9MhoTR8ehYxdG1gRxw8NnE7JZ_yfO78KZs0pwktkt5py3j354FHiyXwFPCAxPiJcAtykO50/s200/IMG_6789.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer
electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the end of the
19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a guarantee for
the continued prosperity or even survival of the German industry. The
market for colour television sets was increasingly saturated——by 1978 56
per cent of all households in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">West
Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all households
possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978 onwards, the West
German market for colour television sets began</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expanding output and</span><span style="font-size: small;"> profitability lay in their transition to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to one or the other of the two Japanese video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">tightly in the grip of Japanese f</span><span style="font-size: small;">irms than any other segment of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market. More than any other, this development accounted for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">were either shut down or—more frequently——take</span><span style="font-size: small;">n over.</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in
the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which
corresponded to the West German philosophy<br />of the ‘social market
economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’
for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that
mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms
to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of
market forces’.<br /><br />The implementation of competition policy was the
responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be
informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have
a turnover<br />exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than<br />2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in<br />its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any<br />existing, position of market domination.“</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHKApey2hzfx-f4pHJLPrarZQ_YwLw6ZFOnhvZJUFcqus3jMCyTpNdvnGZ_qAwe2RIjoRLiAfZq8BcITpchreSDH9iCShYxM4c99fC7U77iiEH8moE_I6O_Y7VqnffvsvtB0Qtx4bjRc/s1600/IMGH_05236.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHKApey2hzfx-f4pHJLPrarZQ_YwLw6ZFOnhvZJUFcqus3jMCyTpNdvnGZ_qAwe2RIjoRLiAfZq8BcITpchreSDH9iCShYxM4c99fC7U77iiEH8moE_I6O_Y7VqnffvsvtB0Qtx4bjRc/s200/IMGH_05236.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry into an even deeper crisis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of European Restructuring</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Community as well as by its respective national Member States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">strategies contained two major elements: m</span><span style="font-size: small;">easures of at least</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">breathing space to build up or modernize their production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">production facilities in Europe and produce under the same</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">largely on the West German market, the firms could only</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:<br /><br />The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, </span><span style="font-size: small;">was the first<br />firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972<br />and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as<br />late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with<br />which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the<br />market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics<br />firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and<br />had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the<br />European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much<br />greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer<br />VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR<br />market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German<br />imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between<br />1978 and 1981.2</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The immediate background to the calls for protection against</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was formed by massive cuts in price</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s for Japanese VCRs, as a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig announced that they were considering takin</span><span style="font-size: small;">g a dumping</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pursued at the national and European levels, both through the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">national and European trade associations for consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the national governments and the European Commission. However,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pressing their case on EEC member states and the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">components industry, over half of whose output, according to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">These arguments found by all acc</span><span style="font-size: small;">o</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVil0OSVnAYRpeCjyjuXGUQZbo9DLx44XbnbaFYUpes9rIIKm_xuggySN-qksC60V79uCAih5QVmWOaRhIFYuyWY42LyUDMdDMiYmvxZvUb-6owjFKbi9MlMSuAUUr7AiDvsiPriakPEFy/s1600/IMG_8488.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657858069252136498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVil0OSVnAYRpeCjyjuXGUQZbo9DLx44XbnbaFYUpes9rIIKm_xuggySN-qksC60V79uCAih5QVmWOaRhIFYuyWY42LyUDMdDMiYmvxZvUb-6owjFKbi9MlMSuAUUr7AiDvsiPriakPEFy/s200/IMG_8488.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">unts
a very receptive audience at the European Commission, where, by common
consent of German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips
wields great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was
also responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the
Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade
philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls
through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs depot at
Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already staked out its
position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the<br />protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the<br />imposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">could have been expected to come from the West German<br />Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch<br />Governments, the West German Government had generally been<br />the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.<br />The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import<br />controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of<br />protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,<br />which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.<br />However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been<br />vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German<br />Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the<br />Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a<br />significant, modification of its past trade policy.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s1600/IMG_5142.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s200/IMG_5142.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s traditional policy in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German Government being held responsible for its implementation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Min</span><span style="font-size: small;">istry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The success</span><span style="font-size: small;"> of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-</span><span style="font-size: small;">overs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese competition.</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West<br />German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate<br />financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.<br />Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence<br />of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a<br />formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,<br />which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked<br />at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks<br />on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in<br />1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a<br />result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig c</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">onfessed publicly that if the firm carried on five more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">years as it was doing, it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">summer 1982, had become insolvent. Grundig intensified his search</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for stronger partners, which he had apparently begun by talking</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982, at the same time as Grundig</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and Philips were pressing for curbs on Japanese VCR imports,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around Grundig, a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">prospective participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">securing special ministerial permission for the</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">ir deal were exacer-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">French Government, which could then have demanded increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in other West German subsidiaries).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in<br />1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of<br />Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring<br />programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two<br />main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other<br />around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in<br />West Germany left under West German control. But a common<br />European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the<br />Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig</span><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a></u><span style="font-size: small;"> had envisaged<br />in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given<br />Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much<br />more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in<br />Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,<br />especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty<br />Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring<br />within Europe is far from complete.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The recent experience of the European consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">various national industries and governments to the challenges</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">others.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<u><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:</span></u></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft m</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">it Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a> erweitert.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s1600/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s200/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" width="151" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s1600/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s200/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany". </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-65905532629969597922011-11-06T17:50:00.000-08:002014-12-31T07:53:25.181-08:00GRUNDIG VS310 CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<br />
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-87618590292157714212011-11-05T18:00:00.000-07:002014-12-31T07:53:25.228-08:00ITT VIDEORECORDER VR3986 STEREO OSCAR YEAR 1985.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-75441285313925456302011-11-05T17:50:00.000-07:002014-12-31T07:53:25.203-08:00ITT VIDEORECORDER VR3986 CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-9678762123294776122011-11-04T18:00:00.000-07:002014-12-31T07:53:25.248-08:00QUASAR MODEL NO:14-5014-1-5 YEAR 1988.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-89142235223030325202011-11-04T17:50:00.000-07:002014-12-31T07:53:25.232-08:00QUASAR MODEL NO:14-5014-1-5 CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<br />
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-17798945479162921072011-11-03T18:00:00.000-07:002014-12-31T07:53:25.077-08:00IRRADIO MOD:HV-51FP YEAR 1986.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-86009735477515030012011-11-03T17:50:00.000-07:002014-12-31T07:53:25.224-08:00IRRADIO MOD:HV-51FP CHASSIS DECK INTERNAL VIEW.<br />
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2116326034924396910.post-74018528048918684022011-11-02T18:00:00.000-07:002016-02-17T10:06:24.275-08:00GRUNDIG VS500 YEAR 1988.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Grundig AG</b>
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its <span class="mw-redirect">Beko Elektronik</span> <span class="mw-redirect">white goods</span>
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a><b>Max Grundig</b> </u>(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Early years<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Success after World War II<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566552241150121922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwkQyhjc3VgXn6qrUZWnzEAVyP7jEAgJ8NGMu6nhftx5lbUex8paYI7Xm20FvmPAhQuV4tcU-xO65L6x9B2gJjBlvn66iAsoZoMsEkx5nKX6zflQ-ZqBVW0wPV1ME1KMv53Pog13F9UuRT/s200/max-grundig.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="135" /><br />
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.<br />
<br />
<br />
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s1600/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854993327966386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzNf8bS7rFC9NKrM1KSt2QWnzjzjSpO6w01GkyJx_imXoVQGe5F8JcKanvdqv4PrYwqlq-p9BBunnYFuA1JjZvGPu76RnTbWvxQNxSI0Wyg8aVz2oQb4W-zdTdJ9boXlgzVDMLWFRHTvD/s320/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 242px;" /></a></span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history" style="font-size: small;">Early history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s1600/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854772817362898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyXaqtnJOd2-LZ9FHeWY95HVmKhpInCV7Dq_YMVgZU0tjO0LzaJFNIcvw9LGHSi-9GMgihBh_R5relTp7VLtDRUIlnomNLHs_75xlkY18zBTbr559xGQMEUjbIoHeezPiJqzxcIcTwyQf/s200/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="151" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Grundig_in_Belfast" style="font-size: small;">Grundig in Belfast</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.</span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Philips_takeover" style="font-size: small;">Philips takeover</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvN7zOG7g27fcn9dXTxseUBKW_fo4iXAOQgQ_p1zzCcjgxdb6c97-F7BX4h54GL8LexrUjrinKws-Ory-TqiI-RrLWP5iI6awoLKolbPkzw04YO0ZPl4Q4JjOLQC0BopFRimc1MeWvs4/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history" style="font-size: small;">Later history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Thomson</span><span style="font-size: small;">. In 2004 Britain's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Alba plc</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the Turkish Koc's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Beko</span><span style="font-size: small;">
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,<sup> </sup>although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Holding the Ring?</b></span><u><br /></u></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">For more than thirty years aft</span><span style="font-size: small;">er t</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">he Second World War, consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demand for successive generations of new or modified products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">states. The West German industry developed a strong export</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the technology which later permitted the development of the video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s1600/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s320/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" width="243" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics<br />industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,<br />which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-<br />Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West<br />German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories<br />of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s<br />most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-<br />ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German<br />Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production<br />facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,<br />there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized<br />consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and<br />Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the<br />automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-<br />sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there<br />was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the<br />West German consumer electronics industry.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpS_i9rZGTUdXcJn-TJfWcMAK1k4bhIdDhru-OFU1ejxq3AlbVfkTBNmC_kI564Jg_WDVv9MhoTR8ehYxdG1gRxw8NnE7JZ_yfO78KZs0pwktkt5py3j354FHiyXwFPCAxPiJcAtykO50/s1600/IMG_6789.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633740510262807234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpS_i9rZGTUdXcJn-TJfWcMAK1k4bhIdDhru-OFU1ejxq3AlbVfkTBNmC_kI564Jg_WDVv9MhoTR8ehYxdG1gRxw8NnE7JZ_yfO78KZs0pwktkt5py3j354FHiyXwFPCAxPiJcAtykO50/s200/IMG_6789.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer
electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the end of the
19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a guarantee for
the continued prosperity or even survival of the German industry. The
market for colour television sets was increasingly saturated——by 1978 56
per cent of all households in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">West
Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all households
possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978 onwards, the West
German market for colour television sets began</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expanding output and</span><span style="font-size: small;"> profitability lay in their transition to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to one or the other of the two Japanese video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">tightly in the grip of Japanese f</span><span style="font-size: small;">irms than any other segment of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market. More than any other, this development accounted for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">were either shut down or—more frequently——take</span><span style="font-size: small;">n over.</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in
the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which
corresponded to the West German philosophy<br />of the ‘social market
economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’
for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that
mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms
to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of
market forces’.<br /><br />The implementation of competition policy was the
responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be
informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have
a turnover<br />exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than<br />2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in<br />its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any<br />existing, position of market domination.“</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHKApey2hzfx-f4pHJLPrarZQ_YwLw6ZFOnhvZJUFcqus3jMCyTpNdvnGZ_qAwe2RIjoRLiAfZq8BcITpchreSDH9iCShYxM4c99fC7U77iiEH8moE_I6O_Y7VqnffvsvtB0Qtx4bjRc/s1600/IMGH_05236.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHKApey2hzfx-f4pHJLPrarZQ_YwLw6ZFOnhvZJUFcqus3jMCyTpNdvnGZ_qAwe2RIjoRLiAfZq8BcITpchreSDH9iCShYxM4c99fC7U77iiEH8moE_I6O_Y7VqnffvsvtB0Qtx4bjRc/s200/IMGH_05236.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry into an even deeper crisis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of European Restructuring</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Community as well as by its respective national Member States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">strategies contained two major elements: m</span><span style="font-size: small;">easures of at least</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">breathing space to build up or modernize their production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">production facilities in Europe and produce under the same</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">largely on the West German market, the firms could only</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:<br /><br />The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, </span><span style="font-size: small;">was the first<br />firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972<br />and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as<br />late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with<br />which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the<br />market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics<br />firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and<br />had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the<br />European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much<br />greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer<br />VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR<br />market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German<br />imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between<br />1978 and 1981.2</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The immediate background to the calls for protection against</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was formed by massive cuts in price</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS46Vut3h_xvZ7Zrvxu79phKrSEQ2Ep7_u1hjPlU7IusVAPTKZG-akp6jECyTqMXkBrj1BK3v9YD4abOJcxGbCnda5-haLjtk3nUgmfHi8fldxpHMnfEM9WohHJ4BAQgQINWWe8Ewy_hk/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s for Japanese VCRs, as a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig announced that they were considering takin</span><span style="font-size: small;">g a dumping</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pursued at the national and European levels, both through the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">national and European trade associations for consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the national governments and the European Commission. However,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pressing their case on EEC member states and the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">components industry, over half of whose output, according to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">These arguments found by all acc</span><span style="font-size: small;">o</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVil0OSVnAYRpeCjyjuXGUQZbo9DLx44XbnbaFYUpes9rIIKm_xuggySN-qksC60V79uCAih5QVmWOaRhIFYuyWY42LyUDMdDMiYmvxZvUb-6owjFKbi9MlMSuAUUr7AiDvsiPriakPEFy/s1600/IMG_8488.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657858069252136498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVil0OSVnAYRpeCjyjuXGUQZbo9DLx44XbnbaFYUpes9rIIKm_xuggySN-qksC60V79uCAih5QVmWOaRhIFYuyWY42LyUDMdDMiYmvxZvUb-6owjFKbi9MlMSuAUUr7AiDvsiPriakPEFy/s200/IMG_8488.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">unts
a very receptive audience at the European Commission, where, by common
consent of German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips
wields great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was
also responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the
Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade
philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls
through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs depot at
Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already staked out its
position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the<br />protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the<br />imposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">could have been expected to come from the West German<br />Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch<br />Governments, the West German Government had generally been<br />the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.<br />The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import<br />controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of<br />protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,<br />which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.<br />However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been<br />vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German<br />Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the<br />Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a<br />significant, modification of its past trade policy.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s1600/IMG_5142.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvNHcWztFwutd9BPcc51ydIKZacXvEdH8Bwoii42QNLNVo3Dg8S85EqxzrnTDp69XJhRVBT4BN20S2on2pmu3evUYmxmRXEn28xWUt4Qdntyr-dOXRwzlXINi8PVneglsbV3mA9CDjjo/s200/IMG_5142.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s traditional policy in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German Government being held responsible for its implementation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Min</span><span style="font-size: small;">istry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The success</span><span style="font-size: small;"> of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-</span><span style="font-size: small;">overs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese competition.</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0r4LZ4iBJWSHCmH_e-RP-s1hO9pz2Ltn7TclKtgoz9M8f2MDvuDiLh7cvA28t-Wku_Ifc9b3n1TJyryl7WFYOOjRbYZbgdeANZeNv7CZAVj2LSQWZbJDb3R9l-HzbjfXJuGLOEaVzDRY/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West<br />German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate<br />financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.<br />Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence<br />of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a<br />formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,<br />which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked<br />at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks<br />on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in<br />1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a<br />result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig c</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjufezoOIA7FKMxNbA-dxfP6y1BH9UOr9Pll4jq-zX0wdqWre10Fut-_XZjTKlnK-drObn3kCkoJsqJiKzFJqw1t94mFKFnxdy4dvx6ivTMP6zNhaLW4x9r1Aqoy0Jc1xcu78pI6kxKukA/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">onfessed publicly that if the firm carried on five more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">years as it was doing, it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">summer 1982, had become insolvent. Grundig intensified his search</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for stronger partners, which he had apparently begun by talking</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982, at the same time as Grundig</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and Philips were pressing for curbs on Japanese VCR imports,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around Grundig, a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">prospective participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">securing special ministerial permission for the</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRg4Zah0PtOPT4Ms57hqGllywvHKcs1bzKUHfWDe1ow6xROjwsUzMKIqDG1lGpRYBYtNKbgDsxV-_T7XIPwaxYYt6NJWaCIvUF14v1ZEHfwbGGWSzZJ0CcWjYWvRJ0cXYWrY9IkNpY8wU/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">ir deal were exacer-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">French Government, which could then have demanded increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in other West German subsidiaries).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in<br />1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of<br />Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring<br />programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two<br />main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other<br />around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in<br />West Germany left under West German control. But a common<br />European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the<br />Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig</span><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8KAKtkCVCZBKBBhc4JAlcMuWFKvfzMAp0S3CsRKd-tR0RrPPYS395aQ363jer60F23a-MTN0Rai2qgv3W1Ylhh72K7v3uiYUq8rC4PKYDq8buFTLAQVH6wI58l7RRL8t3iHu9r-L2UU/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a></u><span style="font-size: small;"> had envisaged<br />in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given<br />Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much<br />more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in<br />Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,<br />especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty<br />Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring<br />within Europe is far from complete.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The recent experience of the European consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">various national industries and governments to the challenges</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">others.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<u><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:</span></u></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig &amp; Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft m</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif3ch58tqQ21OFDF3XKRoOh4tJszqi_Vqa52aWfTZVw5y0sK2zrfS0v1Jy1RjRQFoAdPHvF0Ib3wdoD_eHaWsV0xqbiGO65ZzIW42WD1mEw368uXqXNiszbY89teBWgPl5eI05aPC6XW0/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">it Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZEX8LzpLkeYBmExhQXqK5BnIDqXyGFc9ZTzoutSTApt8oPAF9IbvVW0HdjuIsUd25JHvYsIVjSXwhbk3M7FJ6AFlMo1en7VI-0tVX3NbYvcabsvPv7jO9_Tk1pAhEkBG028BhwfXeA4/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a> erweitert.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s1600/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMw97iRZjkCLkvk3xSnbQG4Y_13vTT4RrdpqETfG_SGProkrg0bA5Cl7LAYYleFyn6lAKqNBn-HrNECl7gX9WDiG1UzqGFvQZpEbj65Mvp0e01buzhyphenhyphenMDRhcn45Q0LIqWv3I8AcmjEOWo/s200/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" width="151" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPCsVdM1nW6Cm0P-Ghgo94Dl7z2rcrAZpwGHuP2W3ijy4xbdA03HiW8cWOuQLnede3NIChUfpqse07nhIB_m1gzapaWvPFRHcFa3gIEdEpK8crzI8ROYuespGeNG3ik7QGm5tL-ObI84/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s1600/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgquLl8sdv5Cfn0vMhr0n-jS-jjCBEk6R6BKPWhmaQNq7dOgpQ7I5NDCkCE_cpG0EwUIJi8icqoAtG0htjvhx5wps_CT-OGwewGhlBbn7wqSkPZjLNsrld_3_cydfb4olmorNjOyhXoFuc/s200/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany". </span></div>
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<br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0